TED2007
Jonathan Drori: What we think we know
乔纳森‧卓瑞谈「我们以为自己知道的事」
Filmed:
Readability: 3.3
1,142,222 views
从四个基本问题谈起（你可能会很惊讶自己竟答不上来），乔纳森‧卓瑞揭示了我们知识中的漏洞，特别是一些我们自以为了解其实并不了解的科学知识。
Jonathan Drori - Educator
Jonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn. Full bio
Jonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
I'm going to try and explain why it is that perhaps
0
0
4000
我会试着解释为何
00:22
we don't understand as much as we think we do.
1
4000
2000
我们知道的东西很可能并没有我们自以为知道的多
00:24
I'd like to begin with four questions.
2
6000
3000
我想从四个问题开始
00:27
This is not some sort of cultural thing for the time of year.
3
9000
3000
不是那种今年流行的文化问题
00:30
That's an in-joke, by the way.
4
12000
2000
对了，刚刚那句是个圈内笑话
00:32
But these four questions, actually,
5
14000
3000
不过这四个问题，事实上
00:35
are ones that people who even know quite a lot about science find quite hard.
6
17000
3000
即使是很懂科学的人也会觉得很难应答
00:38
And they're questions that I've asked of science television producers,
7
20000
5000
我拿这些问题去问科学节目制片人
00:43
of audiences of science educators --
8
25000
3000
问那些有科学教育背景的观众
00:46
so that's science teachers -- and also of seven-year-olds,
9
28000
4000
也问教科学的老师还有七岁孩童
00:50
and I find that the seven-year-olds do marginally better
10
32000
3000
我发现七岁孩童答得比其他人好
00:53
than the other audiences, which is somewhat surprising.
11
35000
2000
这是有些令人惊讶
00:55
So the first question, and you might want to write this down,
12
37000
3000
第一个问题，我建议你把问题记下来
00:58
either on a bit of paper, physically, or a virtual piece of paper
13
40000
4000
抄在纸上，或想像中的纸上
01:02
in your head. And, for viewers at home, you can try this as well.
14
44000
3000
坐在电脑前的你也可以试著作答
01:05
A little seed weighs next to nothing and a tree weighs a lot, right?
15
47000
5000
种籽很轻，而大树很重，是吗？
01:10
I think we agree on that. Where does the tree get the stuff that makes up this chair,
16
52000
6000
我想我们都同意吧，大树用来制成椅子的东西是从哪来的？
01:16
right? Where does all this stuff come from?
17
58000
3000
对吧？这些东西都是怎么来的？
01:19
(Knocks)
18
61000
1000
（敲椅声）
01:20
And your next question is, can you light a little torch-bulb
19
62000
6000
问题二，你能否点亮一个小灯泡
01:26
with a battery, a bulb and one piece of wire?
20
68000
5000
只用1个电池、1个灯泡、和1条电线？
01:31
And would you be able to, kind of, draw a -- you don't have to draw
21
73000
2000
那你能画出上述问题的图解吗？不用真的画
01:33
the diagram, but would you be able to draw the diagram,
22
75000
2000
但如果需要的话， 你能画出来吗？
01:35
if you had to do it? Or would you just say,
23
77000
2000
还是你会说
01:37
that's actually not possible?
24
79000
3000
这个不可能？
01:40
The third question is, why is it hotter in summer than in winter?
25
82000
4000
第三个问题，为什么夏天比冬天热？
01:44
I think we can probably agree that it is hotter in summer than in winter,
26
86000
5000
大家应该都同意夏天比冬天还热
01:49
but why? And finally, would you be able to --
27
91000
6000
但为何如此？最后，你能不能
01:55
and you can sort of scribble it, if you like --
28
97000
2000
简单的勾勒出
01:57
scribble a plan diagram of the solar system,
29
99000
3000
太阳系的平面图...
02:00
showing the shape of the planets' orbits?
30
102000
4000
呈现出行星轨道运行的形状
02:04
Would you be able to do that?
31
106000
1000
你可以画得出来吗？
02:05
And if you can, just scribble a pattern.
32
107000
5000
你画得出来的话，就把形状画出来
02:10
OK. Now, children get their ideas not from teachers,
33
112000
6000
好，孩童对事物的概念不是老师教的
02:16
as teachers often think, but actually from common sense,
34
118000
3000
老师时常这么以为，但实际上概念来自于常理
02:19
from experience of the world around them,
35
121000
2000
来自于孩童对周遭世界的体验
02:21
from all the things that go on between them and their peers,
36
123000
4000
来自于他们跟同伴彼此交流
02:25
and their carers, and their parents, and all of that. Experience.
37
127000
5000
还有跟保姆、父母亲、所有人交流的经验
02:30
And one of the great experts in this field, of course, was, bless him,
38
132000
5000
这个领域中的一个专家，对了，愿他安息
02:35
Cardinal Wolsey. Be very careful what you get into people's heads
39
137000
4000
就是渥西主教，他说要你将东西放进其他人的闹袋里的时候要小心
02:39
because it's virtually impossible to shift it afterwards, right?
40
141000
3000
因为那些东西几乎不会再改变，对吧？
02:42
(Laughter)
41
144000
3000
(笑声)
02:45
I'm not quite sure how he died, actually.
42
147000
2000
我不太清楚他的死因，真的
02:47
Was he beheaded in the end, or hung?
43
149000
2000
他最后上了断头台？还是被吊死？
02:49
(Laughter)
44
151000
1000
（笑声）
02:50
Now, those questions, which, of course, you've got right,
45
152000
2000
现在回到那四个问题，大家都知道是什么问题了
02:52
and you haven't been conferring, and so on.
46
154000
2000
你们彼此之间也没有讨论答案
02:54
And I -- you know, normally, I would pick people out and humiliate,
47
156000
3000
我平时习惯点人站起来回答让他丢脸
02:57
but maybe not in this instance.
48
159000
2000
不过这次就不点了
02:59
A little seed weighs a lot and, basically, all this stuff,
49
161000
4000
种籽可以很重，基本上所有的这些
03:03
99 percent of this stuff, came out of the air.
50
165000
3000
99％都来自于空气
03:06
Now, I guarantee that about 85 percent of you, or maybe it's fewer at TED,
51
168000
4000
我相信有85％的人，或许在你们TED会比较少
03:10
will have said it comes out of the ground. And some people,
52
172000
3000
会说木材来自于大地，而有些人
03:13
probably two of you, will come up and argue with me afterwards,
53
175000
3000
也许你们中的一两位， 可能结束后会来找我争论
03:16
and say that actually, it comes out of the ground.
54
178000
2000
说木材其实是来自于大地
03:18
Now, if that was true, we'd have trucks going round the country,
55
180000
2000
若是如此，那我们就会有让卡车跑来跑去
03:20
filling people's gardens in with soil, it'd be a fantastic business.
56
182000
3000
把人们的花园都填上土，那会是很棒的生意。
03:23
But, actually, we don't do that.
57
185000
2000
不过实际上我们不会那么做
03:25
The mass of this comes out of the air.
58
187000
3000
因为木材的材料大部分其实是从空气中来的
03:28
Now, I passed all my biology exams in Britain.
59
190000
4000
我在英国念书时考生物每考必过
03:32
I passed them really well, but I still came out of school
60
194000
2000
我的成绩很好，但毕业后
03:34
thinking that that stuff came out of the ground.
61
196000
3000
还是以为木材来自于大地
03:37
Second one: can you light a little torch-bulb with a battery bulb and one piece of wire?
62
199000
4000
你能用一枚电池和一根电线点亮灯泡吗？
03:41
Yes, you can, and I'll show you in a second how to do that.
63
203000
2000
是，你可以，我会示范怎么做。
03:43
Now, I have some rather bad news,
64
205000
2000
不过，现在有个坏消息
03:45
which is that I had a piece of video that I was about to show you,
65
207000
3000
本来有个影片要给大家看
03:48
which unfortunately -- the sound doesn't work in this room,
66
210000
3000
可惜在这边声音放不出来
03:51
so I'm going to describe to you, in true "Monty Python" fashion,
67
213000
3000
所以我就口头描述一下的，用巨蟒剧团的表演方式，
03:54
what happens in the video. And in the video, a group of researchers
68
216000
5000
影片内容是这样的，在影片里有一群研究员
03:59
go to MIT on graduation day.
69
221000
2000
在毕业典礼那天去麻省理工学院
04:01
We chose MIT because, obviously, that's a very long way away
70
223000
3000
为什么是麻省理工呢？因为它离这里很远
04:04
from here, and you wouldn't mind too much,
71
226000
2000
大家也就不会太介意
04:06
but it sort of works the same way in Britain
72
228000
3000
不过场景设在英国结果也差不多
04:09
and in the West Coast of the USA.
73
231000
2000
或是设在美国西岸
04:11
And we asked them these questions, and we asked those questions
74
233000
4000
我们问了麻省理工的毕业生这四个问题
04:15
of science graduates, and they couldn't answer them.
75
237000
2000
这些理工科毕业生也答不出来
04:17
And so, there's a whole lot of people saying,
76
239000
2000
而且还有很多学生表示
04:19
"I'd be very surprised if you told me that this came out of the air.
77
241000
2000
“我很惊讶你说木材是从空气中来的
04:21
That's very surprising to me." And those are science graduates.
78
243000
4000
”这真的让我很吃惊“，那些理工的毕业生这么说
04:25
And we intercut it with, "We are the premier science university in the world,"
79
247000
3000
我们用”我们是全球第一的理工大学“来作影片的结尾。
04:28
because of British-like hubris.
80
250000
2000
因为英国人很傲慢
04:30
(Laughter)
81
252000
1000
(笑声)
04:31
And when we gave graduate engineers that question,
82
253000
3000
我们拿第二个问题去问硕士毕业的工程师们
04:34
they said it couldn't be done.
83
256000
2000
他们说这不可能做得到
04:36
And when we gave them a battery, and a piece of wire, and a bulb,
84
258000
4000
我们拿了电池、电线、和灯泡
04:40
and said, "Can you do it?" They couldn't do it. Right?
85
262000
4000
问他们”你能做到吗?“，他们没办法，是吧？
04:44
And that's no different from Imperial College in London, by the way,
86
266000
3000
顺道一提，伦敦的帝国学院的情况估计也差不多如此
04:47
it's not some sort of anti-American thing going on.
87
269000
4000
我们不是在做什么反美的事
04:51
As if. Now, the reason this matters is we pay lots and lots of money
88
273000
6000
虽然听来颇像。问题的关键是我们花了很多钱
04:57
for teaching people -- we might as well get it right.
89
279000
2000
来教育大众，我们应该正确地来做这件事。
04:59
And there are also some societal reasons
90
281000
2000
其中也有一些社会因素
05:01
why we might want people to understand what it is that's happening
91
283000
4000
让我们想使大众了解光合作用如何运作
05:05
in photosynthesis. For example, one half of the carbon equation
92
287000
3000
例如，有一半的碳储量是人类排放的
05:08
is how much we emit, and the other half of the carbon equation,
93
290000
3000
而另一半碳储量
05:11
as I'm very conscious as a trustee of Kew,
94
293000
2000
我相当关切，身为皇家植物园的受托管理人
05:13
is how much things soak up, and they soak up carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.
95
295000
5000
是植物吸收多少二氧化碳
05:18
That's what plants actually do for a living.
96
300000
3000
植物就是以此维生的
05:21
And, for any Finnish people in the audience, this is a Finnish pun:
97
303000
3000
如果在场有芬兰人，这是芬兰话的双关语
05:24
we are, both literally and metaphorically, skating on thin ice
98
306000
5000
我们无论在实际上或隐喻上，都是如履薄冰
05:29
if we don't understand that kind of thing.
99
311000
3000
要是我们不明白那些事
05:32
Now, here's how you do the battery and the bulb.
100
314000
2000
电池和灯泡只要这要做就行
05:34
It's so easy, isn't it? Of course, you all knew that.
101
316000
4000
很简单，不是吗？你们都懂了
05:38
But if you haven't played with a battery and a bulb,
102
320000
2000
但要是你没有亲手碰过电池和灯泡
05:40
if you've only seen a circuit diagram,
103
322000
2000
如果你只看过电路图
05:42
you might not be able to do that, and that's one of the problems.
104
324000
4000
你可能就做不出来，这是个麻烦
05:46
So, why is it hotter in summer than in winter?
105
328000
2000
那么，为何夏天比冬天热？
05:48
We learn, as children, that you get closer to something that's hot,
106
330000
3000
我们从小就知道，离热的东西太近
05:51
and it burns you. It's a very powerful bit of learning,
107
333000
3000
你就被烫到，这真很有效的教育方法
05:54
and it happens pretty early on.
108
336000
2000
很小的时候大家就学到了
05:56
By extension, we think to ourselves, "Why it's hotter in summer than in winter
109
338000
3000
延伸这个论点，我们觉得夏天比冬天热
05:59
must be because we're closer to the Sun."
110
341000
3000
一定是因为我们离太阳比较近
06:02
I promise you that most of you will have got that.
111
344000
2000
我相信大多人都懂了
06:04
Oh, you're all shaking your heads,
112
346000
1000
哦，大家都在摇头
06:05
but only a few of you are shaking your heads very firmly.
113
347000
3000
不过只有几个人摇得很坚定
06:08
Other ones are kind of going like this. All right.
114
350000
2000
其他人只是这样子摇而已，好吧
06:10
It's hotter in summer than in winter because the rays from the Sun
115
352000
3000
夏天比冬天热是因为太阳的辐射线
06:13
are spread out more, right, because of the tilt of the Earth.
116
355000
4000
传播得比较多，地球倾斜的关系
06:17
And if you think the tilt is tilting us closer, no, it isn't.
117
359000
3000
如果你以为是朝太阳的方向倾斜，那就错了
06:20
The Sun is 93 million miles away, and we're tilting like this, right?
118
362000
4000
太阳离地球1亿5千万公里，地球倾斜角度大略如此
06:24
It makes no odds. In fact, in the Northern Hemisphere,
119
366000
3000
倾斜不是差别所在，在北半球
06:27
we're further from the Sun in summer,
120
369000
3000
夏天时我们离太阳更远
06:30
as it happens, but it makes no odds, the difference.
121
372000
3000
跟倾斜没有关系
06:33
OK, now, the scribble of the diagram of the solar system.
122
375000
3000
好，问题四是画出太阳系的平面图
06:36
If you believe, as most of you probably do,
123
378000
2000
如果大家相信，大多数可能都相信
06:38
that it's hotter in summer than in winter because we're closer to the Sun,
124
380000
2000
夏天比冬天热是因为地球离太阳较近
06:40
you must have drawn an ellipse.
125
382000
2000
大家应该都画了椭圆形
06:42
Right? That would explain it, right?
126
384000
2000
对吧？这就能解释了吧？
06:44
Except, in your -- you're nodding -- now, in your ellipse,
127
386000
4000
除非，你点头了，你画了个椭圆形
06:48
have you thought, "Well, what happens during the night?"
128
390000
2000
你有想过，「夜晚又是怎么回事」？
06:50
Between Australia and here, right, they've got summer
129
392000
4000
澳洲和美国这边，澳洲是夏天
06:54
and we've got winter, and what --
130
396000
3000
这边是冬天，难道说
06:57
does the Earth kind of rush towards the Sun at night,
131
399000
3000
地球在晚上会冲向太阳
07:00
and then rush back again? I mean, it's a very strange thing going on,
132
402000
3000
然后再冲回来？这实在很奇怪
07:03
and we hold these two models in our head, of what's right and what isn't right,
133
405000
4000
我们脑中有两种思考模式，对的和错的
07:07
and we do that, as human beings, in all sorts of fields.
134
409000
4000
身为人类，我们在很多领域都这样思考
07:11
So, here's Copernicus' view of what the solar system looked like as a plan.
135
413000
5000
左边是哥白尼画的太阳系平面图
07:16
That's pretty much what you should have on your piece of paper. Right?
136
418000
3000
跟你们纸上画的差不多，对吧
07:19
And this is NASA's view. They're stunningly similar.
137
421000
3000
右边是NASA的版本，两张图非常相似
07:22
I hope you notice the coincidence here.
138
424000
3000
我希望大家注意其中的巧合
07:25
What would you do if you knew that people had this misconception,
139
427000
4000
要是你知道人们有错误观念，你会怎么做
07:29
right, in their heads, of elliptical orbits
140
431000
3000
在他们脑中，楕圆形的轨道
07:32
caused by our experiences as children?
141
434000
2000
是他们儿时经验教的吗？
07:34
What sort of diagram would you show them of the solar system,
142
436000
2000
你会给他们看什么样的太阳系示意图?
07:36
to show that it's not really like that?
143
438000
2000
证明太阳系不是他们想的那样
07:38
You'd show them something like this, wouldn't you?
144
440000
2000
你会给他们看这种图吗?
07:40
It's a plan, looking down from above.
145
442000
1000
这是俯瞰的平面图
07:41
But, no, look what I found in the textbooks.
146
443000
3000
可是并非如此，瞧瞧我在教科书里找到的
07:44
That's what you show people, right? These are from textbooks,
147
446000
3000
你会给他们看这种图对吧？出自教科书
07:47
from websites, educational websites --
148
449000
2000
出自教育网站
07:49
and almost anything you pick up is like that.
149
451000
2000
你找得到的几乎都是这种图
07:51
And the reason it's like that is because it's dead boring
150
453000
2000
会以这种视角呈现是因为
07:53
to have a load of concentric circles,
151
455000
2000
只有一堆同心圆太死板无趣
07:55
whereas that's much more exciting, to look at something at that angle,
152
457000
3000
从这种视角看太阳系比较新鲜刺激
07:58
isn't it? Right? And by doing it at that angle,
153
460000
3000
不是吗？因为弄成这种视角
08:01
if you've got that misconception in your head, then that
154
463000
2000
如果你脑中有了这种误解
08:03
two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional thing will be ellipses.
155
465000
5000
用二度空间来呈现三度空间就会变成椭圆形
08:08
So you've -- it's crap, isn't it really? As we say.
156
470000
4000
这真是糟糕，可不是吗？
08:12
So, these mental models -- we look for evidence that reinforces our models.
157
474000
3000
因此，我们寻求证据来增强我们的心智模式
08:15
We do this, of course, with matters of race, and politics, and everything else,
158
477000
4000
我们用这种方式处理种族、政治、所有事
08:19
and we do it in science as well. So we look, just look --
159
481000
2000
当然也用这种方式处理科学，我们只观看
08:21
and scientists do it, constantly -- we look for evidence
160
483000
3000
是科学家在这么做，我们不断寻求证据
08:24
that reinforces our models, and some folks are just all too able
161
486000
3000
来增强我们的心智模式，有些人很有办法
08:27
and willing to provide the evidence that reinforces the models.
162
489000
3000
也乐意提供证据来增强那些模式
08:30
So, being I'm in the United States, I'll have a dig at the Europeans.
163
492000
4000
所以我现在人在美国，就会说欧洲人的坏话
08:34
These are examples of what I would say is bad practice in science
164
496000
3000
这些图片都是我认为不良的科学教育
08:37
teaching centers. These pictures are from La Villette in France
165
499000
3000
类似教学中心，这些图取自法国维叶特科博馆
08:40
and the welcome wing of the Science Museum in London.
166
502000
4000
以及伦敦科博馆的迎宾翼展示区
08:44
And, if you look at the, kind of the way these things are constructed,
167
506000
4000
你看看这些东西建成的模样
08:48
there's a lot of mediation by glass, and it's very blue, and kind of professional --
168
510000
5000
有很多玻璃隔板，蓝光色调，弄得很专业似的
08:53
in that way that, you know, Woody Allen comes up
169
515000
3000
那种方式，就像是伍迪艾伦从床单里冒出来
08:56
from under the sheets in that scene in "Annie Hall,"
170
518000
2000
在《安妮霍尔》戏中的那一幕
08:58
and said, "God, that's so professional." And that you don't --
171
520000
3000
他说“老天，这真是太专业了”
09:01
there's no passion in it, and it's not hands on, right,
172
523000
3000
这其中没有热情，没有动手参与，是吗
09:04
and, you know, pun intended. Whereas good interpretation --
173
526000
3000
这是个双关，不过也有好的教学方法
09:07
I'll use an example from nearby -- is San Francisco Exploratorium,
174
529000
4000
我举一个例子，离这里很近，旧金山探索馆
09:11
where all the things that -- the demonstrations, and so on,
175
533000
3000
在那里所有的东西，展示品之类的
09:14
are made out of everyday objects that children can understand,
176
536000
3000
都是用孩子能懂的日常用品做成的
09:17
it's very hands-on, and they can engage with, and experiment with.
177
539000
3000
都可以动手玩，孩子们可以专心玩好好体验
09:20
And I know that if the graduates at MIT
178
542000
2000
我知道麻省理工毕业生
09:22
and in the Imperial College in London had had the battery and the wire
179
544000
4000
以及伦敦帝国学院毕业生
09:26
and the bit of stuff, and you know, been able to do it,
180
548000
3000
手上有电池电线点亮灯泡的话
09:29
they would have learned how it actually works,
181
551000
3000
他们会明白其中的原理
09:32
rather than thinking that they follow circuit diagrams and can't do it.
182
554000
4000
而不是觉得他们照着电路图来做是做不到的
09:36
So good interpretation is more about
183
558000
2000
好的教学方法不是
09:38
things that are bodged and stuffed and of my world, right?
184
560000
4000
沉溺陶醉在自己世界里对吧？
09:42
And things that -- where there isn't an extra barrier
185
564000
2000
那些东西也不该被隔着
09:44
of a piece of glass or machined titanium,
186
566000
3000
用玻璃或是钛制品隔开
09:47
and it all looks fantastic, OK?
187
569000
2000
看起来很漂亮就好，好吗？
09:49
And the Exploratorium does that really, really well.
188
571000
3000
旧金山探索馆在这点做得非常好
09:52
And it's amateur, but amateur in the best sense,
189
574000
3000
看上去很业余，但业余得很对头
09:55
in other words, the root of the word being of love and passion.
190
577000
5000
也就是说，根本的出发点是出自爱和热情
10:00
So, children are not empty vessels, OK?
191
582000
2000
所以，孩童不是空瓶子
10:02
So, as "Monty Python" would have it,
192
584000
2000
用“巨蟒剧团”的说法
10:04
this is a bit Lord Privy Seal to say so,
193
586000
2000
就是有点像英国掌玺大臣会说的
10:06
but this is -- children are not empty vessels.
194
588000
2000
意思是说孩童不是空无一物的瓶子
10:08
They come with their own ideas and their own theories,
195
590000
2000
他们生来就有自己的想法和理念
10:10
and unless you work with those, then you won't be able to shift them,
196
592000
4000
如果你没从这些地方着手，就改变不了他们
10:14
right? And I probably haven't shifted your ideas
197
596000
2000
对吧？我大概没有改变大家的想法
10:16
of how the world and universe operates, either.
198
598000
3000
对于世界和宇宙到底如何运作
10:19
But this applies, equally, to matters of trying to sell new technology.
199
601000
3000
不过这些道理同样可以用在推销新科技上也
10:22
For example, we are, in Britain, we're trying to do a digital switchover
200
604000
3000
例如，在英国，我们试着把全部的电视
10:25
of the whole population into digital technology [for television].
201
607000
2000
都换成新科技的数位电视
10:27
And it's one of the difficult things
202
609000
2000
有个难题是
10:29
is that when people have preconceptions of how it all works,
203
611000
2000
人们对事物运作的方式一旦有了成见
10:31
it's quite difficult to shift those.
204
613000
3000
就很难去改变
10:34
So we're not empty vessels; the mental models that we have
205
616000
4000
我们不是空瓶子，我们保有心智模式
10:38
as children persist into adulthood.
206
620000
2000
从幼年到成年一直都存在
10:40
Poor teaching actually does more harm than good.
207
622000
2000
不良的教学是弊多于利
10:42
In this country and in Britain, magnetism is understood better
208
624000
4000
在美国和英国，在磁力知识上
10:46
by children before they've been to school than afterwards, OK?
209
628000
3000
孩童在就学前学得比较好
10:49
Same for gravity, two concepts, so it's -- which is quite humbling,
210
631000
4000
重力知识也一样，两个不同概念，这实在可悲
10:53
as a, you know, if you're a teacher, and you look before and after,
211
635000
3000
如果你是个老师，看见受教前和受教后的差别
10:56
that's quite worrying. They do worse in tests afterwards, after the teaching.
212
638000
4000
实在令人忧心，学童在受教后考得更差
11:00
And we collude. We design tests,
213
642000
2000
我们都是共犯，我们设计测验方式
11:02
or at least in Britain, so that people pass them. Right?
214
644000
3000
至少在英国是这样，好让人们能通过考试
11:05
And governments do very well. They pat themselves on the back.
215
647000
3000
政府也帮了不少忙，他们推波助澜
11:08
OK? We collude, and actually if you --
216
650000
4000
懂吗？我们都是共犯
11:12
if someone had designed a test for me
217
654000
2000
如果有人替我设计测验
11:14
when I was doing my biology exams,
218
656000
2000
在我要考生物的时候
11:16
to really understand, to see whether I'd understood
219
658000
2000
让我能真正明白，明白我是否真的懂了
11:18
more than just kind of putting starch and iodine together
220
660000
2000
不是只在淀粉中加入碘液
11:20
and seeing it go blue,
221
662000
2000
看着反应呈现蓝色
11:22
and really understood that plants took their mass out of the air,
222
664000
3000
而且能真正明白植物是从空气中茁壮的
11:25
then I might have done better at science.
223
667000
5000
我的科学可能就会学得比较好
11:30
So the most important thing is to get people to articulate their models.
224
672000
5000
所以，最重要的是要让人们能表述清楚他们的模型
11:35
Your homework is -- you know, how does an aircraft's wing create lift?
225
677000
5000
回家作业是，机翼是怎样帮助飞机起飞的？
11:40
An obvious question, and you'll have an answer now in your heads.
226
682000
4000
这问题很好懂，大家心中也有答案了
11:44
And the second question to that then is,
227
686000
3000
注意事项是
11:47
ensure you've explained how it is that planes can fly upside down.
228
689000
4000
你要确保自己能解释为何飞机头向下的时候也能飞，
11:51
Ah ha, right. Second question is, why is the sea blue? All right?
229
693000
4000
对吧，问题二，海为何是蓝色的？
11:55
And you've all got an idea in your head of the answer.
230
697000
4000
大家心中应该都有答案了
11:59
So, why is it blue on cloudy days? Ah, see.
231
701000
4000
那么，为什么阴天时海还是蓝的？看吧
12:03
(Laughter)
232
705000
3000
（笑声）
12:06
I've always wanted to say that in this country.
233
708000
2000
我一直想在美国讲这句话
12:08
(Laughter)
234
710000
2000
（笑声）
12:10
Finally, my plea to you is to allow yourselves, and your children,
235
712000
4000
最后，我希望大家能让自己，还有孩子
12:14
and anyone you know, to kind of fiddle with stuff,
236
716000
3000
以及任何你认识的人，去动手接触事物
12:17
because it's by fiddling with things that you, you know,
237
719000
2000
因为亲自接触了事物，你知道的
12:19
you complement your other learning. It's not a replacement,
238
721000
2000
你就补足了其他方面的学习不足，这不是替换
12:21
it's just part of learning that's important.
239
723000
3000
这只是学习中很重要的一部分
12:24
Thank you very much.
240
726000
1000
谢谢大家
12:25
Now -- oh, oh yeah, go on then, go on.
241
727000
2000
那么，噢，没关系，继续吧
12:28
(Applause)
242
730000
1000
(鼓掌)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Drori - EducatorJonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn.
Why you should listen
Jonathan Drori has dedicated his career to media and learning. As the Head of Commissioning for BBC Online, he led the effort to create bbc.co.uk, the online face of the BBC (an effort he recalls fondly). He came to the web from the TV side of the BBC, where as an editor and producer he headed up dozens of television series on science, education and the arts.
After almost two decades at the BBC, he's now a director at Changing Media Ltd., a media and education consultancy, and is a visiting professor at University of Bristol, where he studies educational media and misperceptions in science. He continues to executive produce the occasional TV series, including 2004's award-winning "The DNA Story" and 2009's "Great Sperm Race." He is on the boards of the Royal Botanic Gardens and the Woodland Trust.
(Photo: Lloyd Davis/flickr)
Jonathan Drori | Speaker | TED.com