TEDxPerth
Hamish Jolly: A shark-deterrent wetsuit (and it's not what you think)
麦高·乔利: 防鲨潜水服（这将是出乎你意料之外的）
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Readability: 5.4
2,723,690 views
麦高·乔利是澳大利亚海域的一位游泳者，他想要一件防鲨潜水服，以至于不让鲨鱼将他误认成一个富含蛋白质的营养品。（虽然鲨鱼攻击人的例子非常少见，但这肯定是一个值得避免的命运。）他和他的朋友与一支科学团队合作，想出了一个新颖的点子－－它不是鲨鱼笼子，也不是铁锁盔甲，而是一件能够激发我们对鲨鱼视野进一步理解的柔滑潜水服。
Hamish Jolly - Inventor, ocean swimmer
Hamish Jolly brings his entrepreneurial eye to the rare but viscerally terrifying issue of shark attacks. Full bio
Hamish Jolly brings his entrepreneurial eye to the rare but viscerally terrifying issue of shark attacks. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Scientific breakthrough,
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科学上的突破，
00:14
the kind that can potentially save lives,
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有潜力救人命的那种，
00:17
can sometimes be lying right out in the open
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有时候就处于明处，
00:19
for us to discover,
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等待我们去发现，
00:20
in the evolved, accumulated body
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例如人类轶事的堆积体的演变，
00:23
of human anecdote, for example,
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或者是
00:25
or in the time-tested adaptations
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我们观察到的在自然界中
00:27
that we observe in the natural world around us.
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经过了时间考验的适应能力。
00:31
Science starts with observation,
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科学始于观察，
00:33
but the trick is to identify the patterns and signatures
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但其中的窍门是去发现其中的规律与特征，
00:37
that we might otherwise dismiss
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那些我们通常可能会视为
00:39
as myth or coincidence,
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神话或是巧合的东西，
把它们孤立出来，并用严格的科学来试验。
00:41
isolate them, and test them with scientific rigor.
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00:44
And when we do, the results will often surprise.
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当我们这样做的时候，结果通常是惊人的。
00:48
Western Australia has had a particular problem
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澳大利亚西部地区曾有过一个特定的难题，
00:50
with shark attacks over the last three years,
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是关于近三年来的鲨鱼袭击，
00:54
unfortunately and tragically culminating
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其中不幸悲惨的
00:56
in five fatal shark attacks in a 10-month period
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在十个月内连续发生了五起
00:59
during that time.
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致命的鲨鱼袭击。
01:01
But Western Australia is not alone in this.
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但西澳大利亚的问题并不是特例
01:03
The incident of shark engagements on humans
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鲨鱼与人类发生接触的事件
01:06
is escalating worldwide.
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正在向全球扩散
01:08
And so it's not surprising, perhaps,
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因此今年七月发生的
01:10
that in July of this year,
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鲨鱼群体袭击减灾系统
01:11
Shark Attack Mitigation Systems in collaboration
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也是在预料之中的。
01:14
with the University of Western
Australia Oceans Institute
Australia Oceans Institute
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西澳大利亚大学海洋研究所发表了一项申明
01:17
made an announcement which captured the attention
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该申明引起世界范围内的
01:20
of the worldwide media and of ocean users
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媒体以及海洋使用者
01:22
worldwide,
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的注意，
01:24
and that was around the development of technology
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它是围绕着缓和或是减少鲨鱼袭击
01:25
to mitigate or reduce the risk of shark attack
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的风险所要研发的科技，
01:28
based on the science of what sharks can see.
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它是科学原理是基于鲨鱼的视野。
01:31
And I have for you today
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我今天的主题就是想你讲述
01:33
the story of that journey,
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那段旅程的故事，
01:35
but also the notion that science can be
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除此以外，我还想说
01:37
as powerful as a translator
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科学作可以像转换器一样有力
01:39
as it can be for invention.
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它的核心在于创新。
01:43
When we began this process,
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最开始的时候
01:45
we were looking, it was about three years ago,
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我们在观察，大概三年前，
01:48
and we'd just had the first two fatal shark attacks
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在西澳大利亚刚发生了两起
01:51
in Western Australia,
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鲨鱼袭击案件，
01:53
and by chance, in a previous role,
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巧合的是，在我前一项工作中，
01:55
I happened to be having dinner with Harry Butler.
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我曾有幸跟哈利·巴特勒共进晚餐。
01:58
Now Harry Butler, who most Australians
would know is a famous naturalist,
would know is a famous naturalist,
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哈利·巴特勒，这个在澳大利亚十分出名的自然学家
02:02
had spent a lot of time in the marine environment.
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在海洋环境相关的研究中花费了很多时间。
02:04
Harry Butler is a precursor, if you like,
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哈利·巴特勒对于之后的史蒂夫·欧文
02:06
to the late Steve Irwin.
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可以说是一个先导。
02:08
When I asked him about
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当我询问他关于
02:09
what the solution to the problem might be,
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解决这个问题可能的方案时，
02:13
the answer was quite surprising.
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他给的答案让我吃惊。
02:14
He said, "Take a black wetsuit,
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他说：“拿一个黑色的潜水衣，
02:16
band it in yellow stripes like a bumblebee,
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涂上像大黄蜂一样的黄色条纹，
02:19
and you'll be mimicking the warning systems
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这样你就可以模拟了对大部分
02:21
of most marine species."
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海洋生物有效的警告系统。”
02:23
I didn't think about that much at the time,
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我在当时并没有多想，
02:25
and it wasn't until the next three
fatal shark attacks happened,
fatal shark attacks happened,
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直到又发生了三起严重的鲨鱼袭击，
02:29
and it caused me to think,
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我才开始思考，
02:30
maybe there's some merit to this idea.
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这个想法可能有它的益处。
02:33
And I turned to the web
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然后我开始上网搜索，
02:34
to see if there might be some clues.
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看有没有什么线索。
02:36
And it turns out the web is awash
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然而我发现网上泛滥着
02:39
with this sort of evidence that supports
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支持这项思维的
02:41
this sort of thinking.
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这一类的证据。
02:42
So biologically, there are plenty of species
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所以在生物学中，有很多的物种
02:44
that display banding or patterns, warning patterns,
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身上有带状图案或警告图案，
02:47
to either be cryptical in the water
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用于在水中隐蔽自己
02:49
or warn against being attacked,
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或是在遭遇袭击时发出警示，
02:51
not the least of which is the pilot fish
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其中之一的就是鲭类海鱼，
02:53
which spends a big slab of its life
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它们一生的大部分时间
02:56
around the business end of a shark.
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都环绕在鲨鱼的周围。
02:58
On the human side, Walter Starck, an oceanographer,
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在人类这边，沃尔特·斯塔克，一名海洋学家，
03:01
has been painting his wetsuit since the 1970s,
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从70年代就开始给他的潜水服涂色了，
03:04
and anthropologically,
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而从人类学上讲，
03:05
Pacific island tribes painted themselves in bands
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太平洋岛屿上的部落为了抵挡鲨鱼神
03:09
in a sea snake ceremony
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的海蛇典礼上，
03:11
to ward off the shark god.
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在自己的身上涂上条纹。
03:13
So what's going on here?
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那么这到底意味着什么？
03:15
Is this an idea lying wide out in the open
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这是一个处于明处的发现，等待我们
03:18
for us to consider and define?
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去考虑并下定义？
03:21
We know that sharks use a range of sensors
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我们都知道鲨鱼有一系列的感应器
03:25
when they engage, particularly for attack,
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用于锁定目标，尤其是进攻时，
03:29
but the sight sensor is the one that they use
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但视觉传感器是它们用来
03:31
to identify the target, and particularly
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辨认目标的，尤其是
03:32
in the last number of meters before the attack.
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在将要进攻的最后几米内。
03:36
It makes sense to pay attention
to the biological anecdote
to the biological anecdote
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关注生物轶事是有意义的
03:39
because that's time-tested evolution
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因为那是经历了数千年
03:41
over many millennia.
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时间的考验的进化。
03:43
But isn't human anecdote also an evolution of sorts,
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但人类轶事不也是各种各样的进化，
03:47
the idea that there's a kernel of truth
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有核心真理的这个想法
03:48
thought to be important,
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被认为是很重要的，
03:50
passed down from generation to generation,
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一代代地传承下来，
所以最终塑造了人类的行为？
03:53
so that it actually ends up shaping human behavior?
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03:57
I wanted to test this idea.
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我想要验证这个观点。
03:58
I wanted to put some science
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我想往这个轶事凭证中
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to this anecdotal evidence,
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注入一些科学，
04:02
because if science could support this concept,
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因为如果科学能支撑这一概念，
04:04
then we might have at least part of the solution
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那么我们至少由可能得出
一部分结论，
一部分结论，
04:06
to shark attack right under our very nose.
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关于鲨鱼的袭击。
04:09
To do that, I needed some experts
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要这样做，我需要一些
04:11
in shark vision and shark neurology,
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鲨鱼的视野与经内科的专家，
04:13
and a worldwide search, again,
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而世界范围的搜索，再一次，
04:14
led to the University of W.A.
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把我领到了西澳大学
04:16
on the doorstep here, with the Oceans Institute.
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的海洋研究所。
04:18
And professor Nathan Hart and his team
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而且南森·哈特跟他的团队
04:21
had just written a paper which tells us,
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刚刚写了一篇文章，
04:23
confirms that predatory sharks see
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确定地告诉我们掠夺性鲨鱼
04:26
in black and white, or grayscale.
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的视野是黑白的，或者不同程度的灰色。
04:29
So I called up Nathan,
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所以我联系了南森，
04:31
a little bit sheepishly, actually, about this idea
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稍有犹豫地告诉他我的想法，
关于我们可能运用图案与形状
04:32
that maybe we could use these patterns and shapes
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04:34
to produce a wetsuit to try and
mitigate the risk of shark attack,
mitigate the risk of shark attack,
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来制造潜水服从而减轻被
鲨鱼攻击的风险，
鲨鱼攻击的风险，
而且幸运的是，他觉得这个想法不错。
04:38
and fortunately, he thought that was a good idea.
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04:40
So what ensued is a collaborative bit of research
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所以我们确保了一次由西奥州政府
04:42
supported by the West Australian State Government.
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支助的一次协作性研究。
04:45
And we did three key things.
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我们完成了三个重要事项。
04:48
The first is that we mapped the characteristics,
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首先，我们找出了三种主要攻击鲨鱼
04:50
the physical characteristics of the eyes
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视觉对应的
04:52
of the three main predatory sharks,
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特征，物理特征。
04:54
so the great white, tiger and bull shark.
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其中有大白鲨，虎鲨和白真鯊。
04:58
We did that genetically
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我们从遗传学角度
05:00
and we did that anatomically.
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以及解剖学角度这样做了
05:02
The next thing we did was to understand,
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接下来我们所做的是去了解，
05:04
using complex computer modeling,
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运用复杂的电脑模型，
05:06
what that eye can see
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在海水的不同的深度，距离，
05:08
at different depths, distances,
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光线条件与海水透明度下
05:10
light conditions, and water clarity in the ocean.
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鲨鱼的眼睛能看到什么。
05:14
And from there, we were able to pinpoint
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而从那里，我们能够
05:15
two key characteristics:
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精确出两个关键的特征：
05:17
what patterns and shapes would present the wearer
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有哪些图案和形状在水中
05:20
as hidden or hard to make out in the water, cryptic,
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能够便于隐藏或是让其难以辨认，
05:23
and what patterns and shapes might provide
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然后有那些图案和形状可能
05:25
the greatest contrast but provide the greatest
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提供最高的对比度但最大程度
05:27
breakup of profile
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轮廓的解体，
05:29
so that that person wasn't confused for shark prey
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所以那个人不会被混淆成
05:33
or shark food.
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鲨鱼的猎物或食物。
05:35
The next thing we needed to do was to convert this
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接下来我们要做的就是把它转换成
05:37
into wetsuits that people might actually wear,
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人们可能会穿的潜水服，
05:40
and to that end, I invited Ray Smith,
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在这一点，我请到了雷·史密斯，
05:42
a surfer, industrial designer, wetsuit designer,
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他是冲浪者，工业设计师，也是潜水服设计师，
05:46
and in fact the guy that designed
the original Quiksilver logo,
the original Quiksilver logo,
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而且实际上他设计了原始的极速骑板的商标，
05:48
to come over and sit with the science team
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把他请来与科学团队商讨，
05:50
and interpret that science
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并把其中的科学诠释成
05:54
into aesthetic wetsuits that
people might actually wear.
people might actually wear.
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人们可能去穿的美观的潜水服。
05:57
And here's an example of one of the first drawings.
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这里是初期绘画的例子之一。
06:00
So this is what I call a "don't eat me" wetsuit.
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这是我所称为“不要吃我”的潜水服。
06:03
So this takes that banding idea,
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它把条纹的那个思想，
06:07
takes that banding idea, it's highly visible,
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运用那个思想，它是高度可见的，
06:09
provides a highly disruptive profile,
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赋予了一个高度混淆的轮廓，
06:11
and is intended to prevent the shark
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而它的意图是不让鲨鱼
06:13
from considering that you would be ordinary food,
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把你当成普通的食物，
06:16
and potentially even create confusion for the shark.
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并可能潜在的对鲨鱼制造困惑。
06:19
And this one's configured to go with a surfboard.
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而且这个是跟冲浪板搭配的。
06:23
You can see that dark, opaque panel on the front,
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你可以看见正面不透明的嵌板，
06:26
and it's particularly better for the surface,
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这个对于在水面特别有好处，
06:28
where being backlit and providing a silhouette
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因为在水面背光而显出的轮廓
06:31
is problematic.
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是一个很大的问题。
06:33
Second iteration is the cryptic wetsuit,
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第二个迭代是隐秘潜水服，
06:36
or the one which attempts to hide the wearer
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或着说是把潜水者隐藏在
06:37
in the water column.
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水体间的潜水服。
06:39
There are three panels on this suit,
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这件潜水服上有三个嵌板，
06:41
and in any given conditions,
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并且在任何环境下，
06:42
one or more of those panels
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至少有一个嵌板
06:43
will match the reflective spectra of the water
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会与水中的反射光谱匹配，
06:46
so as to disappear fully or partially,
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所以潜水者将完全或部分消失，
06:49
leaving the last panel or panels
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让剩下的嵌板在水体中
06:51
to create a disruptive profile in the water column.
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制造出混乱的外形。
06:54
And this one's particularly well-suited
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而且这件潜水服对潜水配置
06:56
to the dive configuration,
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特别的合适，
06:58
so when you're deeper under the water.
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也就是当你在深水里的时候。
07:01
So we knew that we had
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因此我们知道我们这里
07:03
some really solid science here.
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有一些很坚实的科学。
07:05
We knew, if you wanted to stand out,
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我们知道，如果你想引人注目，
07:07
you needed to look stripy,
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你必须得看起来花哨，
07:08
and we knew if you wanted to be cryptic,
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我们还知道如果你想隐秘，
07:09
you needed to look like this.
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你必须看起来像这样。
07:11
But the acid test is always going to be,
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但是决定性得考验永远都会是，
07:13
how would sharks really behave
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鲨鱼在这些
07:14
in the context of these patterns and shapes.
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图案与形状面前会如何表现。
07:17
And testing to simulate a person in a wetsuit
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然而在自然环境下模仿一个在
07:20
in the water with a predatory shark
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水中穿着潜水服的人
07:21
in a natural environment
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加上一只攻击性鲨鱼
07:23
is actually a lot harder than you might think.
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其实比你想像的要难很多。
07:25
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
07:28
So we have to bait the rig,
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因此我们必须用引诱设备，
07:31
because we need to get the statistical number
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因为我们需要获取样本
07:32
of samples through to get the scientific evidence,
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统计数量来得到科学证据，
07:35
and by baiting the rig,
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而当我们使用引诱设备，
07:36
we're obviously changing shark behavior.
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鲨鱼的行为显然也被改变了。
07:38
We can't put humans in the water.
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我们不能把人放入水中。
07:40
We're ethically precluded from even using
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我们甚至从道德上排除了运用
07:43
humanoid shapes and baiting them up in the water.
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似人的形状来作为诱饵。
07:46
But nevertheless, we started the testing process
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但无论如何，我们在今年一月份
07:48
in January of this year,
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开始了试验流程，
07:50
initially with tiger sharks
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从虎鲨开始，
07:51
and subsequently with great white sharks.
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紧接着是大白鲨。
07:54
The way we did that
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我们所做的是
07:56
was to get a perforated drum which is full of bait,
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将一个装满鱼饵的多孔的滚筒，
08:00
wrap it in a neoprene skin,
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用橡胶皮包裹起来，
08:02
and then run two stereo underwater cameras
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然后开启两台立体声水下摄像机
08:05
to watch how the shark
actually engages with that rig.
actually engages with that rig.
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来观察鲨鱼是如何对待那个设备的。
08:08
And because we use stereo,
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并且因为我们运用了立体声，
08:10
we can capture all the statistics
on how big the shark is,
on how big the shark is,
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我们可以捕捉到关于鲨鱼大小的所有数据，
08:13
what angle it comes in at, how quickly it leaves,
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还有它是从哪个方向来的，
停留了多长时间，
停留了多长时间，
08:15
and what its behavior is
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还有从实验角度上来看它的行为
08:17
in an empirical rather than a subjective way.
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而不是通过主观推断。
08:20
Because we needed to
preserve the scientific method,
preserve the scientific method,
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因为我们需要维持科学的方法，
08:22
we ran a control rig
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我们运行了一个控制装备，
08:24
which was a black neoprene rig
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它是一个黑橡皮的装备，
08:28
just like a normal black wetsuit
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就像对，我们所说的，
08:30
against the, what we call,
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校管系统技术装备的一个
08:31
SAMS technology rig.
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普通的黑色潜水衣。
08:33
And the results were not just exciting,
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而且所获取的结果不仅是激动人心，
08:36
but very encouraging,
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还非常鼓舞人心，
08:37
and today I would like to just give you a snapshot
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而且今天我想向你们呈现其中
08:40
of two of those engagements.
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两次接触的一个快照简单印象。
08:44
So here we've got a four-meter tiger shark
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所以在这里有一个四米长的虎鲨
08:46
engaging the black control rig,
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与黑色控制设备发生接触，
08:49
which it had encountered about
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它们是在大约
08:50
a minute and a half before.
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一分半钟前相遇的。
09:11
Now that exact same shark had engaged,
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现在这只同样的鲨鱼也接触了，
09:14
or encountered this SAMS rig,
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或者说遭遇了这个SAMS设备，
09:16
which is the Elude SAMS rig,
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这是一个SAMS躲避装备，
09:17
about eight minutes before,
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那是大约八分钟前，
09:18
and spent six minutes circling it, hunting for it,
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并且用了六分钟在附近环绕，搜索
09:21
looking for what it could
smell and sense but not see,
smell and sense but not see,
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鲨鱼能够闻到感觉它的存在，但却看不到，
09:24
and this was the final engagement.
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而这是最终的接触。
09:29
Great white sharks are more
confident than the tigers,
confident than the tigers,
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大白鲨比虎鲨更有自信，
09:32
and here you see great white shark
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而现在你看到一只大白鲨
09:34
engaging a control rig,
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与控制设备发生接触，
09:36
so a black neoprene wetsuit,
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所以说是一个黑色橡皮潜水衣，
09:37
and going straight to the bottom,
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并直奔底部，
09:39
coming up
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游上来
09:42
and engaging.
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并与其发生接触。
09:46
In contrast to the SAMS technology rig,
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与SAMS科技设备相比，
09:48
this is the banded one,
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这个是有条形的，
09:50
where it's more tactile,
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因此更有质感，
09:52
it's more investigative,
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更有探究性，
09:53
it's more apprehensive,
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更容易理解，
09:55
and shows a reluctance to come straight in and go.
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并表示不愿直来直去。
10:08
(Applause)
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（掌声）
10:18
So, it's important for us that all
the testing is done independently,
the testing is done independently,
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因此，将所有的试验分开完成
对我们来说很重要，
对我们来说很重要，
10:22
and the University of W.A. is doing the testing.
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而西澳大学正在做这项试验。
10:25
It'll be an ongoing process.
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这将是一个持续的过程。
10:26
It's subject to peer review and subject to publication.
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它将接受同业调查以及公布。
10:29
It's so important that this concept
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另外至关重要的是这个概念
10:31
is led with the science.
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要追寻科学。
10:33
From the perspective of Shark
Attack Mitigation Systems,
Attack Mitigation Systems,
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从鲨鱼攻击缓解系统的角度来看，
10:35
we're a biotechnology licensing company,
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我们是一个生物科技授权公司，
10:38
so we don't make wetsuits ourselves.
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我们不会自己做潜水服。
10:40
We'll license others to do that.
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我们会授权其他人去做。
10:42
But I thought you might be interested
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但是我觉得你可能会感兴趣
10:43
in seeing what SAMS technology looks like
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SAMS科技结合潜水服看起来会是
10:45
embedded in a wetsuit, and to that end,
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什么样子，为了实现这个目标，
10:48
for the first time, live, worldwide --
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全球首次直播－－
10:51
(Laughter) —
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（笑声） －－
10:53
I can show you what biological adaptation,
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我将向你呈现生物适应、
10:56
science and design looks like in real life.
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科学与设计在现实中的样子。
11:00
So I can welcome Sam, the surfer,
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因此我请出冲浪者山姆，
11:02
from this side. Where are you, Sam?
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在这边。山姆，你在哪？
11:04
(Applause)
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（掌声）
11:06
And Eduardo.
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和爱德华多。
11:08
(Applause)
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（掌声）
11:10
Cheers, mate.
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你好，老兄。
11:12
Cheers.
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你好。
11:14
Thanks, gentlemen. (Applause)
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谢谢，先生们。（掌声）
11:21
So what have we done here?
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那么在这里我们做了什么？
11:22
Well, to my mind, rather than take a blank sheet
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这么说吧，在我看来，与其是拿一张白纸
11:25
and use science as a tool for invention,
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并把科学作为一个创造的工具，
11:29
we've paid attention to the biological evidence,
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我们关注了生物学上的线索，
11:32
we've put importance to the
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我们把重点放在了
11:33
human anecdotal evidence,
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人类的轶事证据上，
11:35
and we've used science as a tool
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并且我们把科学作为转化
11:38
for translation,
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的一个工具，
11:40
translation of something that was already there
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把一个已经存在的东西转化为
11:42
into something that we can
use for the benefit of mankind.
use for the benefit of mankind.
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可以造福人类的东西。
11:45
And it strikes me that this idea of science
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而且把科学作为转化工具
11:47
as a tool for translation rather than invention
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而不是发明的点子让我深受启发，
11:50
is one that we can apply much more widely than this
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我们可以在追寻发明的旅程中
11:53
in the pursuit of innovation.
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可以取得更广的运用。
11:55
After all, did the Wright brothers
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毕竟，怀特兄弟是发现了
11:57
discover manned flight,
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人工飞行，
11:59
or did they observe the biological fact of flight
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还是观察了飞行的生物学原理
12:02
and translate that mechanically, replicate it
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并将其转化为机械的，复制成了
12:06
in a way that humans could use?
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一个人们可以运用的东西？
12:08
As for the humble wetsuit,
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至于这个简陋的潜水服，
12:10
who knows what oceanwear will look like
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谁知道在两年后、
12:12
in two years' time, in five years' time
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五年后、甚至十年后，
12:15
or in 50 years' time, but with this new thinking,
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它会演变成什么样，但有了这个新的想法，
12:18
I'm guessing there's a fair chance
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我想它很有可能
12:19
it won't be pure black.
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不会是纯黑的。
12:21
Thank you.
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谢谢 .
12:23
(Applause)
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(掌声)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Hamish Jolly - Inventor, ocean swimmerHamish Jolly brings his entrepreneurial eye to the rare but viscerally terrifying issue of shark attacks.
Why you should listen
Hamish Jolly is an ocean swimmer and kitesurfer who's committed to creating sustainable businesses through innovation management, business development, business management, program management, investment analysis and finance. In 2006, Jolly was listed in Western Australian Business News' 40 Under 40 business leaders.
Formerly Director of Strategy and Ventures at BankWest, Jolly was responsible for group strategy and mergers and acquisitions. He is a qualified Chartered Accountant and fulfils a number of Board positions including Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority Board of Management (Kings Park). He most recently consulted as the Chief Executive Officer of Greening Australia, Australia’s largest environmental not-for-profit organisation and formerly a Director of Ajilon, where he was part of the leadership team for one of the top-3 management and technology consulting firms in Western Australia.
Hamish Jolly | Speaker | TED.com