TED2017
Anne Madden: Meet the microscopic life in your home -- and on your face
Anne Madden: 认识一下抢占你家园和霸占你容颜的微生物吧
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看看你身体里和你周围的微生物丛林：微小的有机物霸占了你的容颜，抢占了你沙发下方的地盘，还有你后院的泥土。 我们一直与这些微生物保持着不共戴天的关系——我们打扫，灭菌，然后再消毒——可是微生物学家Anne Madden告诫我们， 这些微生物是新兴技术和等待开发的医药的宝贵资源。 这些微生物炼金术士根本不是坏东西，Madden说道——它们就是未来。
Anne Madden - Microbiologist, inventor and strategist
Whether brewing better beer, discovering novel antibiotics or chronicling the lives of the microscopic creatures living in the dust under the couch, Anne Madden seeks to understand and utilize the microbial world around us. Full bio
Whether brewing better beer, discovering novel antibiotics or chronicling the lives of the microscopic creatures living in the dust under the couch, Anne Madden seeks to understand and utilize the microbial world around us. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I want you to touch your face.
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请大家摸摸自己的脸。
00:15
Go on.
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试一试，
你们有什么感觉？
00:17
What do you feel?
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是不是很柔软很有弹性？
00:19
Soft? Squishy?
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00:21
It's you, right? You're feeling you?
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你摸到的是你自已吗？
00:25
Well, it's not quite true.
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那可不全是你自己。
00:27
You're actually feeling
thousands of microscopic creatures
thousands of microscopic creatures
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手指摸到的地方其实是
生活在我们的脸和手指上
生活在我们的脸和手指上
00:30
that live on our face and fingers.
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成千上万个微生物。
00:34
You're feeling some of the fungi
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你还摸到了一些真菌，
00:36
that drifted down
from the air ducts today.
from the air ducts today.
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正从空气管道里进来落在我们身上，
进入我们的呼吸道，我们身体里。
进入我们的呼吸道，我们身体里。
这些霉菌会引起我们过敏症状，
00:39
They set off our allergies
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还散发出难闻的气味。
00:41
and smell of mildew.
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00:44
You're feeling some
of the 100 billion bacterial cells
of the 100 billion bacterial cells
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你摸到的是生活在
我们皮肤上的一千多亿个
我们皮肤上的一千多亿个
细菌细胞。
00:48
that live on our skin.
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00:50
They've been munching away
at your skin oils and replicating,
at your skin oils and replicating,
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它们以我们皮肤上的油和汗为食
并以此繁衍它们的子孙，
并以此繁衍它们的子孙，
还形成了我们的体味。
00:54
producing the smells of body odor.
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00:57
You're likely even touching
the fecal bacteria
the fecal bacteria
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你可能摸到的是你上次冲厕所时
01:00
that sprayed onto you the last time
you flushed a toilet,
you flushed a toilet,
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溅到你身上的大便细菌；
或者上次你洗澡时冲溅到你身上
01:04
or those bacteria that live
in our water pipes
in our water pipes
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那些隐居在我们排水管里的细菌。
01:07
and sprayed onto you
with your last shower.
with your last shower.
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01:10
Sorry.
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抱歉（让你们感觉不适）了。
01:11
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
你摸脸时，其实是在帮助手上的螨虫和
01:13
You're probably even giving
a microscopic high five
a microscopic high five
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霸占了我们每个人容颜的
01:16
to the two species of mites
that live on our faces,
that live on our faces,
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螨虫庆祝大会师。
01:20
on all of our faces.
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01:22
They've spent the night
squirming across your face
squirming across your face
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它们整夜的从你脸颊的一侧
欢歌曼舞到另一侧；
欢歌曼舞到另一侧；
01:25
and having sex on the bridge of your nose.
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还在你的鼻梁上繁衍。
（笑声）
01:28
(Laughter)
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01:31
Many of them are now leaking
their gut contents onto your pores.
their gut contents onto your pores.
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你的毛孔正在被它们的排泄物填满。
01:36
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
再看一看你的手指，
01:38
Now look at your finger.
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01:40
How's it feel? Gross?
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你是什么感觉？ 恶心吗？
01:42
In desperate need of soap or bleach?
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是不是急需用香皂或消毒液洗一洗？
01:46
That's how you feel now,
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你们现在一定是这个感觉。
但是将来你们一定会有不同的感觉。
01:48
but it's not going to be
how you feel in the future.
how you feel in the future.
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01:51
For the last 100 years,
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在过去的一百年里，
我们一直以一种不共戴天的态度
01:53
we've had an adversarial relationship
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对待这些微生物。
01:55
with the microscopic life nearest us.
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如果我说你们的房子里有虫子
01:58
If I told you there was
a bug in your house
a bug in your house
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或是你的洗手池里有细菌，
02:00
or bacteria in your sink,
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人们早就有了针对它们的解决方案，
02:01
there was a human-devised
solution for that,
solution for that,
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驱虫或灭虫产品，
02:03
a product to eradicate, exterminate,
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还有消毒产品。
02:06
disinfect.
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02:08
We strive to remove most
of the microscopic life in our world now.
of the microscopic life in our world now.
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我们一直在拼命去除生活在
我们世界里的这些微生物。
我们世界里的这些微生物。
02:13
But in doing so, we're ignoring
the best source of new technology
the best source of new technology
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可是我们却不知道它们才是
地球上帮助发展新兴科技的
地球上帮助发展新兴科技的
最好的资源。
02:18
on this planet.
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02:20
The last 100 years have featured
human solutions to microbial problems,
human solutions to microbial problems,
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过去的一百年里见证了
人类如何解决微生物带来的问题，
人类如何解决微生物带来的问题，
但在未来的一百年里，微生物
会成为帮助我们解决难题的英雄。
会成为帮助我们解决难题的英雄。
02:26
but the next 100 years will feature
microbial solutions to human problems.
microbial solutions to human problems.
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02:32
I'm a scientist, and I work
with researchers
with researchers
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我是名科学家，正和其他来自
02:34
at North Carolina State University
and the University of Colorado
and the University of Colorado
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北卡罗兰那州立大学和
克罗拉多大学的科研人员
克罗拉多大学的科研人员
寻找与我们共生共处的微生物。
02:38
to uncover the microscopic
life that is nearest us,
life that is nearest us,
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02:42
and that's often in our most intimate
and boring environments,
and boring environments,
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它们总是潜伏于我们
最隐私和无人问津的角落，
最隐私和无人问津的角落，
02:46
be it under our couches, in our backyards,
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比如沙发下面，房子的后院，
或者在我们的肚脐眼里。
02:49
or in our belly buttons.
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02:52
I do this work because it turns out
that we know very little
that we know very little
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我做这个工作是因为我们不很了解
那些与我们形影不离的微生物。
02:54
about the microscopic life
that's nearest us.
that's nearest us.
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02:58
As of a few years ago,
no scientist could tell you
no scientist could tell you
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多年前没有科学家能够知道
你的家有什么虫子和微生物——
03:00
what bugs or microorganisms
live in your home --
live in your home --
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03:04
your home, the place you know
better than anywhere else.
better than anywhere else.
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你的家，相对于其他地方，
你最清楚你的家。
你最清楚你的家。
03:08
And so I and teams of others
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于是，我与我的科研团队一起
03:10
are armed with Q-tips and tweezers
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配足了各式的棉签和镊子
和各种先进的基因技术设备，
03:12
and advanced DNA techniques
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开始了发掘微生物的征程。
03:14
to uncover the microscopic
life nearest us.
life nearest us.
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03:18
In doing so, we found
over 600 species of bugs
over 600 species of bugs
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这一过程中我们发现了
600多种不同种类
600多种不同种类
生活在美国家庭里的虫子，
03:22
that live in USA homes,
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我们收集的虫子从各种蜘蛛，蟑螂
03:24
everything from spiders and cockroaches
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到微小的粘在羽毛上的螨虫。
03:26
to tiny mites that cling to feathers.
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03:30
And we found over 100,000 species
of bacteria and fungi
of bacteria and fungi
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我们还找到了十万多种的细菌和真菌，
03:35
that live in our dust bunnies,
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它们藏身于四处飞舞的灰尘颗粒中，
数千的微生物群居在我们的
衣服上或浴室里。
衣服上或浴室里。
03:37
thousands more that live
on our clothes or in our showers.
on our clothes or in our showers.
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03:42
We've gone further still,
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我们需要进一步探究这些微生物，
03:43
and we looked at the microorganisms
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而且我们观察研究了一些
寄居于普通虫子体内的微生物。
03:45
that live inside the bodies
of each of those bugs in our home.
of each of those bugs in our home.
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03:50
In each bug, for example, a wasp,
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在每只虫子的体内，比如一只黄蜂，
03:53
we see a microscopic jungle
unfold in a petri plate,
unfold in a petri plate,
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我们从显微镜下看到装微生物的
培养皿上出现了一个微生物群落，
培养皿上出现了一个微生物群落，
数以百计的活生生的微生物种群。
03:58
a world of hundreds of vibrant species.
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那真是令人叹为观止的生物宇宙！
04:01
Behold the biological cosmos!
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04:05
So many of the species
you're looking at right now
you're looking at right now
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你们看到的这张图片上的微生物，
都还没有名字。
04:07
don't yet have names.
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04:09
Most of the life around us
remains unknown.
remains unknown.
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因为我们根本不了解这些与我们
朝夕相处的微生物。
朝夕相处的微生物。
04:13
I remember the first time I discovered
and got to name a new species.
and got to name a new species.
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我无法忘记我第一次发现并给一个
新物种起名字的时刻。
新物种起名字的时刻。
04:17
It was a fungus that lives
in the nest of a paper wasp.
in the nest of a paper wasp.
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那是一种生活在胡峰窝里的真菌。
白色而且毛绒绒的，
04:20
It's white and fluffy,
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04:23
and I named it "mucor nidicola,"
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所以我给它起名叫“毛霉虫”，
它的拉丁语意思是寄居在
其它虫子的窝里。
其它虫子的窝里。
04:25
meaning in Latin that it lives
in the nest of another.
in the nest of another.
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04:29
This is a picture of it
growing on a dinosaur,
growing on a dinosaur,
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这是它和它寄居的恐龙的合影，
因为每个人都认为恐龙非常酷。
04:32
because everyone
thinks dinosaurs are cool.
thinks dinosaurs are cool.
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04:36
At the time, I was in graduate school,
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那时我还在研究生院学习，
04:39
and I was so excited
that I had found this new life form.
that I had found this new life form.
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我发现了这个新的生命体，兴奋至极。
我马上给我父亲打电话，
04:42
I called up my dad, and I go,
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“爸爸！我刚刚发现了一个
新的微生物种。”
新的微生物种。”
04:44
"Dad! I just discovered
a new microorganism species."
a new microorganism species."
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04:48
And he laughed and he goes,
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他高兴的大笑，说，
04:50
"That's great. I hope you also
discovered a cure for it."
discovered a cure for it."
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"那太好了。我希望你也能研究出
对付它的办法。“
对付它的办法。“
（笑声）
04:53
(Laughter)
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”对付它。“
04:54
"Cure it."
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04:57
Now, my dad is my biggest fan,
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现在，我的父亲是我最忠实的粉丝，
04:59
so in that crushing moment where he wanted
to kill my new little life form,
to kill my new little life form,
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在那令人崩溃的时刻，就是我父亲
想要杀死我新发现的小生命时，
想要杀死我新发现的小生命时，
我才意识到我让他失望了，
05:04
I realized that actually I had failed him,
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因为我不是好女儿也不是好科学家。
05:06
both as a daughter and a scientist.
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当我在实验室和别人的后院里辛苦
研究和收集微生物的那些年，
研究和收集微生物的那些年，
05:09
In my years toiling away in labs
and in people's backyards,
and in people's backyards,
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当我忙于调查记录各种微生物种时，
05:13
investigating and cataloging
the microscopic life around us,
the microscopic life around us,
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我从没有给他解释清楚
我真正的科研使命是什么。
我真正的科研使命是什么。
05:16
I'd never made clear
my true mission to him.
my true mission to him.
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05:20
My goal is not to find technology
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我的目标不是发现新技术
去消灭那些生活在
我们周围的新微生物。
我们周围的新微生物。
05:22
to kill the new microscopic
life around us.
life around us.
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05:25
My goal is to find new technology
from this life, that will help save us.
from this life, that will help save us.
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我的目标是研究新生命物种，从中找到
新技术，去帮助保护我们人类。
新技术，去帮助保护我们人类。
05:31
The diversity of life in our homes is more
than a list of 100,000 new species.
than a list of 100,000 new species.
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每个家庭中，除了人和宠物以外，
还生活着十万多种新的物种。
还生活着十万多种新的物种。
我们就拥有十万个新方法来
解决人类的难题。
解决人类的难题。
05:37
It is 100,000 new sources
of solutions to human problems.
of solutions to human problems.
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05:42
I know it's hard to believe
that anything that's so small
that anything that's so small
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我知道你很难相信那么小的生命体，
甚至只有一个细胞，
05:45
or only has one cell
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怎么可能帮助解决人类的难题呢？
05:46
can do anything powerful,
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事实是，它们可以。
05:47
but they can.
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这些微生命体是能够创造奇迹的
微生物炼金术士，
微生物炼金术士，
05:49
These creatures
are microscopic alchemists,
are microscopic alchemists,
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能够运用自备的各种化学工具，
05:51
with the ability to transform
their environment
their environment
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改变它们的生活环境。
05:54
with an arsenal of chemical tools.
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05:57
This means that they can live
anywhere on this planet,
anywhere on this planet,
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这就是说它们可以生活在
地球上的任何地方，
地球上的任何地方，
而且它们可以以周围的任何食物为食。
06:00
and they can eat whatever
food is around them.
food is around them.
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06:04
This means they can eat everything
from toxic waste to plastic,
from toxic waste to plastic,
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这也意味着它们可以吃任何
有毒的废物或者塑料，
有毒的废物或者塑料，
06:10
and they can produce waste products
like oil and battery power
like oil and battery power
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而且可以生产有用的产品，
像油和电力，
像油和电力，
甚至微小的真金块。
06:14
and even tiny nuggets of real gold.
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06:18
They can transform the inedible
into nutritive.
into nutritive.
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它们可以把不能吃的东西改造成
有养分的东西。
有养分的东西。
06:22
They can make sugar into alcohol.
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它们可以把糖转化成酒。
06:25
They give chocolate its flavor,
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它们赋予巧克力诱人的味道，
并且改良土壤使万物生长。
06:27
and soil the power to grow.
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我希望你们知道，
06:30
I'm here to tell you
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在未来的100年会见证这些微生物
06:31
that the next 100 years will feature
these microscopic creatures
these microscopic creatures
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为我们解决更多的难题。
06:34
solving more of our problems.
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06:36
And we have a lot of problems
to choose from.
to choose from.
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目前我们有太多的困难需要解决。
我们有一系列无关紧要的困难：
臭气熏天的衣服和平淡无味的食物。
臭气熏天的衣服和平淡无味的食物。
06:39
We've got the mundane:
bad-smelling clothes or bland food.
bad-smelling clothes or bland food.
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06:44
And we've got the monumental:
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我们还有一堆紧迫又棘手的问题：
疾病，污染，战争。
06:46
disease, pollution, war.
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06:51
And so this is my mission:
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所以，我的使命是
06:53
to not just catalog
the microscopic life around us,
the microscopic life around us,
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不仅要把与我们共处的
微生物分类编制成册；
微生物分类编制成册；
而且要从它们身上找到那些独特的，
适宜的特征来帮助我们。
适宜的特征来帮助我们。
06:56
but to find out what it's uniquely
well-suited to help us with.
well-suited to help us with.
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07:00
Here's an example.
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我给大家举个例子。
07:02
We started with a pest,
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我们从一种害虫开始研究，
很多人家的房子周围都有黄蜂出没。
07:03
a wasp that lives on many of our homes.
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07:06
Inside that wasp, we plucked out
a little-known microorganism species
a little-known microorganism species
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在黄蜂身体里，我们拔出来一些
不知是什么的微生物种，
不知是什么的微生物种，
它有一种特殊的本事：
07:11
with a unique ability:
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07:13
it could make beer.
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可以制作啤酒。
07:15
This is a trait that only
a few species on this planet have.
a few species on this planet have.
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在地球上只有不多的物种
具备这个特性。
具备这个特性。
07:19
In fact, all commercially produced
beer you've ever had
beer you've ever had
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实际上你喝过的所有商业话生产的啤酒
很可能是从三种微生物种的
其中之一制作出来的。
其中之一制作出来的。
07:22
likely came from one of only
three microorganism species.
three microorganism species.
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07:26
Yet our species, it could make
a beer that tasted like honey,
a beer that tasted like honey,
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我们所发现的黄蜂体内的微生物种，
却能制作出带有蜂蜜味的啤酒，
却能制作出带有蜂蜜味的啤酒，
07:31
and it could also make
a delightfully tart beer.
a delightfully tart beer.
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而且它也可能制作出
令人愉悦的酸爽啤酒。
令人愉悦的酸爽啤酒。
07:35
In fact, this microorganism species
that lives in the belly of a wasp,
that lives in the belly of a wasp,
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事实上这种寄居在黄蜂肚子里的微生物
07:39
it could make a valuable sour beer
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酿造出的贵重的酸啤酒,
比地球上任何其它的微生物种
制造的酸啤酒都更好。
制造的酸啤酒都更好。
07:41
better than any other species
on this planet.
on this planet.
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07:46
There are now four species
that produce commercial beer.
that produce commercial beer.
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现在我们有四种微生物种可以
用于商业化的啤酒酿造了。
用于商业化的啤酒酿造了。
07:51
Where you used to see a pest,
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以前你看到害虫，
现在你会想到未来你最爱喝的啤酒。
07:53
now think of tasting
your future favorite beer.
your future favorite beer.
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07:57
As a second example,
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还有第二个例子，
我和几个研究人员在
一些人家的后院挖泥时，
一些人家的后院挖泥时，
07:59
I worked with researchers
to dig in the dirt in people's backyards.
to dig in the dirt in people's backyards.
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08:03
There, we uncovered a microorganism
that could make novel antibiotics,
that could make novel antibiotics,
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发现了一种微生物可以
制成一种新奇的抗生素。
制成一种新奇的抗生素。
这种新型抗生素可以消灭
世界上最厉害的超级病菌。
世界上最厉害的超级病菌。
08:07
antibiotics that can kill
the world's worst superbugs.
the world's worst superbugs.
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08:11
This was an awesome thing to find,
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这可是一件非常了不起的发现，
但是，有一个秘密：
08:14
but here's the secret:
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在过去的六十年里，
08:17
for the last 60 years,
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08:19
most of the antibiotics on the market
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市场上的绝大多数抗生素
都是来自类似的土壤细菌。
08:21
have come from similar soil bacteria.
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08:24
Every day, you and I
and everyone in this room
and everyone in this room
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每一天，你们和我，还有在这个
房间里的每一个人，
房间里的每一个人，
08:27
and on this planet,
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在这个地球上的每一个人，
都被这种能制成绝大多数抗生素的
类似土壤细菌保护着。
类似土壤细菌保护着。
08:29
are saved by similar soil bacteria
that produce most of our antibiotics.
that produce most of our antibiotics.
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08:35
Where you used to see dirt,
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以前你看到的只是泥土，
现在你会想到救命的良药。
08:36
now think of medication.
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08:40
Perhaps my favorite example
comes from colleagues
comes from colleagues
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我最喜欢的例子是我同事正在研究的
08:43
who are studying
a pond scum microorganism,
a pond scum microorganism,
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池塘表面浮沫中的微生物。
这个微生物不幸被命名为“牛粪”，
因为它最早是在牛粪里找到。
因为它最早是在牛粪里找到。
08:45
which is tragically named after
the cow dung it was first found in.
the cow dung it was first found in.
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08:50
It's pretty unremarkable
and would be unworthy of discussion,
and would be unworthy of discussion,
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它非常普通，没有什么好谈的，
08:54
except that the researchers found
that if you feed it to mice,
that if you feed it to mice,
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但有一点，研究人员发现，
如果你把它喂给老鼠吃，
如果你把它喂给老鼠吃，
老鼠就会对创伤后的
应激障碍症有免疫力。
应激障碍症有免疫力。
08:57
it vaccinates against PTSD.
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09:01
It vaccinates against fear.
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也就是说老鼠会对恐惧有免疫力。
09:05
Where you used to see pond scum,
now think of hope.
now think of hope.
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你们以前看到的池塘浮沫，
现在就会让你联想到希望。
现在就会让你联想到希望。
09:10
There are so many more microbial examples
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我还有更多微生物的例子,
可是今天没有时间一一介绍。
09:12
that I don't have time
to talk about today.
to talk about today.
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我提到的那几个解决人类难题的例子
只是来自三个微生物种。
只是来自三个微生物种。
09:15
I gave you examples of solutions
that came from just three species,
that came from just three species,
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09:20
but imagine what those other
100,000 species in your dust bunnies
100,000 species in your dust bunnies
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但是设想一下，那些生活在
灰尘颗粒上的数十万个微生物种
灰尘颗粒上的数十万个微生物种
可能完成的事情。
09:24
might be able to do.
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09:26
In the future, they might be able
to make you sexier
to make you sexier
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将来，它们有可能会使你更性感，
09:30
or smarter
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或者更聪明
09:33
or perhaps live longer.
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或者更长寿。
09:36
So I want you to look
at your finger again.
at your finger again.
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现在我要你们再看一看你们的手指，
09:39
Think about all those
microscopic creatures
microscopic creatures
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想一想所有这些还不为我们所知的
微生物。
09:41
that are unknown.
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设想一下在未来，它们可能会
怎样帮助我们？
怎样帮助我们？
09:42
Think about in the future
what they might be able to do
what they might be able to do
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或制造出什么？
09:45
or make
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09:47
or whose life they might be able to save.
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或者它们可能会挽救谁的生命?
09:51
How does your finger feel right now?
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你们的手指现在有什么感觉？
09:53
A little bit powerful?
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是不是感到了一点点的力量？
09:56
That's because you're feeling the future.
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那是因为你们正在感受未来。
09:59
Thank you.
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谢谢。
（掌声）
10:00
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anne Madden - Microbiologist, inventor and strategistWhether brewing better beer, discovering novel antibiotics or chronicling the lives of the microscopic creatures living in the dust under the couch, Anne Madden seeks to understand and utilize the microbial world around us.
Why you should listen
Dr. Anne Madden studies the ways that our dimly understood microbial neighbors can yield surprising discoveries, including solutions to many of our human problems. Alongside her colleagues at North Carolina State University and the University of Colorado, she discovers what life exists around us, and how it can be employed to make our lives better, from new medications to new food and beverage flavors. She's helped create novel brewing technology (see more in her 2016 TEDx Charlotte talk), discovered a new fungus species living inside wasp nests and cataloged the astonishing diversity of some of the microscopic and macroscopic life in our homes by investigating the DNA in our dust.
In addition to her research work at North Carolina State University, Madden is chief strategist and partner at the brewing yeast company Lachancea LLC and consults for a variety of industries from biotechnology and lifestyle companies to textile and food companies. Her work has been featured on numerous media platforms, including National Geographic, Newsweek, Scientific American and PBS NewsHour.
Anne Madden | Speaker | TED.com