TED2017
Grace Kim: How cohousing can make us happier (and live longer)
格蕾丝·金: 公共住宅如何令我们更快乐，更长寿
Filmed:
Readability: 4
2,237,287 views
孤独感并不一定源自于独处。对于建筑师格蕾丝·金而言，孤独感与人们之间的社会关联感密切相关。这种孤独时常源自于我们所生活的住宅。她与我们分享了一种古老的解药来对抗隔绝——公共住宅。这种居住模式里，人们选择与邻居共享空间，互相熟识，并且守望相助。这场令人耳目一新的演讲将改变你对住宅以及居住方式的定义。
Grace Kim - Architect
Grace H. Kim is an internationally recognized expert in cohousing -- the art and craft of creating communities. Full bio
Grace H. Kim is an internationally recognized expert in cohousing -- the art and craft of creating communities. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Loneliness.
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孤独。
00:15
All of us in this room
will experience loneliness
will experience loneliness
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在此的所有人，在生命中的
某时某刻都会感到孤独。
00:17
at some point in our lives.
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00:20
Loneliness is not
a function of being alone,
a function of being alone,
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孤独不仅取决于是否独自一人，
00:22
but rather, a function
of how socially connected you are
of how socially connected you are
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还取决于你与周围其他人之间的
社交关系。
00:25
to those around you.
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00:27
There could be somebody
in this room right now
in this room right now
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此时此刻此地，
也许有人与千百人共处一室，
00:30
surrounded by a thousand people
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却依然感到孤独。
00:31
experiencing loneliness.
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虽然有许多因素可能导致孤独，
00:35
And while loneliness
can be attributed to many things,
can be attributed to many things,
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作为一名建筑师，
00:38
as an architect,
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今天我想跟大家聊聊我们身处的环境
00:40
I'm going to tell you today
how loneliness can be the result
how loneliness can be the result
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会如何导致孤独——
00:43
of our built environments --
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也就是我们自己选择居住的房屋。
00:45
the very homes we choose to live in.
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00:49
Let's take a look at this house.
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我们来看看这栋房子。
这是一栋美丽的房子。
00:51
It's a nice house.
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它有一个大院子，围着栅栏，
00:52
There's a big yard, picket fence,
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还配备双车库。
00:55
two-car garage.
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00:58
And the home might be
in a neighborhood like this.
in a neighborhood like this.
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这栋房子周边的环境可能是这样的。
01:01
And for many people around the globe,
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这个世界上很多人都梦想
在这样的一个小区里
01:04
this home, this neighborhood --
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拥有一栋这样的房子。
01:07
it's a dream.
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01:09
And yet the danger of achieving this dream
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然而梦想成真的同时
也意味着虚假的联系感
01:11
is a false sense of connection
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01:14
and an increase in social isolation.
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以及更强烈的社会隔绝感。
01:17
I know, I can hear you now,
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我知道，我非常理解，
你们当中有人在脑海中大喊，
01:18
there's somebody in the room
screaming at me inside their head,
screaming at me inside their head,
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“我家就这样呀，我家周边也是这样！
01:22
"That's my house,
and that's my neighborhood,
and that's my neighborhood,
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周边邻居我都认识！”
01:24
and I know everyone on my block!"
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那么我告诉你，这太棒了！
01:27
To which I would answer, "Terrific!"
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我真希望能有更多人像你一样，
01:29
And I wish there were
more people like you,
more people like you,
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01:32
because I'd wager to guess
there's more people in the room
there's more people in the room
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因为据我猜测，这里有更多人
生活在类似的环境中，
01:35
living in a similar situation
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却并不一定认识他们的邻居。
01:37
that might not know their neighbors.
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01:39
They might recognize them and say hello,
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他们也许只是点头之交，
然而却常常忍不住私下询问
01:42
but under their breath,
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01:45
they're asking their spouse,
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各自的丈夫或妻子，
“刚刚那个人叫什么来着？”
01:47
"What was their name again?"
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01:49
so they can ask a question by name
to signify they know them.
to signify they know them.
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这样才能正确称呼对方
以证明彼此是相识的。
以证明彼此是相识的。
01:55
Social media also contributes
to this false sense of connection.
to this false sense of connection.
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社交网络的存在也
加剧了这种虚假的联系感。
加剧了这种虚假的联系感。
这样的场景是不是很熟悉？
01:59
This image is probably all too familiar.
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站在电梯里，
02:01
You're standing in the elevator,
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坐在咖啡馆里，
02:03
sitting in a cafe,
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你抬头张望一番，
02:04
and you look around,
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却发现所有人都在低头看手机。
02:06
and everyone's on their phone.
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除了你，其他人都在发短信
02:09
You're not texting or checking Facebook,
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或者刷脸书。
02:11
but everyone else is,
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也许，你也像我一样经历过以下场景：
02:12
and maybe, like me,
you've been in a situation
you've been in a situation
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你跟他人进行了眼神接触，
02:14
where you've made eye contact,
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给对方一个微笑并且打了个招呼，
02:16
smiled and said hello,
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却见对方仓促拔掉耳机，
02:19
and have that person
yank out their earbuds
yank out their earbuds
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02:22
and say, "I'm sorry, what did you say?"
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说了句：“不好意思，你刚才说什么？”
02:25
I find this incredibly isolating.
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这让我产生了强烈的疏离感。
02:28
The concept I'd like
to share with you today
to share with you today
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今天我想要跟大家分享的概念就是
02:30
is an antidote to isolation.
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一种对抗疏离感的解药。
02:32
It's not a new concept.
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这并不是一个新概念。
相反，这是一种古老的生活方式。
02:33
In fact, it's an age-old way of living,
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并且，它依然存在于全世界上许多
02:36
and it still exists in many
non-European cultures
non-European cultures
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02:38
around the world.
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欧美以外的文化中。
02:40
And about 50 years ago,
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大约50年前，
丹麦人决定发明一个新名词，
02:42
the Danes decided to make up a new name,
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从那时开始，
02:45
and since then,
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几万丹麦人开始遵循这种生活方式。
02:46
tens of thousands of Danish people
have been living in this connected way.
have been living in this connected way.
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02:52
And it's being pursued
more widely around the globe
more widely around the globe
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世界各地渴望社区生活的人们
也逐渐开始追求这种方式。
02:55
as people are seeking community.
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02:59
This concept
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这个概念叫做
03:01
is cohousing.
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共同住宅。
03:05
Cohousing is an intentional neighborhood
where people know each other
where people know each other
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共同住宅是一种更亲密的邻里关系，
人们相互熟识，守望相助。
03:08
and look after one another.
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03:10
In cohousing, you have your own home,
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在共同住宅里，
人们有各自的私人住宅，
人们有各自的私人住宅，
同时也共享广大的
公用空间，无论室内还是室外。
公用空间，无论室内还是室外。
03:13
but you also share significant spaces,
both indoors and out.
both indoors and out.
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03:17
Before I show you
some pictures of cohousing,
some pictures of cohousing,
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在我为大家展示一些
共同住宅的画面之前，
共同住宅的画面之前，
我想先介绍我的朋友，希拉与斯潘塞。
03:19
I'd like to first introduce you
to my friends Sheila and Spencer.
to my friends Sheila and Spencer.
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当我刚认识希拉与斯潘塞的时候，
他们年逾六旬，
他们年逾六旬，
03:22
When I first met Sheila and Spencer,
they were just entering their 60s,
they were just entering their 60s,
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03:26
and Spencer was looking ahead
at the end of a long career
at the end of a long career
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当时斯潘塞在小学教育的漫长事业
即将迎来尾声。
03:29
in elementary education.
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03:30
And he really disliked the idea
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然而他无法想象
没有孩子们围绕身边的
03:32
that he might not have
children in his life
children in his life
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退休生活。
03:35
upon retirement.
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03:39
They're now my neighbors.
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如今，他们成为了我的邻居。
我们一起居住在一片
由我设计开发的
由我设计开发的
03:40
We live in a cohousing community
that I not only designed,
that I not only designed,
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共同住宅社区，
03:43
but developed
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而我的设计工作室也在那里。
03:44
and have my architecture practice in.
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03:47
This community is very intentional
about our social interactions.
about our social interactions.
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社交互动，是这个社区的重点元素。
现在，让我带大家参观一下。
03:50
So let me take you on a tour.
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03:53
From the outside, we look like
any other small apartment building.
any other small apartment building.
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从外面看来，我们的社区
跟其他小型公寓楼区别不大。
跟其他小型公寓楼区别不大。
说实话，跟隔壁楼看起来一模一样，
03:56
In fact, we look identical
to the one next door,
to the one next door,
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除了这耀眼的明黄色。
03:59
except that we're bright yellow.
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04:02
Inside, the homes are fairly conventional.
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住宅的内部格局也挺传统。
大家都有独立的客厅和厨房，
04:04
We all have living rooms and kitchens,
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卧室与卫生间，
04:07
bedrooms and baths,
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一共有九户这样的住宅，
围绕着中央大院。
围绕着中央大院。
04:09
and there are nine of these homes
around a central courtyard.
around a central courtyard.
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这一户，是我家，
04:12
This one's mine,
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04:14
and this one is Spencer and Sheila's.
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而这一户是希拉与斯潘塞家。
04:16
The thing that makes this building
uniquely cohousing
uniquely cohousing
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这栋公共住宅之所以独特，
并非因为这些房间，
04:19
are not the homes,
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04:21
but rather, what happens here --
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而是这里所发生的一切：
04:24
the social interactions that happen
in and around that central courtyard.
in and around that central courtyard.
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也就是在这片中央大院
以及周围的社交互动。
以及周围的社交互动。
04:28
When I look across the courtyard,
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当我向院子对面张望时，
我期待看到希拉与斯潘塞。
04:30
I look forward to see Spencer and Sheila.
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事实上，每天清晨做早餐的时候，
04:32
In fact, every morning,
this is what I see,
this is what I see,
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我都能看到斯潘塞热情地对我招手。
04:34
Spencer waving at me furiously
as we're making our breakfasts.
as we're making our breakfasts.
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04:39
From our homes, we look down
into the courtyard,
into the courtyard,
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当我们从家里俯视楼下的院子，
04:42
and depending on the time of year,
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根据每年的不同时期，
我们可以看到这样的景象：
04:43
we see this:
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一些大人与孩子
04:45
kids and grownups in various combinations
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成群结队的玩耍，互动。
04:48
playing and hanging out with each other.
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院子里充满欢声笑语。
04:51
There's a lot of giggling and chatter.
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很多人都会玩儿呼啦圈。
04:53
There's a lot of hula-hooping.
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04:56
And every now and then,
"Hey, quit hitting me!"
"Hey, quit hitting me!"
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时不时能听到“嘿，别打我！”
05:00
or a cry from one of the kids.
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或者偶尔的哭闹声。
这些都是日常生活的声音，
05:02
These are the sounds of our daily lives,
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05:05
and the sounds of social connectedness.
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更是代表着社会联系的音符。
05:08
At the bottom of the courtyard,
there are a set of double doors,
there are a set of double doors,
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在院子最里面有一扇双开门，
从那里进去就是公共大厅。
05:11
and those lead into the common house.
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05:14
I consider the common house
the secret sauce of cohousing.
the secret sauce of cohousing.
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在我看来，这个大厅
才是公共住宅的核心。
才是公共住宅的核心。
因为这里是
05:18
It's the secret sauce
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所有社交互动以及
05:19
because it's the place
where the social interactions
where the social interactions
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社区生活的开始，
05:22
and community life begin,
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05:25
and from there, it radiates out
through the rest of the community.
through the rest of the community.
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所有的一切从这里开始，
一直延伸到整个社区。
一直延伸到整个社区。
05:31
Inside our common house,
we have a large dining room
we have a large dining room
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我们的公共大厅里有一间宽敞的餐厅，
可以容纳我们28人，包括我们的客人。
05:34
to seat all 28 of us and our guests,
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每周有三个晚上大家会进行聚餐。
05:36
and we dine together three times a week.
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05:40
In support of those meals,
we have a large kitchen
we have a large kitchen
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我们还有一个大厨房与之配套，
这样我们每次三人一组
05:42
so that we can take turns
cooking for each other
cooking for each other
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可以轮流掌勺。
05:45
in teams of three.
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也就是说，总共17个成年人，
05:46
So that means, with 17 adults,
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05:50
I lead cook once every six weeks.
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每隔六周，就会轮到我掌勺一次。
还有两次，我会协助我的小组成员们
05:52
Two other times, I show up
and help my team
and help my team
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做前期准备或者打扫工作。
05:54
with the preparation and cleanup.
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其他的日子，
05:56
And all those other nights,
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我只需要出现就可以了。
05:58
I just show up.
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06:00
I have dinner, talk with my neighbors,
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我们共享晚餐，与邻居们聊天，
吃完为我精心准备的素食晚餐后，
06:02
and I go home, having been fed
a delicious meal
a delicious meal
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我就能心满意足地回家了。
06:05
by someone who cares
about my vegetarian preferences.
about my vegetarian preferences.
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06:11
Our nine families
have intentionally chosen
have intentionally chosen
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我们九个家庭，特意选择了
这样一种非典型的生活方式。
06:13
an alternative way of living.
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06:15
Instead of pursuing the American dream,
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与所谓的美国梦相悖，
我们选择了公共住宅，而不是
06:17
where we might have been isolated
in our single-family homes,
in our single-family homes,
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孤立隔绝的单一家庭住宅，
06:20
we instead chose cohousing,
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就为了能够加强彼此之间社会联系。
06:23
so that we can increase
our social connections.
our social connections.
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06:26
And that's how cohousing starts:
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这就是公共住宅的本意：
追求协作生活的
06:28
with a shared intention
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共同意愿。
06:29
to live collaboratively.
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而这种意愿才是共同住宅与
06:31
And intention is the single most
important characteristic
important characteristic
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06:34
that differentiates cohousing
from any other housing model.
from any other housing model.
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其他住宅模式不同的地方。
06:38
And while intention is difficult to see
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虽然意愿这种东西不易察觉，
06:40
or even show,
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也难以示人，
作为一名建筑师，
我还是想向大家展示更多图片。
我还是想向大家展示更多图片。
06:42
I'm an architect, and I can't help
but show you more pictures.
but show you more pictures.
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大家将看到一些
06:45
So here are a few examples to illustrate
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我拜访过的社区，
06:47
how intention has been expressed
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也是这个意愿实体化的例子。
06:50
in some of the communities I've visited.
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06:54
Through the careful
selection of furniture,
selection of furniture,
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通过精心挑选家具，
照明及隔音材料，令聚餐体验更好；
06:56
lighting and acoustic materials
to support eating together;
to support eating together;
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07:02
in the careful visual location
and visual access
and visual access
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通过精心设计的视觉效果，
07:05
to kids' play areas around
and inside the common house;
and inside the common house;
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来美化公共大厅及儿童娱乐区；
07:11
in the consideration of scale
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通过对社区内部和周边
社交聚集点规模和分布的考量，
07:13
and distribution of social gathering nodes
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为我们的日常生活提供支持，
07:16
in and around the community
to support our daily lives,
to support our daily lives,
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所有这些空间都能够
帮助加强并且提高
帮助加强并且提高
07:19
all of these spaces help
contribute to and elevate
contribute to and elevate
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各个社区内
07:23
the sense of communitas
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社区精神的意识。
07:24
in each community.
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07:27
What was that word? "Communitas."
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就是这个词，”社区精神"。
07:30
Communitas is a fancy social science way
of saying "spirit of community."
of saying "spirit of community."
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"社区精神" 是个高端的社科术语。
07:35
And in visiting
over 80 different communities,
over 80 different communities,
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在我拜访了80多个社区后，
我是这样衡量社区意识的：
07:38
my measure of communitas became:
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居民之间一起聚餐的频率。
07:40
How frequently did residents eat together?
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07:44
While it's completely up to each group
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当然，人们间隔多久一块儿吃一顿饭，
在不同社区可能完全不同。
07:46
how frequently they have common meals,
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07:50
I know some that have eaten together
every single night
every single night
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我知道有些人40年以来
每天晚上都一起用餐。
07:53
for the past 40 years.
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07:56
I know others
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还有一些人，
07:58
that have an occasional potluck
once or twice a month.
once or twice a month.
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每个月会一起吃个一两次便饭。
08:01
And from my observations, I can tell you,
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而据我观察，我可以告诉大家，
经常一起吃饭的群体
08:03
those that eat together more frequently,
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通常具有更强烈的社区精神。
08:05
exhibit higher levels of communitas.
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08:10
It turns out, when you eat together,
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毕竟， 当人们一起吃饭的时候，
大家会共同计划更多的活动。
08:12
you start planning
more activities together.
more activities together.
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08:16
When you eat together,
you share more things.
you share more things.
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当你们一起吃饭的时候，
你们分享更多事物。
你们分享更多事物。
你们会开始照顾对方的小孩，
08:18
You start to watch each other's kids.
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借用工具，甚至汽车。
08:20
You lend our your power tools.
You borrow each other's cars.
You borrow each other's cars.
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尽管如此，
08:23
And despite all this,
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08:25
as my daughter loves to say,
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就像我女儿经常说的，
也不是所有事情都完美无瑕，
08:27
everything is not rainbows
and unicorns in cohousing,
and unicorns in cohousing,
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08:31
and I'm not best friends
with every single person in my community.
with every single person in my community.
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我也并没有和社区内
所有人都成为密友。
所有人都成为密友。
分歧和矛盾当然也是存在的。
08:35
We even have differences and conflicts.
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08:39
But living in cohousing,
we're intentional about our relationships.
we're intentional about our relationships.
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但是，在公共住宅里，
我们都很在乎彼此之间的关系。
我们都很在乎彼此之间的关系。
08:43
We're motivated
to resolve our differences.
to resolve our differences.
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我们有足够的动力去化解分歧。
08:47
We follow up, we check in,
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大家会随时跟进、更新，
08:49
we speak our personal truths
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我们会说出心里话
并且在必要的时候，
08:51
and, when appropriate,
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08:53
we apologize.
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我们会道歉。
08:55
Skeptics will say that cohousing
is only interesting or attractive
is only interesting or attractive
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持怀疑态度的人会说，
只有很少一部分人才会觉得
只有很少一部分人才会觉得
公共住宅有吸引力。
09:00
to a very small group of people.
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09:02
And I'll agree with that.
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这一点我同意。
09:04
If you look at Western cultures
around the globe,
around the globe,
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在全球的西方文化社会当中，
只有非常小的一部分人
生活在共同住宅里。
生活在共同住宅里。
09:07
those living in cohousing
are just a fractional percent.
are just a fractional percent.
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09:10
But that needs to change,
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但是我们需要改变，
09:13
because our very lives depend upon it.
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因为这对我们的生活至关重要。
09:16
In 2015, Brigham Young University
completed a study
completed a study
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杨百翰大学在2015年的
一项研究显示，
一项研究显示，
生活在孤立隔绝环境中的人们
09:20
that showed a significant
increase risk of premature death
increase risk of premature death
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过早死亡的风险显著增加。
09:25
in those who were living in isolation.
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09:28
The US Surgeon General
has declared isolation
has declared isolation
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隔绝已经被美国公共卫生部列为
公共健康传染病。
09:31
to be a public health epidemic.
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09:33
And this epidemic
is not restricted to the US alone.
is not restricted to the US alone.
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而这种瘟疫的蔓延已经不仅限于美国。
09:39
So when I said earlier
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所以就像我之前所说，
公共住宅是对抗隔绝的解药。
09:41
that cohousing
is an antidote to isolation,
is an antidote to isolation,
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09:45
what I should have said
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事实上，我应该说
公共住宅是可以救命的。
09:47
is that cohousing can save your life.
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09:52
If I was a doctor, I would tell you
to take two aspirin,
to take two aspirin,
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如果我是一名医生，
我会建议你服用两颗阿司匹林，
我会建议你服用两颗阿司匹林，
然后明天早上给我打电话。
09:55
and call me in the morning.
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09:58
But as an architect,
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然而作为一名建筑师，
我会建议大家与
你们的邻居一起散散步，
你们的邻居一起散散步，
09:59
I'm going to suggest
that you take a walk with your neighbor,
that you take a walk with your neighbor,
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试试一块儿聚餐，
10:02
share a meal together,
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10:05
and call me in 20 years.
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然后过二十年再打给我。
10:08
Thank you.
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谢谢。
（掌声）
10:09
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Grace Kim - ArchitectGrace H. Kim is an internationally recognized expert in cohousing -- the art and craft of creating communities.
Why you should listen
Grace H. Kim is an architect and co-founding principal of Schemata Workshop, an award-winning, 16-person architectural practice with a keen focus on building community and social equity. She brings innovative ideas to her projects that merge client goals and sustainability measures -- such as urban agriculture, modular construction, and a focus on building community.
Kim is also the founder of Capitol Hill Urban Cohousing, a collaborative residential community that includes her street-level office and a rooftop urban farm. She walks the talk of sustainability -- leaving a small ecological footprint while incorporating holistic ideals of social and economic resilience into her daily life.
Grace Kim | Speaker | TED.com