TED2017
Anne Madden: Meet the microscopic life in your home -- and on your face
Anne Madden: Upoznajte mikroskopski život u vašem domu - i na vašem licu
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Promotrite mikroskopsku džunglu u vama i oko vas: sitni organizmi koji žive na vašim obrazima, ispod vaše sofe i u tlu u vašem dvorištu. Imamo neprijateljsku vezu s tim mikrobima - čistimo, istrebljujemo ih i dezinficiramo - no, prema mikrobiologinji Anne Madden, oni su izvori novih tehnologija i lijekova koje tek treba otkriti. Ovi mikroskopski alkemičari nisu odvratni, kaže Madden - oni su budućnost.
Anne Madden - Microbiologist, inventor and strategist
Whether brewing better beer, discovering novel antibiotics or chronicling the lives of the microscopic creatures living in the dust under the couch, Anne Madden seeks to understand and utilize the microbial world around us. Full bio
Whether brewing better beer, discovering novel antibiotics or chronicling the lives of the microscopic creatures living in the dust under the couch, Anne Madden seeks to understand and utilize the microbial world around us. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I want you to touch your face.
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Želim da si dotaknete lice.
00:15
Go on.
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Slobodno.
00:17
What do you feel?
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Što osjećate?
00:19
Soft? Squishy?
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Mekano? Gnjecavo?
00:21
It's you, right? You're feeling you?
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To ste vi, zar ne? Osjećate sebe?
00:25
Well, it's not quite true.
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Pa, to nije posve točno.
00:27
You're actually feeling
thousands of microscopic creatures
thousands of microscopic creatures
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Zapravo osjećate na tisuće
mikroskopskih stvorenja
mikroskopskih stvorenja
00:30
that live on our face and fingers.
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koja žive na vašem licu i prstima.
00:34
You're feeling some of the fungi
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Osjećate neke od gljivica
00:36
that drifted down
from the air ducts today.
from the air ducts today.
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koje su danas doletjele zračnim kanalima.
00:39
They set off our allergies
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Stvaraju alergije
00:41
and smell of mildew.
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i mirišu na plijesan.
00:44
You're feeling some
of the 100 billion bacterial cells
of the 100 billion bacterial cells
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Osjećate neke od 100 milijardi
bakterijskih stanica
bakterijskih stanica
00:48
that live on our skin.
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koje žive na našoj koži.
00:50
They've been munching away
at your skin oils and replicating,
at your skin oils and replicating,
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Grickaju masnoću s vaše kože, množe se,
00:54
producing the smells of body odor.
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proizvodeći tjelesne mirise.
00:57
You're likely even touching
the fecal bacteria
the fecal bacteria
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Vjerojatno dodirujete i fekalne bakterije
01:00
that sprayed onto you the last time
you flushed a toilet,
you flushed a toilet,
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koje su doletjele na vas zadnji put
kada ste pustili vodu u zahodu,
kada ste pustili vodu u zahodu,
01:04
or those bacteria that live
in our water pipes
in our water pipes
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ili one bakterije koje žive
u vodovodnim cijevima,
u vodovodnim cijevima,
01:07
and sprayed onto you
with your last shower.
with your last shower.
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koje su vas poprskale
za posljednjeg tuširanja.
za posljednjeg tuširanja.
01:10
Sorry.
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Žao mi je.
01:11
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:13
You're probably even giving
a microscopic high five
a microscopic high five
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Vjerojatno dajete mikroskopski pet
01:16
to the two species of mites
that live on our faces,
that live on our faces,
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dvjema vrstama grinja
koje žive na našim licima,
koje žive na našim licima,
01:20
on all of our faces.
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na licima svih nas.
01:22
They've spent the night
squirming across your face
squirming across your face
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Provele su noć migoljeći se
uzduž vašeg lica
uzduž vašeg lica
01:25
and having sex on the bridge of your nose.
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i seksajući se na vrhu vašeg nosa.
01:28
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:31
Many of them are now leaking
their gut contents onto your pores.
their gut contents onto your pores.
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Mnoge od njih sada ispuštaju
sadržaj svojih crijeva na vaše pore.
sadržaj svojih crijeva na vaše pore.
01:36
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:38
Now look at your finger.
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Sad pogledajte svoj prst.
01:40
How's it feel? Gross?
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Kakav je osjećaj? Ljigav?
01:42
In desperate need of soap or bleach?
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Očajnički treba sapun ili izbjeljivač?
01:46
That's how you feel now,
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Tako se sada osjećate,
01:48
but it's not going to be
how you feel in the future.
how you feel in the future.
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ali nećete se tako osjećati ubuduće.
01:51
For the last 100 years,
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Posljednjih stotinu godina
01:53
we've had an adversarial relationship
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imali smo neprijateljsku vezu
01:55
with the microscopic life nearest us.
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s mikroskopskim životom
u našoj neposrednoj blizini.
u našoj neposrednoj blizini.
01:58
If I told you there was
a bug in your house
a bug in your house
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Da sam vam rekla da je buba u vašoj kući
02:00
or bacteria in your sink,
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ili bakterija u sudoperu,
02:01
there was a human-devised
solution for that,
solution for that,
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postojalo bi ljudsko rješenje za to,
02:03
a product to eradicate, exterminate,
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proizvod koji će istrijebiti, potamaniti,
02:06
disinfect.
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dezinficirati.
02:08
We strive to remove most
of the microscopic life in our world now.
of the microscopic life in our world now.
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Danas težimo uklanjanju većine
mikroskopskog života u našem svijetu.
mikroskopskog života u našem svijetu.
02:13
But in doing so, we're ignoring
the best source of new technology
the best source of new technology
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No, čineći to, zanemarujemo
najbolji izvor nove tehnologije
najbolji izvor nove tehnologije
02:18
on this planet.
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na ovom planetu.
02:20
The last 100 years have featured
human solutions to microbial problems,
human solutions to microbial problems,
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U posljednjih 100 godina svjedočili smo
ljudskim rješenjima mikrobnih problema,
ljudskim rješenjima mikrobnih problema,
02:26
but the next 100 years will feature
microbial solutions to human problems.
microbial solutions to human problems.
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no u sljedećih 100 bit ćemo svjedoci
mikrobnih rješenja za ljudske probleme.
mikrobnih rješenja za ljudske probleme.
02:32
I'm a scientist, and I work
with researchers
with researchers
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Znanstvenica sam i radim s istraživačima
02:34
at North Carolina State University
and the University of Colorado
and the University of Colorado
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na državnom sveučilištu Sjeverne Karoline
i na Sveučilištu u Coloradu,
i na Sveučilištu u Coloradu,
02:38
to uncover the microscopic
life that is nearest us,
life that is nearest us,
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kako bismo otkrili mikroskopski život
koji nam je najbliži,
koji nam je najbliži,
02:42
and that's often in our most intimate
and boring environments,
and boring environments,
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a to je često u našem
najintimnijem i najdosadnijem okruženju,
najintimnijem i najdosadnijem okruženju,
02:46
be it under our couches, in our backyards,
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bilo to ispod kauča, u dvorištu,
02:49
or in our belly buttons.
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ili pupku.
02:52
I do this work because it turns out
that we know very little
that we know very little
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Radim na ovome jer se ispostavilo
da jako malo znamo
da jako malo znamo
02:54
about the microscopic life
that's nearest us.
that's nearest us.
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o mikroskopskom životu
koji nam je tako blizu.
koji nam je tako blizu.
02:58
As of a few years ago,
no scientist could tell you
no scientist could tell you
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Do nedavno nijedan znanstvenik
nije vam mogao reći
nije vam mogao reći
03:00
what bugs or microorganisms
live in your home --
live in your home --
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koji kukci ili mikroorganizmi
žive u vašem domu -
žive u vašem domu -
03:04
your home, the place you know
better than anywhere else.
better than anywhere else.
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u vašem domu, mjestu
koje najbolje poznajete.
koje najbolje poznajete.
03:08
And so I and teams of others
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Tako sam ja s timovima drugih,
03:10
are armed with Q-tips and tweezers
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naoružana štapićima za uši, pincetama
03:12
and advanced DNA techniques
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i naprednim tehnikama DNK,
03:14
to uncover the microscopic
life nearest us.
life nearest us.
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kako bismo otkrili taj mikroskopski život.
03:18
In doing so, we found
over 600 species of bugs
over 600 species of bugs
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Čineći to, našli smo
preko 600 vrsta kukaca
preko 600 vrsta kukaca
03:22
that live in USA homes,
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koji žive u američkim domovima,
03:24
everything from spiders and cockroaches
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od paukova i žohara,
03:26
to tiny mites that cling to feathers.
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do sitnih grinja koje se drže za perje.
03:30
And we found over 100,000 species
of bacteria and fungi
of bacteria and fungi
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Našli smo preko 100.000 vrsta
bakterija i gljivica
bakterija i gljivica
03:35
that live in our dust bunnies,
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koje žive u našoj prašini,
03:37
thousands more that live
on our clothes or in our showers.
on our clothes or in our showers.
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još na tisuće njih koje žive
u našoj odjeći ili tušu.
u našoj odjeći ili tušu.
03:42
We've gone further still,
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Išli smo i korak dalje
03:43
and we looked at the microorganisms
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te proučavali mikroorganizme
03:45
that live inside the bodies
of each of those bugs in our home.
of each of those bugs in our home.
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koji žive u tijelima
svih kukaca u našem domu.
svih kukaca u našem domu.
03:50
In each bug, for example, a wasp,
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U svakom kukcu, primjerice, u osi,
03:53
we see a microscopic jungle
unfold in a petri plate,
unfold in a petri plate,
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vidimo mikroskopsku džunglu
u Petrijevoj zdjelici,
u Petrijevoj zdjelici,
03:58
a world of hundreds of vibrant species.
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svijet stotina živahnih vrsta.
04:01
Behold the biological cosmos!
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Pogledajte biološki kozmos!
04:05
So many of the species
you're looking at right now
you're looking at right now
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Mnoge vrste koje sada gledate
04:07
don't yet have names.
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još nemaju ni ime.
04:09
Most of the life around us
remains unknown.
remains unknown.
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Većina života oko nas ostaje nepoznata.
04:13
I remember the first time I discovered
and got to name a new species.
and got to name a new species.
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Sjećam se svog prvog otkrića
i imenovanja nove vrste.
i imenovanja nove vrste.
04:17
It was a fungus that lives
in the nest of a paper wasp.
in the nest of a paper wasp.
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Bila je to gljivica koja živi
u gnijezdu papirne ose.
u gnijezdu papirne ose.
04:20
It's white and fluffy,
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Bijela je i čupava
04:23
and I named it "mucor nidicola,"
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i nazvala sam je "mucor nidicola,"
04:25
meaning in Latin that it lives
in the nest of another.
in the nest of another.
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što na latinskom znači
da živi u tuđem gnijezdu.
da živi u tuđem gnijezdu.
04:29
This is a picture of it
growing on a dinosaur,
growing on a dinosaur,
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Ovo je slika te gljivice
kako raste na dinosauru
kako raste na dinosauru
04:32
because everyone
thinks dinosaurs are cool.
thinks dinosaurs are cool.
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jer svi misle da su dinosauri "kul".
04:36
At the time, I was in graduate school,
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U to vrijeme, bila sam na početku studija
04:39
and I was so excited
that I had found this new life form.
that I had found this new life form.
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i jako uzbuđena jer sam našla
taj novi oblik života.
taj novi oblik života.
04:42
I called up my dad, and I go,
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Nazvala sam tatu i rekla,
04:44
"Dad! I just discovered
a new microorganism species."
a new microorganism species."
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"Tata! Upravo sam otkrila
novu vrstu mikroorganizma."
novu vrstu mikroorganizma."
04:48
And he laughed and he goes,
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Nasmijao se i odgovorio mi,
04:50
"That's great. I hope you also
discovered a cure for it."
discovered a cure for it."
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"Odlično. Nadam se
da si našla i lijek za nju."
da si našla i lijek za nju."
04:53
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:54
"Cure it."
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"Lijek."
04:57
Now, my dad is my biggest fan,
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Moj tata je moj najveći obožavatelj,
04:59
so in that crushing moment where he wanted
to kill my new little life form,
to kill my new little life form,
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pa u tom trenutku kad je htio
da ubijem svoj novi mali oblik života,
da ubijem svoj novi mali oblik života,
05:04
I realized that actually I had failed him,
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shvatila sam da sam ga zapravo iznevjerila
05:06
both as a daughter and a scientist.
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kao kćer i znanstvenica.
05:09
In my years toiling away in labs
and in people's backyards,
and in people's backyards,
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Tijekom godina mukotrpnog rada
u laboratorijima i dvorištima,
u laboratorijima i dvorištima,
05:13
investigating and cataloging
the microscopic life around us,
the microscopic life around us,
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dok sam istraživala i popisivala
mikroskopski život oko nas,
mikroskopski život oko nas,
05:16
I'd never made clear
my true mission to him.
my true mission to him.
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nikad mu nisam objasnila
svoju pravu misiju.
svoju pravu misiju.
05:20
My goal is not to find technology
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Moj cilj nije naći tehnologiju
05:22
to kill the new microscopic
life around us.
life around us.
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koja će ubiti mikroskopski život
koji nas okružuje.
koji nas okružuje.
05:25
My goal is to find new technology
from this life, that will help save us.
from this life, that will help save us.
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Moj cilj je naći novu tehnologiju
u tome životu, koji će nas spasiti.
u tome životu, koji će nas spasiti.
05:31
The diversity of life in our homes is more
than a list of 100,000 new species.
than a list of 100,000 new species.
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Raznolikost života u našim domovima
više je od liste od 100.000 novih vrsta.
više je od liste od 100.000 novih vrsta.
05:37
It is 100,000 new sources
of solutions to human problems.
of solutions to human problems.
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To je 100.000 novih izvora
rješenja ljudskih problema.
rješenja ljudskih problema.
05:42
I know it's hard to believe
that anything that's so small
that anything that's so small
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Znam da je teško vjerovati
da išta tako sitno
da išta tako sitno
05:45
or only has one cell
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ili jednostanično
05:46
can do anything powerful,
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može biti tako moćno,
05:47
but they can.
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ali može.
05:49
These creatures
are microscopic alchemists,
are microscopic alchemists,
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Ova bića su mikroskopski alkemičari,
05:51
with the ability to transform
their environment
their environment
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sposobni promijeniti svoje okruženje
05:54
with an arsenal of chemical tools.
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arsenalom kemijskih sredstava.
05:57
This means that they can live
anywhere on this planet,
anywhere on this planet,
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To znači da mogu živjeti
bilo gdje na ovom planetu
bilo gdje na ovom planetu
06:00
and they can eat whatever
food is around them.
food is around them.
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i mogu jesti bilo što oko sebe.
06:04
This means they can eat everything
from toxic waste to plastic,
from toxic waste to plastic,
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To znači da mogu jesti sve,
od toksičnog otpada to plastike
od toksičnog otpada to plastike
06:10
and they can produce waste products
like oil and battery power
like oil and battery power
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i mogu proizvoditi otpad
kao što je ulje i baterijski pogon
kao što je ulje i baterijski pogon
06:14
and even tiny nuggets of real gold.
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pa čak i sitne komadiće pravog zlata.
06:18
They can transform the inedible
into nutritive.
into nutritive.
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Oni nejestivo mogu pretvoriti u hranjivo.
06:22
They can make sugar into alcohol.
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Šećer mogu pretvoriti u alkohol.
06:25
They give chocolate its flavor,
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Oni čokoladi daju okus,
06:27
and soil the power to grow.
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a tlu snagu za rast.
06:30
I'm here to tell you
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Ovdje sam da vam kažem
06:31
that the next 100 years will feature
these microscopic creatures
these microscopic creatures
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da ćemo sljedećih 100 godina gledati
kako ova mikroskopska bića
kako ova mikroskopska bića
06:34
solving more of our problems.
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rješavaju naše probleme.
06:36
And we have a lot of problems
to choose from.
to choose from.
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Imamo problema na pretek.
06:39
We've got the mundane:
bad-smelling clothes or bland food.
bad-smelling clothes or bland food.
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Imamo one dosadne:
smrdljivu odjeću ili bezukusnu hranu.
smrdljivu odjeću ili bezukusnu hranu.
06:44
And we've got the monumental:
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Imamo i one ogromne:
06:46
disease, pollution, war.
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bolest, zagađenje, rat.
06:51
And so this is my mission:
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Ovo je moja misija:
06:53
to not just catalog
the microscopic life around us,
the microscopic life around us,
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ne samo popisati mikroskopski život
koji nas okružuje,
koji nas okružuje,
06:56
but to find out what it's uniquely
well-suited to help us with.
well-suited to help us with.
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nego naći i ono jedinstveno
što nam odgovara, kako bi nam pomoglo.
što nam odgovara, kako bi nam pomoglo.
07:00
Here's an example.
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Evo primjer.
07:02
We started with a pest,
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Započeli smo sa štetočinom,
07:03
a wasp that lives on many of our homes.
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osom koja živi u domovima mnogih od nas.
07:06
Inside that wasp, we plucked out
a little-known microorganism species
a little-known microorganism species
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Iz te ose iščupali smo
slabo znanu vrstu mikroorganizma,
slabo znanu vrstu mikroorganizma,
07:11
with a unique ability:
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jedinstvenu po tome
07:13
it could make beer.
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što može stvarati pivo.
07:15
This is a trait that only
a few species on this planet have.
a few species on this planet have.
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Ovo je osobina koju ima
samo nekoliko vrsta na planetu.
samo nekoliko vrsta na planetu.
07:19
In fact, all commercially produced
beer you've ever had
beer you've ever had
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Zapravo, sva komercijalna piva
koja ste ikad kušali,
koja ste ikad kušali,
07:22
likely came from one of only
three microorganism species.
three microorganism species.
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vjerojatno su potekla od jedne
od samo tri vrste mikroorganizama.
od samo tri vrste mikroorganizama.
07:26
Yet our species, it could make
a beer that tasted like honey,
a beer that tasted like honey,
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No, naša vrsta može utjecati
na to da pivo ima okus meda
na to da pivo ima okus meda
07:31
and it could also make
a delightfully tart beer.
a delightfully tart beer.
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ili da stvori izvrsno tart pivo.
07:35
In fact, this microorganism species
that lives in the belly of a wasp,
that lives in the belly of a wasp,
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Zapravo, ova vrsta mikroorganizma
koja živi u trbuhu ose,
koja živi u trbuhu ose,
07:39
it could make a valuable sour beer
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može napraviti kiselo pivo
07:41
better than any other species
on this planet.
on this planet.
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bolje nego ijedna druga vrsta
na ovom planetu.
na ovom planetu.
07:46
There are now four species
that produce commercial beer.
that produce commercial beer.
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Trenutno postoje četiri vrste
koje proizvode komercijalno pivo.
koje proizvode komercijalno pivo.
07:51
Where you used to see a pest,
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Dosad ste vidjeli štetočinu,
07:53
now think of tasting
your future favorite beer.
your future favorite beer.
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a sad pomislite na kušanje
vašeg budućeg najdražeg piva.
vašeg budućeg najdražeg piva.
07:57
As a second example,
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Za drugi primjer,
07:59
I worked with researchers
to dig in the dirt in people's backyards.
to dig in the dirt in people's backyards.
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radila sam s istraživačima
i kopala po prljavštini tuđih dvorišta.
i kopala po prljavštini tuđih dvorišta.
08:03
There, we uncovered a microorganism
that could make novel antibiotics,
that could make novel antibiotics,
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Otkrili smo mikroorganizam
koji može sačinjavati nove antibiotike,
koji može sačinjavati nove antibiotike,
08:07
antibiotics that can kill
the world's worst superbugs.
the world's worst superbugs.
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antibiotike koji mogu ubiti
najgore superkukce svijeta.
najgore superkukce svijeta.
08:11
This was an awesome thing to find,
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To je bilo odlično otkriće,
08:14
but here's the secret:
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ali evo tajne:
08:17
for the last 60 years,
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posljednjih 60 godina,
08:19
most of the antibiotics on the market
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većina antibiotika na tržištu
08:21
have come from similar soil bacteria.
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potekla je od slične bakterije iz tla.
08:24
Every day, you and I
and everyone in this room
and everyone in this room
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Svaki dan, vas, mene
i sve u ovoj prostoriji
i sve u ovoj prostoriji
08:27
and on this planet,
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i na ovom planetu,
08:29
are saved by similar soil bacteria
that produce most of our antibiotics.
that produce most of our antibiotics.
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spašava slična bakterija iz tla
koja proizvodi i većinu naših antibiotika.
koja proizvodi i većinu naših antibiotika.
08:35
Where you used to see dirt,
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Dosad ste vidjeli zemlju,
08:36
now think of medication.
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sad mislite na lijekove.
08:40
Perhaps my favorite example
comes from colleagues
comes from colleagues
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Moj najdraži primjer dolazi od kolega
08:43
who are studying
a pond scum microorganism,
a pond scum microorganism,
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koji proučavaju mikroorganizam
u močvarnom otpadu,
u močvarnom otpadu,
08:45
which is tragically named after
the cow dung it was first found in.
the cow dung it was first found in.
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a koji je tragično nazvan prema
kravljem izmetu u kojem je prvotno nađen.
kravljem izmetu u kojem je prvotno nađen.
08:50
It's pretty unremarkable
and would be unworthy of discussion,
and would be unworthy of discussion,
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Prilično je neupečatljiv
i ne bi bio vrijedan spomena,
i ne bi bio vrijedan spomena,
08:54
except that the researchers found
that if you feed it to mice,
that if you feed it to mice,
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da istraživači nisu otkrili
da ako se time nahrani miševe,
da ako se time nahrani miševe,
08:57
it vaccinates against PTSD.
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nastaje cjepivo protiv PTSP-a.
09:01
It vaccinates against fear.
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To je cjepivo protiv straha.
09:05
Where you used to see pond scum,
now think of hope.
now think of hope.
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Dosad ste vidjeli samo otpad,
sad mislite na nadu.
sad mislite na nadu.
09:10
There are so many more microbial examples
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Još je mnogo primjera mikroba
09:12
that I don't have time
to talk about today.
to talk about today.
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o kojima danas nemam vremena govoriti.
09:15
I gave you examples of solutions
that came from just three species,
that came from just three species,
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Dala sam vam primjere rješenja
koja su došla od samo tri vrste,
koja su došla od samo tri vrste,
09:20
but imagine what those other
100,000 species in your dust bunnies
100,000 species in your dust bunnies
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no, zamislite što bi tih ostalih
100.000 vrsta u vašoj prašini
100.000 vrsta u vašoj prašini
09:24
might be able to do.
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moglo učiniti.
09:26
In the future, they might be able
to make you sexier
to make you sexier
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U budućnosti bi vas mogli
učiniti privlačnijima,
učiniti privlačnijima,
09:30
or smarter
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ili pametnijima,
09:33
or perhaps live longer.
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ili dugovječnijima.
09:36
So I want you to look
at your finger again.
at your finger again.
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Stoga, želim da ponovno
pogledate svoj prst.
pogledate svoj prst.
09:39
Think about all those
microscopic creatures
microscopic creatures
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Pomislite na sva ta mikroskopska stvorenja
09:41
that are unknown.
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koja su nepoznata.
09:42
Think about in the future
what they might be able to do
what they might be able to do
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Pomislite što bi oni mogli
učiniti u budućnosti,
učiniti u budućnosti,
09:45
or make
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ili stvoriti,
09:47
or whose life they might be able to save.
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ili čiji život bi mogli spasiti.
09:51
How does your finger feel right now?
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Kako sad osjećate svoj prst?
09:53
A little bit powerful?
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Moćan je?
09:56
That's because you're feeling the future.
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To je zato što osjećate budućnost.
09:59
Thank you.
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Hvala.
10:00
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anne Madden - Microbiologist, inventor and strategistWhether brewing better beer, discovering novel antibiotics or chronicling the lives of the microscopic creatures living in the dust under the couch, Anne Madden seeks to understand and utilize the microbial world around us.
Why you should listen
Dr. Anne Madden studies the ways that our dimly understood microbial neighbors can yield surprising discoveries, including solutions to many of our human problems. Alongside her colleagues at North Carolina State University and the University of Colorado, she discovers what life exists around us, and how it can be employed to make our lives better, from new medications to new food and beverage flavors. She's helped create novel brewing technology (see more in her 2016 TEDx Charlotte talk), discovered a new fungus species living inside wasp nests and cataloged the astonishing diversity of some of the microscopic and macroscopic life in our homes by investigating the DNA in our dust.
In addition to her research work at North Carolina State University, Madden is chief strategist and partner at the brewing yeast company Lachancea LLC and consults for a variety of industries from biotechnology and lifestyle companies to textile and food companies. Her work has been featured on numerous media platforms, including National Geographic, Newsweek, Scientific American and PBS NewsHour.
Anne Madden | Speaker | TED.com