TEDSalon NY2013
Rodrigo Canales: The deadly genius of drug cartels
罗德里戈·卡纳莱斯: 贩毒组织可怕的管理智慧
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在过去六年中墨西哥有大约10万人死于与毒品有关的暴力犯罪。我们或许会觉得这跟我们无关，但在耶鲁大学教授罗德里戈·卡纳莱斯看来，我们都是共犯。在他的这次大胆的演讲中，他向我们揭露出贩毒黑帮头目们的管理智慧。大屠杀的目的，不只是一帮没名没姓的无知混混在相互砍砍杀杀，而是一些黑帮组织精心维护组织形象的成果。
Rodrigo Canales - Business professor
Rodrigo Canales wants to understand how individuals influence organizations or systems--even those as complex as the Mexican drug cartels. Full bio
Rodrigo Canales wants to understand how individuals influence organizations or systems--even those as complex as the Mexican drug cartels. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
In December of 2010,
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2010年12月的一天
00:17
the city of Apatzingán
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墨西哥米却肯州沿海城市
00:19
in the coastal state of Michoacán, in Mexico,
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阿帕兹甘市的人们
00:22
awoke to gunfire.
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被枪炮声惊醒
00:24
For two straight days,
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在接下来的两天
00:26
the city became an open battlefield
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城市变成了战场
00:28
between the federal forces
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联邦军队
00:30
and a well-organized group,
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和米可安卡那家族
00:32
presumably from the local criminal organization,
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那是一个组织严密的地方黑社会团伙
00:34
La Familia Michoacana, or the Michoacán family.
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展开了激战
00:38
The citizens didn't only experience incessant gunfire
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这个城市的居民不仅经历了连续不断的枪炮声
00:41
but also explosions
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同时也目睹了无处不在的
00:43
and burning trucks used as barricades across the city,
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爆炸和那些用作弹幕的燃烧着的汽车
00:47
so truly like a battlefield.
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所以跟战场没什么两样
00:49
After these two days,
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经过了两天的战斗
00:50
and during a particularly intense encounter,
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一场恶战之后
00:53
it was presumed that the leader of La Familia Michoacana,
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米可安卡那家族传说中的首领Nazario Moreno
00:55
Nazario Moreno, was killed.
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据信已经战亡
00:58
In response to this terrifying violence,
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对于此次可怕的暴力
01:00
the mayor of Apatzingán
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阿帕廷干市市长
01:02
decided to call the citizens to a march for peace.
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决定号召市民举行一次呼吁和平的游行
01:04
The idea was to ask for a softer approach
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想法是呼吁州政府采用更加温和的方式
01:08
to criminal activity in the state.
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处理犯罪活动
01:10
And so, the day of the scheduled procession,
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于是，在按计划游行的那天
01:13
thousands of people showed up.
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上千人走上了街头
01:15
As the mayor was preparing to deliver
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当市长在准备宣布游行开始前的
01:17
the speech starting the march,
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演讲的时候
01:19
his team noticed
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他们发现
01:20
that, while half of the participants
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参与游行的人中
01:24
were appropriately dressed in white,
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有一半的人穿着得体的白色衣服
01:25
and bearing banners asking for peace,
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举着呼吁和平的标语
01:28
the other half was actually marching
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另一半的人
01:30
in support of the criminal organization
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实际是为支持之前被打击的犯罪团伙
01:33
and its now-presumed-defunct leader.
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以及据信已经死亡的集团头目来的
01:37
Shocked, the mayor decided to step aside
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市长震惊了，回避了
01:40
rather than participate or lead a procession
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放弃了这场
01:42
that was ostensibly in support of organized crime.
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表面是为了支持犯罪集团的游行
01:45
And so his team stepped aside.
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他的团队也集体回避了
01:47
The two marches joined together,
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两支游行队伍汇合了
01:49
and they continued their path
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一起继续
01:52
towards the state capital.
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朝着州政府进发
01:55
This story of horrific violence
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这个骇人的暴力故事
02:00
followed by a fumbled approach
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是墨西哥如今局势的一个完美缩影
02:02
by federal and local authorities as they tried
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联邦政府和地方政府
02:04
to engage civil society,
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之后采取的笨拙手段
02:06
who has been very well engaged by a criminal organization,
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是在试图重新控制
02:09
is a perfect metaphor for what's happening in Mexico today,
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被犯罪集团控制的社区
02:12
where we see that our current understanding
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这让我们意识到
02:16
of drug violence and what leads to it
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我们目前对于毒品暴力犯罪及其成因的理解
02:18
is probably at the very least incomplete.
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至少是非常局限的
02:21
If you decided to spend 30 minutes trying
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如果你决定花30分钟时间
02:23
to figure out what's going on with drug violence in Mexico
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去调研一下墨西哥现在的毒品暴力现状
02:25
by, say, just researching online,
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比如说，在网上搜索一下
02:27
the first thing you would find out is that
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你会首先发现
02:29
while the laws state that all Mexican citizens are equal,
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虽然法律赋予了每个墨西哥公民平等的权利
02:33
there are some that are more
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但事实上这些人的生命
02:34
and there are some that are much less equal than others,
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是有贵贱之分的
02:38
because you will quickly find out
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因为你马上就会发现
02:39
that in the past six years
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过去的六年中
02:41
anywhere between 60 and 100,000 people
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有6~10万墨西哥人死于
02:43
have lost their lives in drug-related violence.
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跟毒品交易有关的暴力活动
02:46
To put these numbers in perspective,
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客观的看这个数字
02:48
this is eight times larger than the number of casualties
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它是伊拉克和阿富汗
02:51
in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars combined.
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伤亡人数总和的八倍
02:55
It's also shockingly close to the number of people
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这个可怕的数字接近于
02:58
who have died in the Syrian civil war,
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叙利亚内战的死亡人数
03:00
which is an active civil war.
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一场活跃的内战
03:03
This is happening just south of the border.
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而这就发生在南部边境
03:06
Now as you're reading, however,
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现在你们看到这些数字
03:07
you will be maybe surprised that you will quickly
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可能会非常惊讶自己竟然这么快
03:09
become numb to the numbers of deaths,
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就对这样的死亡数字麻木了
03:11
because you will see that these are sort of abstract numbers
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因为你们面对的这些都只是抽象的数字
03:15
of faceless, nameless dead people.
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数字的背后是已经死去的无名无姓的人
03:18
Implicitly or explicitly, there is a narrative
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或多或少的，人们可能会猜想
03:21
that all the people who are dying
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死掉的那些人
03:23
were somehow involved in the drug trade,
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都跟毒品交易有些关系
03:26
and we infer this because they were either tortured
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我们推断的原因是这些人有的被人用老练的手法折磨过
03:29
or executed in a professional manner,
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有的被人用熟练的手法杀死
03:32
or, most likely, both.
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多数是兼而有之
03:33
And so clearly they were criminals
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很明显，这些人死掉的方式
03:35
because of the way they died.
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透露出他们生前一定是罪犯
03:38
And so the narrative is that somehow these people
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于是故事就变成了
03:40
got what they were deserved.
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这些人都是自做自受
03:42
They were part of the bad guys.
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他们都是坏人
03:44
And that creates some form of comfort
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这个推断让很多的人不会再对
03:47
for a lot of people.
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这个死亡数字在意
03:48
However, while it's easier to think
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然而，对我们来说通常会认为
03:51
of us, the citizens, the police, the army,
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我们自己，市民，警察，军队都是好人
03:55
as the good guys, and them, the narcos,
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而那些毒贩子， 黑帮
03:59
the carteles, as the bad guys,
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都是坏人
04:02
if you think about it,
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但是如果你仔细想想
04:03
the latter are only providing a service to the former.
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后者不过是为前者提供一种服务而已
04:07
Whether we like it or not,
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不管你是否喜欢这个说法
04:09
the U.S. is the largest market
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美国都是世界上最大的
04:12
for illegal substances in the world,
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违禁药物消费国
04:13
accounting for more than half of global demand.
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消费了超过全球一半的毒品
04:17
It shares thousands of miles of border with Mexico
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美国跟墨西哥有着上千公里的边界线
04:20
that is its only route of access from the South,
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这是从南部进入美国的唯一途径
04:23
and so, as the former dictator of Mexico, Porfirio Diaz,
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因此，正如墨西哥过去的统治波菲里奥·迪亚斯曾经感慨过的,
04:26
used to say, "Poor Mexico,
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“可怜的墨西哥啊"
04:29
so far from God and so close to the United States."
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"离上帝如此之远，却离美国如此之近！"
04:35
The U.N. estimates that there are 55 million users
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联合国的调查分析表明
04:38
of illegal drugs in the United States.
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美国有大约5500万人使用违禁药物
04:40
Using very, very conservative assumptions,
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即使是非常非常保守的估计
04:43
this yields a yearly drug market on the retail side
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由此带来的毒品零售市场的销售额
04:46
of anywhere between 30 and 150 billion dollars.
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也在 300~1500 亿美元之间
04:49
If we assume that the narcos only have access
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如果我们假设毒贩只负责大宗毒品批发的业务
04:51
to the wholesale part, which we know is false,
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当然现实不是这样
04:54
that still leaves you with yearly revenues
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那么零售市场的销售额
04:56
of anywhere between 15 billion and 60 billion dollars.
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依然在150~600亿美元之间
05:01
To put these numbers in perspective,
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做一个直观的比较
05:03
Microsoft has yearly revenues of 60 billion dollars.
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微软公司每年的年收入也就是600亿美元
05:07
And it so happens that this is a product that,
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而这个产品有一个特点
05:10
because of its nature, a business model
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这是由它的本质决定的
05:13
to address this market requires you
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想要做这样的生意
05:16
to guarantee to your producers
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你需要保证自己的供货商
05:18
that their product will be reliably placed
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能够将货物安全可靠的送到
05:20
in the markets where it is consumed.
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最终的消费者手里
05:23
And the only way to do this, because it's illegal,
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由于这项生意是违法的，要做到这点
05:26
is to have absolute control of the geographic corridors
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唯一的方法就是对毒品运输的边界线
05:29
that are used to transport drugs.
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实现绝对控制
05:31
Hence the violence.
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暴力活动也变得理所当然
05:34
If you look at a map of cartel influence and violence,
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如果你们看过黑帮影响力和暴力活动的分布地图
05:37
you will see that it almost perfectly aligns
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就会发现这些几乎都是发生在
05:39
with the most efficient routes of transportation
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穿越南北的那些
05:41
from the south to the north.
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必经之路上
05:43
The only thing that the cartels are doing
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这些黑帮其实也只是
05:44
is that they're trying to protect their business.
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想要保护自己的生意
05:47
It's not only a multi-billion dollar market,
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这不仅是一个数百亿美元规模的市场
05:49
but it's also a complex one.
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它还有着复杂的运作机制
05:51
For example, the coca plant is a fragile plant
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例如， 古柯是一种很脆弱的植物
05:54
that can only grow in certain latitudes,
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只能生长在特定的纬度
05:56
and so it means that a business model
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这就意味着这个市场的商业模式
05:58
to address this market requires you to have
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需要一个遍布全球的
06:00
decentralized, international production,
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分散的生产基地
06:02
that by the way needs to have good quality control,
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同时也需要对毒品的纯度(品质)有很好的把握
06:05
because people need a good high
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因为瘾君子希望能够在他们
06:07
that is not going to kill them
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需要的时候随时能买到好货
06:09
and that is going to be delivered to them when they need it.
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而货的纯度又不至于把他们毒死
06:12
And so that means they need to secure
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这也就意味着他们需要
06:14
production and quality control in the south,
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美国南部的安全生产和质量控制
06:17
and you need to ensure that you have
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同时需要保证
06:19
efficient and effective distribution channels
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有足够快速便捷的物流渠道
06:21
in the markets where these drugs are consumed.
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能够将自己的毒品送到瘾君子手中
06:25
I urge you, but only a little bit,
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我鼓励你，但是不要勉强
06:26
because I don't want to get you in trouble,
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因为我不希望你因此惹上麻烦
06:28
to just ask around and see how difficult it would be
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去四处打听
06:32
to get whatever drug you want, wherever you want it,
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想要随时随地买到自己想要的任何毒品有多么困难
06:35
whenever you want it, anywhere in the U.S.,
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在任何时间、在美国的任何地方
06:37
and some of you may be surprised to know
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然后你们中的某些人可能会惊讶于
06:40
that there are many dealers that offer a service
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周围居然有那么多的小毒品贩子
06:42
where if you send them a text message,
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甚至你发条短信都可以买到毒品
06:44
they guarantee delivery of the drug
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而且他们保证
06:46
in 30 minutes or less.
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能够在30分钟之内送货上门
06:49
Think about this for a second.
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稍想一想
06:51
Think about the complexity
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想想看我刚才说的
06:53
of the distribution network that I just described.
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毒品的分销网络需要多复杂才能做到这点
06:56
It's very difficult to reconcile this
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很难将这些小毒品贩子
06:59
with the image of faceless, ignorant goons
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与那些相互拿着枪棍杀来杀去的
07:03
that are just shooting each other,
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无名无姓的帮派成员相提并论
07:05
very difficult to reconcile.
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很难将这两种人联系起来
07:07
Now, as a business professor, and as any business professor would tell you,
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现在，我作为一名研究商业行为的教授
首先告诉你们一些商业领域公认的结论
首先告诉你们一些商业领域公认的结论
07:11
an effective organization requires
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一个高效的组织
07:13
an integrated strategy that includes
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必须要有一套整合的战略措施
07:15
a good organizational structure, good incentives,
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包括良好的组织架构，有效的激励机制
07:18
a solid identity and good brand management.
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严格的品牌和形象管理
07:21
This leads me to the second thing that you would learn
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这是我接下来要告诉你们的第二个事实
07:23
in your 30-minute exploration of drug violence in Mexico.
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或许你上网半个小时也能了解得到
07:26
Because you would quickly realize,
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因为你很快就会发现
07:28
and maybe be confused by the fact,
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或许这还会让你感到困惑
07:29
that there are three organizations
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就是在墨西哥毒品犯罪的相关文章中
07:30
that are constantly named in the articles.
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有三个犯罪集团的名字反复出现
07:34
You will hear about Los Zetas,
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你一定会听到"洛斯塞塔斯"
07:36
the Knights Templar, which is the new brand
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"圣殿骑士团"
07:38
for the Familia Michoacana that I spoke about at the beginning,
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就是我一开始就提到的米克阿卡那家族
07:41
and the Sinaloa Federation.
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还有 "锡纳罗亚贩毒集团" 集团
07:43
You will read that Los Zetas is this assortment
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你可能会相关文章中得知
07:46
of sociopaths that terrify the cities that they enter
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洛斯塞塔斯是这些团伙中最为残暴的一个
07:50
and they silence the press,
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他们在渗透过的每一个城市制造恐怖、压制舆论
07:53
and this is somewhat true, or mostly true.
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当然，这些多少或者大部分都是真实的
07:56
But this is the result of a very careful branding
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但是这些其实都是精细的品牌策略
08:00
and business strategy.
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和商业手段的效果
08:02
You see, Los Zetas is not just
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洛斯塞塔斯并不简单
08:04
this random assortment of individuals,
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并不是一群乌合之众的散漫组织
08:06
but was actually created by another criminal organization, the Gulf Cartel,
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它实际上是由另外一个叫做“海湾集团”的犯罪集团创建的
08:09
that used to control the eastern corridor of Mexico.
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这个犯罪集团曾经控制了墨西哥东部运输通道
08:12
When that corridor became contested, they decided
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后来运输通道的竞争开始变得激烈
08:15
that they wanted to recruit
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他们决定要训练一支
08:17
a professional enforcement arm.
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专业的武装队伍
08:19
So they recruited Los Zetas:
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于是他们训练出了洛斯塞塔斯
08:23
an entire unit of elite paratroopers
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成员都来自于墨西哥军队的军人
08:26
from the Mexican Army.
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由伞兵中的精英组成
08:29
They were incredibly effective as enforcers for the Gulf Cartel,
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作为海湾集团意志的执行者，他们的确非常精干
08:33
so much so that at some point, they decided
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直到有一天他们干掉了海湾集团
08:34
to just take over the operations,
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决定自己单干
08:37
which is why I ask you to never keep tigers as pets,
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所以我跟你们说， 别把老虎当猫养
08:41
because they grow up.
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因为它们迟早会要长大
08:43
Because the Zetas organization was founded in treason,
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因为洛斯塞塔斯是叛变出来的
08:47
they lost some of the linkages to the production and distribution
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他们没有办法做可卡因之类的利润丰厚的生意
08:50
in the most profitable markets like cocaine,
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因为他们没法控制生产和分销环节
08:52
but what they did have,
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但是他们有自己擅长的
08:53
and this is again based on their military origin,
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源于他们的军队背景
08:56
was a perfectly structured chain of command
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他们的命令传达效率非常之高
08:59
with a very clear hierarchy
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组织结构清晰
09:01
and a very clear promotion path that allowed them
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人员的提拔机制和激励措施很明确
09:05
to supervise and operate across many, many markets
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这使得他们在多种多样的非法生意中
09:09
very effectively,
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脱颖而出
09:11
which is the essence of what a chain of command seeks to do.
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而做这些生意最需要的就是执行力
09:15
And so because they didn't have access
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由于他们没有办法插手
09:16
to the more profitable drug markets,
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利润丰厚的毒品市场
09:18
this pushed them and gave them the opportunity
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这迫使他们，也是他们有了机会
09:20
to diversify into other forms of crime.
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参与各种各样的犯罪活动
09:24
That includes kidnapping, prostitution,
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包括绑架勒索， 卖淫嫖娼
09:28
local drug dealing and human trafficking,
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地区毒品零售以及贩卖人口
09:30
including of migrants that go from the south to the U.S.
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包括从墨西哥偷渡非法移民到美国境内
09:34
So what they currently run is truly
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所以他们经营的生意
09:38
and quite literally a franchise business.
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靠的是名副其实的"特许经营权"
09:42
They focus most of their recruiting on the army,
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他们主要从军队吸纳新人
09:45
and they very openly advertise for better salaries,
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他们公开宣扬自己能够提供更多的薪水
09:48
better benefits, better promotion paths,
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更好的福利以及更快的晋升途径
09:51
not to mention much better food,
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更不要提吃得也很好
09:53
than what the army can deliver.
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比军队能提供的好多了
09:56
The way they operate is that
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他们手法类似于"黑吃黑"
09:57
when they arrive in a locality,
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每到一个新的地盘
09:59
they let people know that they are there,
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他们先制造点动静让人知道他们来了
10:01
and they go to the most powerful local gang
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然后他们去找当地实力最强的黑帮
10:04
and they say, "I offer you
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对他们说
10:06
to be the local representative of the Zeta brand."
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"我允许你们成为我们洛斯塞塔斯的加盟店"
10:10
If they agree -- and you don't want to know
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如果当地黑帮同意了
10:11
what happens if they don't --
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——你不会想知道不同意的下场
10:13
they train them and they supervise them
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他们就训练和指导当地的黑帮
10:15
on how to run the most efficient criminal operation
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教他们如何在当地高效率的经营各种违法生意
10:18
for that town, in exchange for royalties.
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用"特许经营权"换取在当地的威望
10:22
This kind of business model obviously depends
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显然，这种商业模式能够成功
10:24
entirely on having a very effective brand of fear,
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完全依赖于他们深烙在民众心里的恐惧烙印
10:26
and so Los Zetas
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所以洛斯塞塔斯
10:28
carefully stage acts of violence
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很推崇骨子里的暴力犯罪
10:31
that are spectacular in nature,
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但是他们做事之前也会慎重规划
10:33
especially when they arrive first in a city,
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尤其是当他们刚刚进入一个城市时
10:35
but again, that's just a brand strategy.
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再提醒一下，这都是为了树立威望
10:39
I'm not saying they're not violent,
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我不是说他们不暴力
10:41
but what I am saying is that even though you will read
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我说的意思是即使你看到的资料中
10:42
that they are the most violent of all,
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说他们是最残暴的
10:44
when you count, when you do the body count,
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当你从死亡人数的角度来看
10:47
they're actually all the same.
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所有的黑帮都是一样的
10:51
In contrast to them, the Knights Templar
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跟他们相反的是
10:54
that arose in Michoacán
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来自米克阿坎的圣殿骑士团
10:56
emerged in reaction to the incursion
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实际上是为了抵御洛斯塞塔斯
10:59
of the Zetas into the state of Michoacán.
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占领米克阿坎市而联合起来的
11:01
Michoacán is a geographically strategic state
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米克阿坎在地理上是战略重地
11:04
because it has one of the largest ports in Mexico,
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因为她拥有墨西哥最大的港口之一
11:06
and it has very direct routes to the center of Mexico,
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同时拥有一条交通枢纽可以直达墨西哥中部
11:09
which then gives you direct access to the U.S.
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提供了到达美国的直接通道
11:12
The Knights Templar realized very quickly
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圣殿骑士团很快就意识到
11:13
that they couldn't face the Zetas on violence alone,
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他们单打独斗是干不过洛斯塞塔斯的
11:17
and so they developed a strategy
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他们摸索出一种新策略
11:19
as a social enterprise.
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把自己改造成公益企业的样子
11:22
They brand themselves as representative of
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他们标榜自己是米克阿坎市民的代表和保护者
11:25
and protecting of the citizens of Michoacán
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保护市民，抵御其它帮派的
11:28
against organized crime.
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有组织的犯罪
11:30
Their brand of social enterprise means
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他们标榜的公益事业要求他们
11:32
that they require a lot of civic engagement,
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需要在改善市民生活方面投入很多力量
11:34
so they invest heavily in providing local services,
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所以他们在当地公共服务上大把的投入
11:38
like dealing with home violence,
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像是处理家庭暴力
11:41
going after petty criminals, treating addicts,
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侦破某些类型的犯罪，强制戒毒
11:45
and keeping drugs out of the local markets
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并禁止毒品进入他们占据的
11:48
where they are,
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当地市场上
11:50
and, of course, protecting people
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并且，理所当然的，保护当地人
11:52
from other criminal organizations.
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免受其它黑社会的骚扰
11:54
Now, they kill a lot of people too,
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现在, 他们也杀了很多的人
11:57
but when they kill them,
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但是他们杀人的时候
12:00
they provide very careful narratives and descriptions
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会小心的准备一份"杀人声明"或"故事背景"
12:02
for why they did them,
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解释为什么要杀这些人
12:04
through newspaper insertions, YouTube videos,
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他们会在报纸上，YouTube 上
12:08
and billboards that explain that the people who were killed
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以及室外广告牌上解释：他们是杀了人
12:10
were killed because they represented a threat
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但他们杀人是因为那些死者
12:12
not to us, as an organization, of course,
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显然对当地群众造成了威胁
12:14
but to you, as citizens.
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而不是对他们自己造成了威胁
12:16
And so we're actually here to protect you.
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所以实际上"我们是来保护你们的"
12:19
They, as social enterprises do,
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就像是别的公益企业一样
12:21
have created a moral and ethical code
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他们有自己的道德准则和伦理信条
12:23
that they advertise around,
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并且广为宣扬
12:25
and they have very strict recruiting practices.
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对这些准则的遵守也近于苛刻
12:28
And here you have the types of explanations
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现在你们已经知道了他们如何解释
12:30
that they provide for some of their actions.
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他们的某些类型的(犯罪)行为的
12:34
They have actually retained access
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他们有效的控制了
12:36
to the profitable drug trade,
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毒品交易这一暴利行业
12:38
but the way they do it is, because they control all of Michoacán,
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但他们的做法有些独特，他们完全控制了米克阿坎市
12:40
and they control the Port of Lázaro Cárdenas,
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又控制了拉萨罗·卡德纳斯港口
12:43
they leverage that to, for example,
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基于这些条件，他们的生意模式类似于
12:44
trade copper from Michoacán that is legally created
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从米克阿坎出口合法生产和出口的
12:48
and legally extracted
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黄铜到中国
12:49
with illegal ephedrine from China
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非法的从中国带回来麻黄碱
12:51
which is a critical precursor for methamphetamines
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这是制作冰毒的重要原材料
12:55
that they produce, and then they have partnerships
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他们制作出来冰毒之后，通过跟锡纳罗亚贩毒集团
12:57
with larger organizations like the Sinaloa Federation
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这样的更大的组织合作
13:00
that place their products in the U.S.
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将自己的产品投放到美国市场
13:02
Finally, the Sinaloa Federation.
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最后一个是锡纳罗亚贩毒集团
13:05
When you read about them, you will often read about them
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当你阅读介绍他们的文章时
13:07
with an undertone of reverence and admiration,
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你时常可以感受到文章隐含的敬畏和赞赏之意
13:11
because they are the most integrated
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因为这个组织是墨西哥最大的一个组织
13:13
and the largest of all the Mexican organizations,
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也是经营范围最全的一个组织
13:15
and, many people argue, the world.
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很多人都觉得这是世界上最大的组织
13:19
They started as just sort of a transport organization
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这个组织一开始只是一个搞搞货运的小团队
13:22
that specialized in smuggling between the U.S.
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专门在墨西哥和美国之间
13:24
and the Mexican borders,
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做点走私的行当
13:26
but now they have grown
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但是现在他们已经成长成为
13:27
into a truly integrated multinational
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一个真正的跨国多元化集团
13:31
that has partnerships in production in the south
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与南方各国的(毒品)生产国有合作关系
13:33
and partnerships in global distribution
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建立了合作关系的分销网络
13:36
across the planet.
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遍布全球
13:38
They have cultivated a brand of professionalism,
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他们培养出来的组织文化
13:42
business acumen and innovation.
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包含了专业精神、商业智慧和创新
13:45
They have designed new drug products
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他们研发了新的毒品
13:47
and new drug processes.
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改进了毒品制造工艺
13:49
They have designed narco-tunnels
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他们挖出了一条毒品管道
13:51
that go across the border,
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能够穿越美国边境
13:53
and you can see that these are not
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你们看到了这个管道
13:55
"The Shawshank Redemption" types.
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跟”肖申克的救赎“里面的管道可不一样
13:58
They have invented narco-submarines and boats
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他们发明了能够躲避雷达的潜水艇和船只
14:02
that are not detected by radar.
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来运送毒品
14:05
They have invented drones to transport drugs,
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他们还发明了用无人机来送货
14:07
catapults, you name it.
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还有弹弓……应有尽有
14:11
One of the leaders of the Sinaloa Federation
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事实上锡纳罗亚贩毒集团的领导人之一
14:13
actually made it to the Forbes list.
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还让自己上了福布斯富豪榜
14:15
[#701 Joaquin Guzman Loera]
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(第701富豪: Joaquin Guzman Loera)
14:17
Like any multinational would, they have specialized
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跟别的跨国集团一样
14:20
and focused only in the most profitable part of the business,
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他们的业务集中于利润最高的生意上
14:23
which is high-margin drugs like cocaine,
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集中于高级毒品，像是可卡因
14:25
heroine, methamphetamines.
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海洛因，冰毒等
14:28
Like any traditional Latin American multinational would,
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同时，与拉丁美洲的跨国企业一样
14:30
the way they control their operations
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他们控制集团的方式
14:32
is through family ties.
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主要靠家族纽带
14:34
When they're entering a new market, they send
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每进入一个新的市场
14:36
a family member to supervise it,
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他们就派一个家族成员去管理
14:37
or, if they're partnering with a new organization,
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当他们要与一个组织展开合作时
14:40
they create a family tie,
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他们会先建立家族联系
14:42
either through marriages or other types of ties.
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通过婚姻或者是其它途径
14:46
Like any other multinational would,
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跟别的跨国集团一样的还有
14:48
they protect their brand by outsourcing
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他们会通过外包脏活来维护组织的形象
14:51
the more questionable parts of the business model,
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把他们的生意中麻烦多的部分外包出去
14:54
like for example, when they have to engage
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比如，当他们需要用暴力解决问题的时候
14:56
in violence against other criminal organizations,
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需要跟其它犯罪团伙火拼的时候
14:58
they recruit gangs and other smaller players
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他们招募一些小混混和小帮派
15:02
to do the dirty work for them,
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去替他们出头
15:04
and they try to separate their operations
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他们也有意的把暴力犯罪
15:05
and their violence and be very discrete about this.
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与他们自己的生意分离得干干净净
15:09
To further strengthen their brand,
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为了维护他们的形象
15:12
they actually have professional P.R. firms
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他们甚至还有自己的专业公关公司
15:14
that shape how the press talks about them.
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帮他们打理媒体上的报道
15:17
They have professional videographers on staff.
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他们内部有职业的摄影师和摄影人员
15:20
They have incredibly productive ties
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他们跟美国边境和墨西哥边境的边防
15:23
with the security organizations
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建立了说不清道不明的关系
15:24
on both sides of the border.
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这点令人吃惊
15:28
And so, differences aside,
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所以，抛开各自的特点
15:30
what these three organizations share
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这三个组织有很多的共同点
15:34
is on the one hand, a very clear understanding
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其中之一就是：他们都非常明确的知道
15:38
that institutions cannot be imposed from the top,
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一个体系的建立不可能从上而下的推动
15:41
but rather they are built from the bottom up
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而是自底向上
15:44
one interaction at a time.
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一点一点构建出来的
15:47
They have created extremely coherent structures
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他们构建的组织结构具有非凡的一致性
15:49
that they use to show the inconsistencies
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这跟政府部门朝令夕改的行事作风
15:52
in government policies.
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形成了鲜明对比
15:56
And so what I want you to remember from this talk
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所以我希望你们在听完这次演讲后
15:59
are three things.
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能够记住三件事情
16:00
The first one is that drug violence
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第一件事情是
16:03
is actually the result
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毒品暴力犯罪
16:05
of a huge market demand
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是强大的市场需求推动的结果
16:08
and an institutional setup that forces
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为了保证毒品的销售渠道畅通
16:12
the servicing of this market to necessitate violence
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需要有一个强大的组织支持
16:15
to guarantee delivery routes.
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暴力不可避免
16:19
The second thing I want you to remember
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第二点是
16:21
is that these are sophisticated,
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他们的组织结构都非常复杂
16:23
coherent organizations
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内部非常紧密
16:26
that are business organizations,
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他们实际上是商业组织
16:28
and analyzing them and treating them as such
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从这点出发来分析和打击他们
16:30
is probably a much more useful approach.
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或许会有更好的效果
16:33
The third thing I want you to remember
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我想说的第三件事情是
16:35
is that even though we're more comfortable
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即使我们非常习惯于称呼这些组织
16:37
with this idea of "them,"
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称呼为"他们"
16:39
a set of bad guys separated from us,
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把他们看作远离我们的一群坏蛋
16:42
we are actually accomplices to them,
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但是实际上我们是他们的同伙
16:45
either through our direct consumption
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要么是通过对毒品的直接消费
16:47
or through our acceptance of the inconsistency
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要么是通过你对毒品的接受或容忍
16:52
between our policies of prohibition
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在法律法规禁止吸毒的同时
16:54
and our actual behavior of tolerance
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我们却能包容
16:57
or even encouragement of consumption.
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甚至鼓励吸毒行为
17:01
These organizations service, recruit from,
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这些组织为我们提供服务
17:05
and operate within our communities,
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从我们中招募新人，在我们的社区做生意
17:07
so necessarily, they are much more integrated
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所以必然的，他们跟我们之间的关系
17:10
within them than we are comfortable acknowledging.
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要比我们乐意承认的程度紧密得多
17:14
And so to me the question is not whether
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所以对我而言，我不会去怀疑
17:17
these dynamics will continue the way they have.
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这些组织的运作方式能够延续下去
17:20
We see that the nature of this phenomenon
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看到了这种现状的本质
17:23
guarantees that they will.
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我们就知道它一定会延续下去
17:26
The question is whether we are willing to continue
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而我们要思考的是，我们是否愿意
17:29
our support of a failed strategy
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继续执行失败的毒品控制政策
17:33
based on our stubborn, blissful, voluntary ignorance
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继续保持着我们自己的顽固，天真，假装无知
17:39
at the cost of the deaths of thousands of our young.
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罔视那些死去的、数以千计的年轻人
17:44
Thank you.
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谢谢大家
17:45
(Applause)
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(掌声)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rodrigo Canales - Business professorRodrigo Canales wants to understand how individuals influence organizations or systems--even those as complex as the Mexican drug cartels.
Why you should listen
Rodrigo Canales is an associate professor of organizational behavior at the Yale School of Management. There, he researches the role of institutions in entrepreneurship and economic development. More specifically, he focuses on how individuals can change organizations and systems--how their backgrounds, professional identities and roles affect how they relate and act in business.
Canales teaches the core MBA course on innovation at Yale, sits on the steering committee of the Dalai Lama Center for Ethics and Transformative Values at MIT and advises several startup companies in Mexico. He earned his MBA and Ph.D. from the MIT Sloan School of Management.
Rodrigo Canales | Speaker | TED.com