TED2006
Richard Baraniuk: The birth of the open-source learning revolution
Richard Baraniuk谈开源学习
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莱斯大学教授Richard Baraniuk阐述了有关Connexions的创想。这是他开创的开源在线教学系统。使用它无需课本，世界各地的教师可以自由共享并修订课程资料。
Richard Baraniuk - Education visionary
Richard Baraniuk founded Connexions -- now called OpenStax -- a free, open-source, global clearinghouse of course materials. Students and educators tap into its vast store of texts on everything from engineering to ornithology to music, adapting the content as they see fit. Full bio
Richard Baraniuk founded Connexions -- now called OpenStax -- a free, open-source, global clearinghouse of course materials. Students and educators tap into its vast store of texts on everything from engineering to ornithology to music, adapting the content as they see fit. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:24
I'm Rich Baraniuk and what I'd like
to talk a little bit about today
to talk a little bit about today
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我叫Rich Baraniuk.
今天我想谈的是我的一些看法
00:27
are some ideas that I think
have just tremendous resonance
have just tremendous resonance
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我觉得它们可以和过去两天中
00:30
with all the things that have been
talked about the last two days.
talked about the last two days.
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大家讨论的问题产生巨大的共鸣。
事实上，有许多的不同的共鸣点
00:34
So many different points of resonance
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很难把它们一一涉及，但我会尽力。
00:36
that it's going to be difficult
to bring them all up,
to bring them all up,
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00:38
but I'll try to do my best.
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大家还记得这些吗？
00:40
Does anybody remember these?
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00:41
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
是的，这些都是LP大碟，它们都已经被取代了。
00:43
OK, so these are LP records
and they've been replaced, right?
and they've been replaced, right?
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过去40年中，它们已经被席卷殆尽
00:49
They've been swept away
over the last two decades
over the last two decades
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取而代之的是使世界扁平化的数字化技术。
00:52
by these types of world-flattening
digitization technologies, right?
digitization technologies, right?
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00:56
And I think it was best witnessed
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而且我认为这件事最好的证明
是我们今天走进会场的时候，托马斯在演奏音乐。
00:59
when Thomas was playing the music
as we came in the room today.
as we came in the room today.
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在音乐世界，所发生的是有一种文化
01:03
What's happened in the music world
is there's a culture,
is there's a culture,
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或是一种生态系统已经建立
01:06
or an ecosystem that's been created
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01:07
that, if you take some words from Apple,
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如果你愿意采用苹果公司的一些说法，
就会学到一些时髦词，比如我们创造，翻录，混合并烧录音乐。
01:10
the catchphrase --
that we create, rip, mix and burn.
that we create, rip, mix and burn.
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我想指出的是，世界上任何人都可以自由地
01:14
What I mean by that is that anyone
in the world is free and allowed
in the world is free and allowed
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创造新的音乐和有关音乐的想法。
01:17
to create new music and musical ideas.
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世界上任何人都可以翻录或复制音乐的想法，
01:20
Anyone in the world is allowed
to rip or copy musical ideas,
to rip or copy musical ideas,
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以创新的方式使用它们。
01:23
use them in innovative ways.
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任何人都可以以不同的方式混合它们，
01:25
Anyone is allowed to mix them
in different types of ways,
in different types of ways,
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在音乐灵感之间建立联系
01:28
draw connections between musical ideas,
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另外人们可以刻录或是创造的最终产品，循环往复。
01:30
and people can burn them or create
final products and continue the circle.
final products and continue the circle.
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这样做所达到的效果就是，像我所说的，
01:34
And what that's done
is it's created, like I said,
is it's created, like I said,
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创造了一个充满活力的社会，它有很大的包容性
01:37
a vibrant community that's very inclusive,
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使音乐人可以连续不断将音乐理念联系起来，
01:39
with people continually working
to connect musical ideas,
to connect musical ideas,
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01:42
innovate them and keep things
constantly up to date.
constantly up to date.
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创新，并使之不断更新。
今天的热门单曲不再是去年的热门单曲。
01:46
Today's hit single
is not last year's hit single.
is not last year's hit single.
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不过，我今天来这里不是要谈论音乐。
01:50
But I'm not here
to talk about music today.
to talk about music today.
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我来这里是要谈谈书籍，
01:52
I'm here to talk about books.
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01:53
In particular, textbooks
and the kind of educational materials
and the kind of educational materials
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特别是课本及其他教材
我们每天上学都使用的东西。
01:57
that we use every day in school.
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在座的各位有没有人上过学？
01:59
Has anyone here ever been to school?
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（笑声）
02:01
(Laughter)
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好，大家知不知道我们的学校面临一场危机？
02:02
OK, does anybody realize
there's a crisis in our schools,
there's a crisis in our schools,
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02:06
around the world?
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世界各地的学校都如此？
我希望，我无需花费太多时间说这事儿，
02:08
I'm not going to spend
too much time on that,
too much time on that,
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但我想谈的是
02:11
but what I want to talk about
is some of the disconnects
is some of the disconnects
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当作者出版了一本书后所出现的一些断裂
02:14
that appear when an author
publishes a book.
publishes a book.
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事实上，谈及出版过程——
02:17
That in fact, the publishing process --
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02:18
just because of the fact
that it's complicated,
that it's complicated,
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正因为出版过程相当复杂，
书籍沉重，而且书籍价格昂贵等这些事实——
02:21
it's heavy, books are expensive --
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02:22
creates a sort of a wall
between authors of books
between authors of books
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结果造成了一本书的作者
和终极读者之间的一堵墙，
02:26
and the ultimate users of books,
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02:27
be they teachers, students
or just general readers.
or just general readers.
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不论这些最终用户是教师、学生，或只是一般读者。
02:31
And this is even more true
if you happen to speak a language
if you happen to speak a language
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而且，如果恰好你所使用的语言
02:35
other than one of the world's
major languages, and especially English.
major languages, and especially English.
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不是世界的主要语言之一，尤其英语，就更会遇到这种情况。
02:38
I'm going to call these people
below the barrier "shutouts"
below the barrier "shutouts"
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我把这些人成为隔离障碍之下的人，
02:41
because they're really
shut out of the process
shut out of the process
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因为他们真的是无法进入
02:43
of being able to share
their knowledge with the world.
their knowledge with the world.
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与全世界分享他们知识的这一进程
所以我今天想谈的，就是试图把这些想法，
02:46
And so what I want to talk about today
is trying to take these ideas
is trying to take these ideas
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对，就是我们今天所看到到的音乐文化的表现
02:49
that we've seen in the musical culture
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并努力重新塑造
02:51
and try to bring these
towards reinventing the way
towards reinventing the way
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我们对写书，用书和教书的看法。
02:53
we think about writing books,
using them and teaching from them.
using them and teaching from them.
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是的，这就是我想谈的
02:57
So, that's what I'd like to talk about
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以及，我们如何从我们目前的位置，到达我们希望到达的目的地？
02:59
and, really, how we get
from where we are now
from where we are now
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03:01
to where we need to go.
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因此，我希望大家做的第一件事就是做一些思维实验。
03:03
The first thing I'd like you to do
is a little thought experiment.
is a little thought experiment.
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所以，大家想象一下世界上所有的书籍。
03:06
Imagine taking all the world's books.
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对，大家都要想象一下书
03:08
OK, everybody imagine books
and imagine just tearing out the pages.
and imagine just tearing out the pages.
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并想象把书页撕开。
03:11
So, liberating these pages
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解放这些书页，将它们数字化。
03:13
and imagine digitizing them
and then storing them
and then storing them
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然后把它们储存在一个巨大的，相互连接的，全球存储库中。
03:17
in a vast, interconnected,
global repository.
global repository.
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03:19
Think of it as a massive iTunes
for book-type content.
for book-type content.
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可以把它看成是一个巨大的iTunes，对，是存储书籍的内容的iTunes。
然后想象把所有的材料都（对众）开放。
03:25
And then take that material
and imagine making it all open,
and imagine making it all open,
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03:28
so that people can modify it,
play with it, improve it.
play with it, improve it.
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这样人们可以修改它，使用它，完善它。
03:31
Imagine making it free,
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想象使它免费，这样世界上的任何人都可以访问
03:33
so that anyone in the world can have
access to all of this knowledge,
access to all of this knowledge,
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所有这些知识，并利用信息技术
03:36
and imagine using information technology
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03:38
so that you can update this content,
improve it, play with it,
improve it, play with it,
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这样你就可以更新这里的内容，改进它，使用它，
每分每秒都可以做这些事情，而不是动不动就花几年的时间修订某个内容。
03:42
on a timescale that's more
on the order of seconds instead of years.
on the order of seconds instead of years.
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这样，新版本就无需每两年出一次了，
03:46
Instead of editions of a book
coming out every two years,
coming out every two years,
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大家可以想象，每25秒就可以有新版。
03:49
imagine them coming out every 25 seconds.
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好的，想象我们可以这样做
03:52
So, imagine we could do that
and imagine we could put people into this.
and imagine we could put people into this.
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并想象，我们让人们参与进来。
这样我们就可以真正建立一个生态系统，不仅与作者，
03:57
So that we could truly build
an ecosystem with not just authors,
an ecosystem with not just authors,
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而是与所有可以或想成为作者的人
04:00
but all the people
who could be or want to be authors
who could be or want to be authors
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使用世界上任何语言，
04:04
in all the different
languages of the world,
languages of the world,
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我认为，如果大家可以做到这一点，那么我们可以将其称作，嗯
04:06
and I think if you could do this,
it would be called --
it would be called --
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我暂时就称之为知识生态系统。
04:08
I'm just going to refer to it
as a knowledge ecosystem.
as a knowledge ecosystem.
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所以，真的，这是我的梦想
04:11
So, really, this is the dream,
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在某种意义上说，你可以认为
04:13
and in a sense what you can think of it
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我们正在努力使全世界的人，
04:15
is we're trying
to enable anyone in the world,
to enable anyone in the world,
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我的意思是世界上任何人
04:17
I mean anyone in the world --
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都可以做他们自己的教育的DJ，
04:19
(Laughter)
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04:20
to be their own educational DJ,
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创造教育材料，与世界分享，
04:22
creating educational materials,
sharing them with the world,
sharing them with the world,
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不断创新。对，这就是我的梦想。
04:25
constantly innovating on them.
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04:27
So, this is the dream.
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实际上，这一梦想正在实现。
04:28
In fact, this dream
is actually being realized.
is actually being realized.
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在过去的6年半的时间里，
04:31
Over the last six-and-a-half years,
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04:32
we've been working really hard
at Rice University
at Rice University
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我们在赖斯大学一直非常努力地工作
进行一个叫做Connections（连接）的项目，
04:35
on a project called Connexions,
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所以在我演讲的剩余时间里，
04:37
and so what I'd like to do
for the rest of the talk
for the rest of the talk
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我想告诉大家参与Connections的人
04:39
is just tell you a little bit
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在做什么，大家可以将其看作是与
04:41
about what people are doing
with Connexions,
with Connexions,
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04:43
which you can kind of
think of as the counterpoint
think of as the counterpoint
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昨天尼古拉斯·尼葛洛庞帝的演讲紧密相关的,
04:45
to Nicholas Negroponte's talk yesterday,
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他们正在开发的
04:47
where they're working on the hardware
of bringing education to the world.
of bringing education to the world.
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给全世界带去教育的硬件
04:50
We're working on the open-source tools
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我们正在努力开发开源的工具和内容。
04:53
and the content.
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04:54
So, that's sort of
to put it in perspective here.
to put it in perspective here.
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所以，这里我们就来审视一下这个项目。
因此，创造，那么哪些人正在使用这些工具呢，在做什么？
04:57
So, create.
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04:59
What are some of the people
that are using these kind of tools?
that are using these kind of tools?
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嗯，首先，
05:02
Well, the first thing is,
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05:03
there's a community
of engineering professors,
of engineering professors,
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从剑桥到京都，有一个工程系教授（组成的）社区，
05:06
from Cambridge to Kyoto,
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他们在开发电子工程方面的工程内容
05:08
who are developing engineering content
in electrical engineering
in electrical engineering
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以建立某种类似超级教科书的东西，
05:12
to develop what you can think of
as a massive, super textbook
as a massive, super textbook
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对，就是涵盖整个电气工程领域，
05:16
that covers the entire area
of electrical engineering.
of electrical engineering.
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不仅如此，它还可以被用户化，
05:19
And not only that --
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05:20
it can be customized for use in each
of their own individual institutions.
of their own individual institutions.
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以适用于每一个特定的机构。
如果像Kitty Jones那样的人——对，被隔离在外的人——
05:26
If people like Kitty Jones, a shut-out --
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一个私人音乐教师和来自伊利诺伊州某个小镇的母亲，
05:29
a private music teacher and mom
from Champagne, Illinois,
from Champagne, Illinois,
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05:34
who wanted to share her fantastic
music content with the world,
music content with the world,
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如果她想要与世界上的其他人分享她的美妙的音乐内容，
以及如何教给孩子演奏音乐。
05:37
on how to teach kids how to play music --
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她的（教学）材料现在每月被使用60多万次。
05:39
Her material is now used
over 600,000 times per month.
over 600,000 times per month.
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这一使用量真的是非常巨大，非常巨大。
05:45
Tremendous use.
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05:46
In fact, a lot of this use coming
from United States K-12 schools,
from United States K-12 schools,
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很多使用者都来自美国，涵盖从幼儿园到高中的所有阶段
05:50
because anyone who's involved
in a school scale back,
in a school scale back,
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因为任何参与过学校经费缩减的人都知道
学校做第一件事就是砍掉音乐课程
05:55
the first thing that's cut
is the music curriculum.
is the music curriculum.
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所以这就表明了人们如何渴求
05:58
And so this is just indicating
the tremendous thirst
the tremendous thirst
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这种开放而且免费的内容。
06:00
for this kind of open, free content.
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06:02
A lot of teachers are using this stuff.
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很多老师都利用这样的内容。那么，音乐的翻录呢？
06:05
What about ripping?
What about copying, reusing?
What about copying, reusing?
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那么什么是复制以及再利用？
得克萨斯大学埃尔帕索分校的一伙志愿者，
06:08
A team of volunteers
at the University of Texas at El Paso --
at the University of Texas at El Paso --
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一批研究生，将这一工程超级教科书的想法付诸实施，
06:11
graduate students translating
this engineering super textbook ideas.
this engineering super textbook ideas.
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并在大约一个星期内，使之成为我们最受欢迎的一些材料
06:16
And within about a week,
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06:18
having this be some
of our most popular material
of our most popular material
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在拉丁美洲各地广泛使用，特别是在墨西哥，
06:20
in widespread use all over Latin America,
and in particular in Mexico,
and in particular in Mexico,
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06:24
because of the open,
extensible nature of this.
extensible nature of this.
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这是因为它具有开放性和可扩展性等特点。
06:27
People, volunteers and even companies
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很多人，有志愿者，甚至是商业公司
06:30
that are translating materials
into Asian languages
into Asian languages
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将材料翻译成亚洲语言，
比如中文，日文和泰文，
06:33
like Chinese, Japanese and Thai,
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将这些知识进一步传播开来。
06:35
to spread the knowledge even further.
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那么，参与混合的人做什么？混合是什么意思？
06:39
OK, what about people who are mixing?
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06:41
What does "mixing" mean?
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混合指的是创建可定制的课程，
06:42
"Mixing" means
building customized courses,
building customized courses,
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06:44
means building customized books.
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以及制作定制的书籍。
像美国国家仪器公司这样的商业公司，
06:48
Companies like National Instruments,
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将非常强大的，交互式仿真的内容嵌入到这些材料中，
06:50
who are embedding very powerful,
interactive simulations
interactive simulations
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06:55
into the materials,
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这样我们阅读的体验，就会远远超越传统的教科书
06:56
so that we can go way beyond
our regular kind of textbook
our regular kind of textbook
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获得使用所有这些教材和内容的全新经验，
06:59
to an experience
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07:00
that all the teaching materials
are things you can actually interact with
are things you can actually interact with
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实际上你可以进行交互，寓教于乐，
07:04
and play around with
and actually learn as you do.
and actually learn as you do.
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通过实作进行学习。
我们一直在与“教师无国界”组织合作
07:08
We've been working
with Teachers Without Borders,
with Teachers Without Borders,
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他们对我们的混合材料很感兴趣。
07:10
who are very interested
in mixing our materials.
in mixing our materials.
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他们将使用Connections作为他们的平台
07:13
They're going to be using
Connexions as their platform
Connexions as their platform
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07:15
to develop and deliver teaching materials
for teaching teachers how to teach
for teaching teachers how to teach
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开发和并提供教材
指导教师如何教学。
这些教师分布在世界各地的84个国家。
07:21
in 84 countries around the world.
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在美国国际开发署的支持下，教师无国界目前正在伊拉克培训2万多名教师
07:23
TWB is currently in Iraq,
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07:26
training 20,000 teachers
supported by USAID.
supported by USAID.
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对他们来说，这种能够混合材料
07:31
And to them, this idea
of being able to remix
of being able to remix
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和并根据当地情况定制的特性是非常重要的，
07:34
and customize to the local context
is extraordinarily important,
is extraordinarily important,
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07:39
because just providing
free content to people
free content to people
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因为仅仅向人们提供免费内容
07:41
has actually been likened
by people in the developing world
by people in the developing world
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其实在发展中国家，已经被人们与
07:44
to a kind of cultural imperialism --
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某种文化帝国主义联系在了一起，
也就是说，如果你不让那些人
07:47
that if you don't empower people
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07:48
with the ability
to re-contextualize the material,
to re-contextualize the material,
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有能力重新组织材料，
翻译成自己的语言，并拥有其所有权，
07:51
translate it into their own language
and take ownership of it,
and take ownership of it,
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就会出力不讨好。
07:54
it's not good.
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此外，我们一直以来合作的其他组织还有加州大学默塞德，
07:56
OK, other organizations
we've been working with, UC Merced --
we've been working with, UC Merced --
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大家都知道加州大学默塞德。
08:00
people know about UC Merced.
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这是一个在加州的新大学，位于中央谷地，
08:02
It's a new university in California,
in the Central Valley,
in the Central Valley,
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它与社区学院有非常密切的合作。
08:06
working very closely
with community colleges.
with community colleges.
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08:08
They're actually developing
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他们实际上正在开发很多科学和工程课程
08:10
a lot of their science
and engineering curriculum
and engineering curriculum
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应用我们的系统，广泛传播到世界各地
08:12
to spread widely
around the world in our system.
around the world in our system.
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而且他们也在努力将自己开发的软件工具做成完全开源的。
08:17
And they're also trying to develop
all of their software tools
all of their software tools
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08:20
completely open-source.
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我们一直在与AMD合作进行一项名为50/15的项目，
08:21
We've been working with AMD,
which has a project called 50x15,
which has a project called 50x15,
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就是试图到2015年，将互联网连接
08:26
which is trying to bring
Internet connectivity
Internet connectivity
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提供给世界上50%的人口。
08:29
to 50 percent of the world's
population by 2015.
population by 2015.
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我们将会使用多种不同的语言
08:32
We're going to be
providing content to them
providing content to them
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他们提供内容，
08:34
in a whole range of different languages.
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08:36
And we've also been working
with a number of other organizations.
with a number of other organizations.
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此外我们还与其他一些组织合作。
08:40
In particular, a bunch of the projects
that are funded by Hewlett Foundation,
that are funded by Hewlett Foundation,
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特别是，一批项目
由Hewlett基金会提供资助，
该组织在开放内容这一领域起到了真正的领导作用。
08:44
who have taken a real leadership role
in this area of open content.
in this area of open content.
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接下来，该谈谈烧录了。我认为这个话题很有趣。
08:48
OK, burn -- I think
this is, sort of, quite interesting.
this is, sort of, quite interesting.
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烧录是试图将这些课程的内容变成物理对象的过程。
08:52
"Burn" is the idea of trying
to create the physical instantiation
to create the physical instantiation
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08:56
of one of these courses.
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我想有不少人收到过，
08:57
And I think a lot of you received --
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我相信大家都收到过这样的礼包，就是某种这类音乐书籍。
08:59
I think all of you received one
of these music books in your gift pack.
of these music books in your gift pack.
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是给大家的一个小礼物。
09:05
A little present for you.
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我在这里简要介绍一下，这是一本工程的教科书。
09:07
Just to tell you quickly about it:
this is an engineering textbook.
this is an engineering textbook.
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它有大约300页，精装的。
09:10
It's about 300 pages long, hardbound.
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费用大家猜猜有多少？
09:15
This costs -- anybody guess?
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如果在书店里它会值多少钱？
09:19
How much would it cost in a bookstore?
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观众：65美元。
09:21
(Audience) 65 dollars.
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09:22
Richard Baraniuk:
OK. This costs 22 dollars to the student.
OK. This costs 22 dollars to the student.
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Richard Baraniuk：这本书对学生的定价是22美元。
为什么它只需22美元？
09:27
Why does it cost 22 dollars?
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09:28
Because it's published on demand
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因为它是按需出版的
09:30
and it's developed
from this repository of open materials.
from this repository of open materials.
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而且是基于这种开放的资料库开发的。
如果是由正规出版社出版这本书，
09:34
If this book were to be published
by a regular publisher,
by a regular publisher,
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它的定价至少是122美元。
09:37
it would cost at least 122 dollars.
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所以，我们看到的，这种烧录过程，
09:40
So what we're seeing
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09:41
is moving this burning
or publication process
or publication process
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或说是出版过程，已经从某一单一的作者
09:44
from the regular,
sort of single-authored book
sort of single-authored book
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写作的过程，过渡到了作者社区撰写的材料
09:47
towards community-authored materials
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这是一种模块化的材料，可以根据每个班级定制
09:50
that are modular, that are customized
to each individual class
to each individual class
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并以相当低廉的价格按需出版，
09:54
and published on demand
very inexpensively,
very inexpensively,
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09:56
either pushed out through Amazon
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既可以通过亚马逊网站推出，
或是直接通过按需出版的出版社，比如Coop出版。
09:59
or published directly
through an on-demand press, like QOOP.
through an on-demand press, like QOOP.
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我认为，这是一个非常有趣的领域
10:03
And I think that this is
an extraordinarily interesting area
an extraordinarily interesting area
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10:06
because there is tremendous area
under this long tail in publishing.
under this long tail in publishing.
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因为在这个出版业的长尾下，存在一个巨大的领域。
我们谈的不是哈利波特的尾巴下，它是在左边。
10:12
We're not talking
about the Harry Potter end,
about the Harry Potter end,
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10:14
right at the left side.
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我们所说是那些超几何偏微分方程之类的书籍。
10:16
We're talking about books
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10:17
on hypergeometric
partial differential equations.
partial differential equations.
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对，就是那些一年可能出售100份、1000份的书。
10:20
Books that might sell
100 copies a year, 1,000 copies a year.
100 copies a year, 1,000 copies a year.
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确实存在巨大的可持续收入，
10:24
There is tremendous
sustaining revenue under this long tail
sustaining revenue under this long tail
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在这个长尾下，支持像我们这样的开源项目，
10:29
to sustain open projects like ours,
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而且还要支持这种新出现的按需出版商，
10:31
but also to sustain this new emergence
of on-demand publishers,
of on-demand publishers,
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比如像出版这两本书的Coop，
10:36
like QOOP, who produced these two books.
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10:38
And I think one of the things
that you should take away from this talk
that you should take away from this talk
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我想，大家从我的谈话中，应该认识到的一点，
就是中间人即将被削减掉，是的。
10:42
is that there's an impending
cut-out-the-middle-man disintermediation,
cut-out-the-middle-man disintermediation,
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非中介化。这将是出版业即将发生的事情
10:46
that's going to be happening
in the publishing industry.
in the publishing industry.
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而且将在今后几年达到高潮。
10:48
And it's going to reach a crescendo
over the next few years,
over the next few years,
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我认为这对我们，对世界都是有利的。
10:51
and I think that it's for our benefit,
really, and for the world's benefit.
really, and for the world's benefit.
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那么，是什么促使这一切发生？
10:55
OK, so what are the enablers?
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到底是什么让这一切发生？
10:57
What's really making all of this happen?
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这其中有大量的技术，
10:59
There's tons of technology,
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11:00
and the only piece of technology
that I really want to talk about is XML.
that I really want to talk about is XML.
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而我真的想谈的是XML技术。
11:04
How many people know about XML?
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有多少人知道XML？
11:06
Oh, great.
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哦，很好，对，它是网络的未来。
11:07
So it's the future of the web, right?
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它是内容的语义描述。
11:09
It's semantic representation of content.
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11:14
And what you can really
think of XML in this case
think of XML in this case
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此刻，大家应该将XML
看作是我们的包装，是我们用来包装这些页面的工具。
11:16
is it's the packaging
that we're putting around these pages.
that we're putting around these pages.
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大家记得我们撕开了书页，对吧？
11:19
Remember we took the book,
tore the pages out?
tore the pages out?
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11:21
Well, what the XML is going to do
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那么，XML所要做的，基本上是——
11:23
is it's going to turn those pages
into Lego blocks.
into Lego blocks.
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它可以把这些书页变成乐高积木，对。
11:27
XML are the nubs on the Lego
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XML就是乐高积木上的凸起，
11:29
that allow us to combine the content
together in a myriad different ways,
together in a myriad different ways,
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它让我们能够以多种不同的方式将内容组合起来
11:33
and it provides us a framework
to share content.
to share content.
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而且它我们提供了一个框架，以分享内容。
因此，它让你把这个生态系统，
11:37
So, it lets you take this ecosystem
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以其原生状态呈现，所有这些内容，
11:40
in its primordial state
of all this content,
of all this content,
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所有从书本中撕开的书页
11:43
all the pages you've torn out of books,
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然后创造出这种高度复杂的学习机器，是不是？
11:45
and create highly sophisticated
learning machines:
learning machines:
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书籍，课程，课程包……。
11:49
books, courses, course packs.
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11:51
It gives you the ability
to personalize the learning experience
to personalize the learning experience
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它使你能够将学习体验个性化
对个别学生都如此，
11:55
to each individual student,
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这样每一个学生都可以有一本书或课程
11:57
so that every student
can have a book or a course
can have a book or a course
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是根据他们的学习风格，他们的具体环境，
12:00
that's customized to their
learning style, their context,
learning style, their context,
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以及他们的语言和能够激起他们兴趣的事情所定制的。
12:03
their language and the things
that excite them.
that excite them.
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它让你能够以多种不同的方式，以令人惊讶的新途径，
12:06
It lets you reuse the same materials
in multiple different ways,
in multiple different ways,
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12:09
and surprising new ways.
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1976
重新使用相同的材料。
12:11
It lets you interconnect ideas,
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它让你把想法联系起来
12:13
indicating how fields
relate to each other.
relate to each other.
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表明各个领域存在何种相互关系，
这里我来给大家讲讲你我个人的故事。
12:18
And I'll just give you my personal story.
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我们是六年半前提出这一设想的
12:20
We came up with this
six-and-a-half years ago
six-and-a-half years ago
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12:22
because I teach the stuff in the red box.
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因为我教的的东西都是公文包里有的。
而我的日常工作，正如克里斯说的，我是电机系教授。
12:25
And my day job, as Chris said --
I'm an electrical engineering professor.
I'm an electrical engineering professor.
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我教信号处理
12:29
I teach signal processing
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而且我的挑战是要表明，这种数学——
12:31
and my challenge
was to show that this math --
was to show that this math --
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12:33
Wow, about half of you
have already fallen asleep
have already fallen asleep
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哇，你们中大约有一半人一看到这个方程已经睡着了——
12:35
just looking at the equation.
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（笑声）
12:37
(Laughter)
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但这个看似枯燥的数学其实是
12:38
But this seemingly dry math
259
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12:40
is actually the center
of this tremendously powerful web
of this tremendously powerful web
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这个功能异常强大的网络技术的核心——
12:44
that links technology --
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它将非常酷的应用，比如音乐合成器
12:46
that links really cool applications
like music synthesizers
like music synthesizers
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12:49
to tremendous economic opportunities,
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以及巨大的经济机会联系在一起，
但也受知识产权的保护。
12:53
but also governed
by intellectual property.
by intellectual property.
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问题是，我意识到我没有办法——
12:55
And the thing that I realized
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12:56
is there was no way
that I, as an engineer,
that I, as an engineer,
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作为一名工程师——我没有办法写出这样一本书，把所有的相关问题都谈清楚。
12:59
could write this book
that would get all of this across.
that would get all of this across.
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我们需要一个社区去做这件事
13:01
We needed a community to do it
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我们需要新的工具能够将这些想法连接在一起，
13:03
and we needed new tools
to be able to interconnect these ideas.
to be able to interconnect these ideas.
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而且我认为，在某种意义上，我们正在试图做的
13:07
And I think that really,
in a sense, what we're trying to do
in a sense, what we're trying to do
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是使明斯基（Minksy，数学家）的梦想变成现实，
13:10
is make Minsky's dream come to a reality,
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你可以想象，图书馆里所有的书
13:12
where you can imagine
all the books in a library
all the books in a library
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都开始相互交谈，对，
13:14
actually starting to talk to each other.
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也可以和所有的教师交谈，
13:16
And people who are teachers out here --
whoever taught, you know this --
whoever taught, you know this --
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只要他在教某种课程。
13:20
it's the interconnections between ideas
that teaching is really all about.
that teaching is really all about.
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这就是思想的相互之间的联系，这也正是教学的真正意义。
好，回到数学上来，我们可以想象，这是可能的。
13:24
OK, back to math.
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13:26
Imagine -- this is possible:
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在你的新的电子文本中， 每一个公式，只要你点击它，
13:29
that every single equation that you
click on in one of your new e-texts
click on in one of your new e-texts
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就能够对其进行探索和试验。
13:33
is something that you're going to be able
to explore and experiment with.
to explore and experiment with.
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那么可以想像，你的孩子的代数教科书，比如七年级的代数书，
13:37
So imagine your kid's
algebra textbook in seventh grade.
algebra textbook in seventh grade.
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你可以点击每一个方程
13:41
You can click on every single equation
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13:42
and bring up a little tool
to be able to experiment with it,
to be able to experiment with it,
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这样就能弹出一个小工具，你可以拿它进行实验，
13:45
tinker with it, understand it.
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摆弄它，了解它，
13:47
Because we really
don't understand until we do.
don't understand until we do.
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因为我们必须通过做才能理解。
化学可以用相同类型的标注语言，比如mathML表示。
13:50
The same type of mark-up,
like MathML, for chemistry.
like MathML, for chemistry.
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13:54
Imagine chemistry textbooks
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想象一下，你的化学教科书能真正理解
13:56
that actually understand the structure
of how molecules are formed.
of how molecules are formed.
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分子结构是如何形成的。
想象一下音乐的XML
14:00
Imagine Music XML
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可以让你进入音乐的语义结构进行钻研，
14:02
that actually lets you delve
into the semantic structure of music,
into the semantic structure of music,
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摆弄它，理解它。
14:05
play with it, understand it.
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这样大家就都能理解它，对不对？
14:07
It's no wonder that everybody's
getting into it, right?
getting into it, right?
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即使是古希腊三智者都能弄懂。
14:10
Even the three wise men.
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14:11
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
好，说到第二大的推动者，正是这里我曾说过一个大大的谎。
14:13
OK, the second big enabler,
and this is where I told a big lie.
and this is where I told a big lie.
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第二大推动者是知识产权，
14:18
The second big enabler
is intellectual property.
is intellectual property.
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因为事实上，我站在了这里
14:21
Because, in fact, I got up here
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并且说到音乐文化多么了不起。
14:23
and I talked about how great
the music culture is.
the music culture is.
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我们可以分享、抓取，混合和烧录，但实际上这是违法的。
14:25
We can share and rip, mix and burn,
but in fact, that's all illegal.
but in fact, that's all illegal.
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是的，我们这样做会被指责为盗版，
14:29
And we would be accused
of [piracy] for doing that,
of [piracy] for doing that,
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14:32
because this music has been propertized.
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因为这种音乐已经被财产化了。
它现在为人所拥有，其中大部分由大公司拥有。
14:36
It's now owned,
much of it by big industries.
much of it by big industries.
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因此，实在的，这里的关键是我们不能让这种情况发生。
14:40
So, really, the key thing here
is we can't let this happen.
is we can't let this happen.
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我们不能让Napster这类事情在这里发生。
14:43
We can't let this
Napster thing happen here.
Napster thing happen here.
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14:46
So, what we have to do
is get it right from the very beginning.
is get it right from the very beginning.
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所以，我们要做的就是从一开始就要做得对
而我们所要做的
14:48
And what we have to do
is find an intellectual property framework
is find an intellectual property framework
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是找到一个知识产权框架，使得共享是安全的，
14:52
that makes sharing safe
and makes it easily understandable.
and makes it easily understandable.
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并使其易于理解，
这里的灵感是来自开源软件，
14:57
And the inspiration here
is taken from open-source software.
is taken from open-source software.
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比如Linux和GPL诸如此类的东西。
15:01
Things like Linux and the GPL.
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15:04
The Creative Commons licenses.
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以及相关的思想，如创作共用许可证。
有多少人听说过创作共用？
15:07
How many people
have heard of creative commons?
have heard of creative commons?
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如果你没有听说过，那你必须了解它。 Creativecommons.org。
15:09
If you have not, you must learn about it.
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15:11
Creativecommons.org.
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Connections中的每一份材料
15:13
At the bottom of every piece
of material in Connexions
of material in Connexions
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和许多其他项目的底下，你都可以他们的标志。
15:16
and in lots of other projects,
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15:18
you can find their logo.
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15:19
Clicking on that logo
takes you to an absolute no-nonsense,
takes you to an absolute no-nonsense,
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点击该标志，它将带你到一个绝对没有胡说八道，
人类可读懂的文件，
15:23
human-readable document, a deed,
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这是一个契约，告诉你关于此内容你到底可以做些什么。
15:26
that tells you exactly
what you can do with this content.
what you can do with this content.
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事实上，你可以自由地分享它，做所有这些事情，
15:29
In fact, you're free to share it,
to do all of these things:
to do all of these things:
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复制它，改变它，甚至将它用于商业用途
15:33
to copy it, to change it,
even to make commercial use of it,
even to make commercial use of it,
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只要你指出原作者。
15:36
as long as you attribute the author.
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因为在学术出版
15:39
Because in academic publishing
and much of educational publishing,
and much of educational publishing,
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和许多教育出版领域，
人们的观念就是分享知识，这就是为什么出版，以及作出影响，
15:43
it's really this idea of sharing knowledge
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15:47
and making impact.
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这就是为什么有人写书，不一定非要赚钱。
15:49
That's why people write,
not necessarily making bucks.
not necessarily making bucks.
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我们现在谈论的不是《哈利波特》。
15:53
We're not talking
about Harry Potter, right?
about Harry Potter, right?
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我们处于长尾的末端。
15:55
We're at the long tail end here.
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15:56
Behind that is the legal code,
very carefully constructed.
very carefully constructed.
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其背后是法律条款，
所以如果你想仔细地建造它，
那么创作共用正在崛起。
16:01
And Creative Commons is taking off --
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那里有超过4300万种东西，
16:03
over 43 million things out there,
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都被授予了创作共用许可权。
16:07
licensed with a Creative Commons license.
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不只是文本，而且还有音乐、图像、视频
16:09
Not just text,
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16:12
but music, images, video.
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而且越来越多的人还将音乐的版权
16:15
And there's actually a tremendous uptake
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授予它，这一现象在上升，
16:17
of the number of people
that are actually licensing music
that are actually licensing music
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16:20
to make it free for people
who do this whole idea of re-sampling,
who do this whole idea of re-sampling,
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这样那些希望将某个音乐概念重新取样的人，就可以自由地去做，
采集、混合，烧录并共享。
16:24
ripping, mixing, burning and sharing.
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所以我想用最后的几点意见结束我的讲话。
16:26
OK, I'd like to conclude
with just the last few points.
with just the last few points.
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16:30
So, we've built this idea of a commons.
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我们建立创作共用的想法。人们使用它。
16:32
People are using it.
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我们每月的个体访问者就超过50万，只是在我们单一的网站上。
16:34
We get over 500,000 unique visitors
per month, just to our particular site.
per month, just to our particular site.
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麻省理工学院的开放式课件，是另一个庞大的开放内容网站，
16:40
MIT OpenCourseWare,
which is another large open-content site,
which is another large open-content site,
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其点击数跟我们差不多，但我们如何保护它们呢？
16:44
gets a similar number of hits.
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16:46
But how do we protect this?
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我们如何保护它们，使之流传久远？
16:48
How do we protect it into the future?
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人们想到的第一件事很可能是质量控制，对。
16:50
And the first thing
that people are probably thinking
that people are probably thinking
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16:53
is quality control, right?
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16:54
Because we're saying that anybody
can contribute things to this commons.
can contribute things to this commons.
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因为我们说，任何人都可以贡献内容
到这个共用网站。任何人可以提供任何内容，
16:59
Anybody can contribute anything.
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这样可能就带来一个问题。
17:02
So that could be a problem.
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所以，没多久，
17:04
It didn't take long until people
started contributing materials,
started contributing materials,
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就有可能有人开始提供像和内衣相关的材料，
17:09
for example, on lingerie,
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实际上这是一个很好的模块。
17:11
which is actually a pretty good module.
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1976
唯一的问题是，它是抄袭的，
17:13
The only problem is it's plagiarized
from a major French feminist journal,
from a major French feminist journal,
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抄自一份主流法国女性杂志
17:18
and when you go
to the supposed course website,
to the supposed course website,
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当你去访问课程网站的时候，
17:21
it points to a lingerie-selling website.
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它指向了一个内衣销售网站，对吧？
17:26
So this is a little bit of a problem.
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因此，这里就有点问题，
所以我们需要一些质量管理的理念
17:28
So we clearly need some kind
of idea of quality control
of idea of quality control
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因此我们才引入了审查和同行审查的想法。
17:31
and this is really where the idea
of review and peer review comes in.
of review and peer review comes in.
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17:35
You come to TED. Why do you come to TED?
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嗯，大家来参加TED。为什么来TED？
是由于克里斯和他的团队，确保了
17:37
Because Chris and his team have ensured
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17:39
that things are
very, very high quality, right?
very, very high quality, right?
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它的质量非常非常的高，
因此，我们需要做同样的事情。
17:43
And so we need to be able
to do the same thing.
to do the same thing.
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我们需要能够设计出某种结构
17:45
And we need to be able
to design structures,
to design structures,
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我们正在做的是设计社交软件
17:48
and what we're doing
is designing social software
is designing social software
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让每个人都能建立自己的同行审查过程
17:51
to enable anyone to build
their own peer review process,
their own peer review process,
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我们将这些东西称作“镜头”（lenses）
17:54
and we call these things "lenses."
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它的作用，就是允许任何访问者
17:56
And basically what they allow
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17:58
is anyone out there can develop
their own peer-review process,
their own peer-review process,
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建立自己的同行审查过程，
这样他们就能够专注于库中的内容
18:01
so that they can focus
on the content in the repository
on the content in the repository
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以及他们认为真正重要的东西
18:05
that they think is really important.
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大家可以将TED视为潜在的镜头。
18:07
And you can think of TED
as a potential lens.
as a potential lens.
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所以，我只是想在结束之前，
18:10
So I'd just like to end by saying:
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呼吁大家关注Connections。
18:12
you can really view this
as a call to action.
as a call to action.
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18:17
Connexions and open content
is all about sharing knowledge.
is all about sharing knowledge.
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Connections和开放内容关注的是分享知识。
18:22
All of you here are tremendously imbued
with tremendous amounts of knowledge,
with tremendous amounts of knowledge,
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在座各位都拥有
无穷无尽的知识
我想要做的就是邀请在座的每一位
18:27
and what I'd like to do
is invite each and every one of you
is invite each and every one of you
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为这一项目和其他类似项目贡献自己的内容，
18:29
to contribute to this project
and other projects of its type,
and other projects of its type,
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因为我想，大家一起合作，就能实实在在地改变
18:33
because I think together
we can truly change the landscape
we can truly change the landscape
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18:36
of education and educational publishing.
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教育和教育出版的面貌。
谢谢！
18:39
So, thanks very much.
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Richard Baraniuk - Education visionaryRichard Baraniuk founded Connexions -- now called OpenStax -- a free, open-source, global clearinghouse of course materials. Students and educators tap into its vast store of texts on everything from engineering to ornithology to music, adapting the content as they see fit.
Why you should listen
Rice University professor Richard Baraniuk has a giant vision: to create a free global online education system that puts the power of creation and collaboration in the hands of teachers worldwide. He's realizing that vision with OpenStax (formerly named Connexions), a website that allows teachers to quickly "create, rip, mix and burn" coursework -- without fear of copyright violations. Think of it as Napster for education.
OpenStax's open-source system cuts out the textbook, allowing teachers to share course materials, modify existing work and disseminate it to their students -- all for free, thanks to Creative Commons licensing. Baraniuk envisions OpenStax as a repository where the most up-to-date material can be shared and reviewed (it's far more efficient than waiting for a textbook to be printed); it could become a powerful force in leveling the education playing field. Currently encompassing hundreds of online courses and used by a million people worldwide, Baraniuk's virtual educational system is revolutionizing the way people teach and learn.
Richard Baraniuk | Speaker | TED.com