ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Drori - Educator
Jonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn.

Why you should listen

Jonathan Drori has dedicated his career to media and learning. As the Head of Commissioning for BBC Online, he led the effort to create bbc.co.uk, the online face of the BBC (an effort he recalls fondly). He came to the web from the TV side of the BBC, where as an editor and producer he headed up dozens of television series on science, education and the arts.

After almost two decades at the BBC, he's now a director at Changing Media Ltd., a media and education consultancy, and is a visiting professor at University of Bristol, where he studies educational media and misperceptions in science. He continues to executive produce the occasional TV series, including 2004's award-winning "The DNA Story" and 2009's "Great Sperm Race." He is on the boards of the Royal Botanic Gardens and the Woodland Trust.

(Photo: Lloyd Davis/flickr)

More profile about the speaker
Jonathan Drori | Speaker | TED.com
TED2007

Jonathan Drori: What we think we know

喬納森‧卓瑞談「我們以為自己知道的事」

Filmed:
1,142,222 views

喬納森‧卓瑞從四個基本問題談起(你可能會很驚訝自己竟答不出來),他著眼於我們知識中的漏洞,特別在科學方面,我們以為自己了解,或許並不然。
- Educator
Jonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:18
I'm going to try and explain說明 why it is that perhaps也許
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我會試著解釋為何我說
00:22
we don't understand理解 as much as we think we do.
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也許我們知道的沒有自以為的多
00:24
I'd like to begin開始 with four questions問題.
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我想從四個問題開始
00:27
This is not some sort分類 of cultural文化 thing for the time of year.
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不是那種今年流行的文化問題
00:30
That's an in-joke在玩笑, by the way.
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對了,剛剛那句是個圈內笑話
00:32
But these four questions問題, actually其實,
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不過這四個問題,事實上
00:35
are ones那些 that people who even know quite相當 a lot about science科學 find quite相當 hard.
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即使是很懂科學的人也覺得難
00:38
And they're questions問題 that I've asked of science科學 television電視 producers生產商,
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這些問題我拿去問科學節目製片
00:43
of audiences觀眾 of science科學 educators教育工作者 --
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問觀眾、問科學背景的學者
00:46
so that's science科學 teachers教師 -- and also of seven-year-olds七歲的孩子,
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也問教科學的老師還有七歲孩童
00:50
and I find that the seven-year-olds七歲的孩子 do marginally輕微 better
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我發現七歲孩童答得比其他人好
00:53
than the other audiences觀眾, which哪一個 is somewhat有些 surprising奇怪.
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這點有些令人驚訝
00:55
So the first question, and you might威力 want to write this down,
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問題一,你可能想把問題抄下來
00:58
either on a bit of paper, physically物理, or a virtual虛擬 piece of paper
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抄在紙上,或想像中的紙上
01:02
in your head. And, for viewers觀眾 at home, you can try this as well.
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坐在電腦前的你也可以試著作答
01:05
A little seed種子 weighs next下一個 to nothing and a tree weighs a lot, right?
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種籽很輕,而大樹很有重量對吧?
01:10
I think we agree同意 on that. Where does the tree get the stuff東東 that makes品牌 up this chair椅子,
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都同意吧,大樹用來製成椅子的木材是哪來的?
01:16
right? Where does all this stuff東東 come from?
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對吧?木材是怎麼來的?
01:19
(Knocks敲門)
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(敲椅聲)
01:20
And your next下一個 question is, can you light a little torch-bulb火炬球
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問題二,你能否點亮1個小燈泡
01:26
with a battery電池, a bulb燈泡 and one piece of wire?
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只用1個電池、1個燈泡、和1條電線?
01:31
And would you be able能夠 to, kind of, draw a -- you don't have to draw
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那你能畫出上述問題的圖解嗎?不用真的畫
01:33
the diagram, but would you be able能夠 to draw the diagram,
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畫出這題的圖解就好
01:35
if you had to do it? Or would you just say,
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要是你必須畫的話,或者你會表示
01:37
that's actually其實 not possible可能?
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這個問題沒有解答
01:40
The third第三 question is, why is it hotter in summer夏季 than in winter冬季?
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問題三,為何夏天比冬天熱?
01:44
I think we can probably大概 agree同意 that it is hotter in summer夏季 than in winter冬季,
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大家應該都同意夏天比冬天還熱
01:49
but why? And finally最後, would you be able能夠 to --
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但為何如此?問題四,你能不能
01:55
and you can sort分類 of scribble it, if you like --
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想畫的人可以畫在紙上
01:57
scribble a plan計劃 diagram of the solar太陽能 system系統,
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畫出太陽系的平面圖
02:00
showing展示 the shape形狀 of the planets'行星“ orbits軌道?
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呈現出行星軌道運行的形狀
02:04
Would you be able能夠 to do that?
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你可以畫得出來嗎?
02:05
And if you can, just scribble a pattern模式.
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你晝得出來的話,就把形狀畫出來
02:10
OK. Now, children孩子 get their ideas思路 not from teachers教師,
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好,孩童對事物的概念不是老師教的
02:16
as teachers教師 often經常 think, but actually其實 from common共同 sense,
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老師時常這麼以為,但實際上概念來自於常理
02:19
from experience經驗 of the world世界 around them,
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來自於孩童對周遭世界的體驗
02:21
from all the things that go on between之間 them and their peers同行,
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來自於他們跟同伴彼此交流
02:25
and their carers護理人員, and their parents父母, and all of that. Experience經驗.
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還有跟保姆、父母親、所有人交流的經驗
02:30
And one of the great experts專家 in this field領域, of course課程, was, bless保佑 him,
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有個專家很清楚這事實,對了,願他安息
02:35
Cardinal樞機主教 Wolsey沃爾西. Be very careful小心 what you get into people's人們 heads
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他就是渥西主教,他說要小心放進腦袋的東西
02:39
because it's virtually實質上 impossible不可能 to shift轉移 it afterwards之後, right?
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因為那些東西幾乎不會再改變,對吧?
02:42
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
02:45
I'm not quite相當 sure how he died死亡, actually其實.
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我不太清楚他的死因,真的
02:47
Was he beheaded斬首 in the end結束, or hung?
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他最後上了斷頭台?還是被吊死?
02:49
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
02:50
Now, those questions問題, which哪一個, of course課程, you've got right,
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現在我們回歸那四個問題,大家都知道問題了
02:52
and you haven't沒有 been conferring授予, and so on.
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彼此之間也沒有討論答案
02:54
And I -- you know, normally一般, I would pick people out and humiliate羞辱,
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我習慣點人起來回答讓他丟臉
02:57
but maybe not in this instance.
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不過這次就不點人好了
02:59
A little seed種子 weighs a lot and, basically基本上, all this stuff東東,
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種籽可以很重,基本上這些木材的原料
03:03
99 percent百分 of this stuff東東, came來了 out of the air空氣.
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有99%來自於空氣
03:06
Now, I guarantee保證 that about 85 percent百分 of you, or maybe it's fewer at TEDTED,
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我相信有85%的人,或許在你們TED會比較少
03:10
will have said it comes out of the ground地面. And some people,
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會說木材來自於大地,而有些人
03:13
probably大概 two of you, will come up and argue爭論 with me afterwards之後,
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可能晚點有一兩個人會來找我爭論
03:16
and say that actually其實, it comes out of the ground地面.
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說木材其實是來自於大地
03:18
Now, if that was true真正, we'd星期三 have trucks卡車 going round回合 the country國家,
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若是如此,各地就會有卡車跑來跑去
03:20
filling填充 people's人們 gardens花園 in with soil, it'd它會 be a fantastic奇妙 business商業.
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在人們的花園裡倒土,這真是門很棒的生意
03:23
But, actually其實, we don't do that.
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不過實際上我們不會那麼做
03:25
The mass of this comes out of the air空氣.
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木材的原料主要來自於空氣
03:28
Now, I passed通過 all my biology生物學 exams考試 in Britain英國.
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我在英國念書時考生物每考必過
03:32
I passed通過 them really well, but I still came來了 out of school學校
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我的成績很好,但畢業後
03:34
thinking思維 that that stuff東東 came來了 out of the ground地面.
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還是以為木材來自於大地
03:37
Second第二 one: can you light a little torch-bulb火炬球 with a battery電池 bulb燈泡 and one piece of wire?
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你能用1顆電池和1條電線點亮燈泡嗎?
03:41
Yes, you can, and I'll show顯示 you in a second第二 how to do that.
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沒錯,可以,我會示範要如何做到
03:43
Now, I have some rather bad news新聞,
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現在有個壞消息
03:45
which哪一個 is that I had a piece of video視頻 that I was about to show顯示 you,
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本來有個影片要給大家看
03:48
which哪一個 unfortunately不幸 -- the sound聲音 doesn't work in this room房間,
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可惜在這邊聲音放不出來
03:51
so I'm going to describe描述 to you, in true真正 "Monty蒙蒂 Python蟒蛇" fashion時尚,
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所以我就用講的,用比較喜感的方式
03:54
what happens發生 in the video視頻. And in the video視頻, a group of researchers研究人員
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影片內容是這樣的,在影片裡有一群研究員
03:59
go to MITMIT on graduation畢業 day.
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在畢業典禮那天去麻省理工學院
04:01
We chose選擇 MITMIT because, obviously明顯, that's a very long way away
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為什麼是麻省理工呢?因為它離這裡很遠
04:04
from here, and you wouldn't不會 mind心神 too much,
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大家也就不會太介意
04:06
but it sort分類 of works作品 the same相同 way in Britain英國
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不過場景設在英國也差不多
04:09
and in the West西 Coast of the USA美國.
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或是設在美國西岸
04:11
And we asked them these questions問題, and we asked those questions問題
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我們問了麻省理工的畢業生這四個問題
04:15
of science科學 graduates畢業生, and they couldn't不能 answer回答 them.
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他們答不出來
04:17
And so, there's a whole整個 lot of people saying,
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而且還有很多學生表示
04:19
"I'd be very surprised詫異 if you told me that this came來了 out of the air空氣.
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「我很驚訝你說木材是從空氣中來的」
04:21
That's very surprising奇怪 to me." And those are science科學 graduates畢業生.
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「這真的讓我很吃驚」,理工的畢業生這麼說
04:25
And we intercut剪切片段 it with, "We are the premier總理 science科學 university大學 in the world世界,"
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我們用「我們是全球第一的理工大學」來作結
04:28
because of British-like英國狀 hubris傲慢.
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因為英國人很傲慢
04:30
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
04:31
And when we gave graduate畢業 engineers工程師 that question,
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我們拿問題二去問見習工程師
04:34
they said it couldn't不能 be doneDONE.
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他們說這不可能做得到
04:36
And when we gave them a battery電池, and a piece of wire, and a bulb燈泡,
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我們拿了電池、電線、和燈泡給他們
04:40
and said, "Can you do it?" They couldn't不能 do it. Right?
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問他們「你能做到嗎?」,他們沒辦法
04:44
And that's no different不同 from Imperial帝國 College學院 in London倫敦, by the way,
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順道一提,倫敦的帝國學院也差不多如此
04:47
it's not some sort分類 of anti-American反美 thing going on.
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我們不是在做什麼反美的事
04:51
As if. Now, the reason原因 this matters事項 is we pay工資 lots and lots of money
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雖然聽來頗像。重點是我們花了很多錢
04:57
for teaching教學 people -- we might威力 as well get it right.
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來教育大眾,或許能改正大眾認知
04:59
And there are also some societal社會的 reasons原因
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其中也有一些社會因素
05:01
why we might威力 want people to understand理解 what it is that's happening事件
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讓我們想使大眾了解光合作用如何運作
05:05
in photosynthesis光合作用. For example, one half of the carbon equation方程
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例如,有1/2的碳儲量是人類排放的
05:08
is how much we emit發射, and the other half of the carbon equation方程,
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而其餘1/2的碳儲量
05:11
as I'm very conscious意識 as a trustee受託人 of Kew基尤,
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我相當關切,身為皇家植物園的受託管理人
05:13
is how much things soak浸泡 up, and they soak浸泡 up carbon dioxide二氧化碳 out of the atmosphere大氣層.
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那1/2的碳儲量就是植物吸收的,吸收二氧化碳
05:18
That's what plants植物 actually其實 do for a living活的.
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植物就是以此維生的
05:21
And, for any Finnish芬蘭 people in the audience聽眾, this is a Finnish芬蘭 pun雙關語:
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如果在場有芬蘭人,這是芬蘭話的雙關語
05:24
we are, both literally按照字面 and metaphorically比喻, skating溜冰 on thin ice
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我們無論在實際上或隱喻上,都是如履薄冰
05:29
if we don't understand理解 that kind of thing.
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要是我們不明白那些事
05:32
Now, here's這裡的 how you do the battery電池 and the bulb燈泡.
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電池和燈泡只要這要做就行
05:34
It's so easy簡單, isn't it? Of course課程, you all knew知道 that.
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很簡單,不是嗎?你們都懂了
05:38
But if you haven't沒有 played發揮 with a battery電池 and a bulb燈泡,
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但要是你沒有親手碰過電池和燈泡
05:40
if you've only seen看到 a circuit電路 diagram,
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只看過電路圖
05:42
you might威力 not be able能夠 to do that, and that's one of the problems問題.
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你可能就做不出來,這是個麻煩
05:46
So, why is it hotter in summer夏季 than in winter冬季?
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那麼,為何夏天比冬天熱?
05:48
We learn學習, as children孩子, that you get closer接近 to something that's hot,
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我們從小就知道,離熱的東西太近
05:51
and it burns燒傷 you. It's a very powerful強大 bit of learning學習,
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你就被燙到,這真是個震憾教育
05:54
and it happens發生 pretty漂亮 early on.
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很小的時候大家就學到了
05:56
By extension延期, we think to ourselves我們自己, "Why it's hotter in summer夏季 than in winter冬季
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延伸這個論點,我們覺得夏天比冬天熱
05:59
must必須 be because we're closer接近 to the Sun太陽."
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一定是因為我們離太陽比較近
06:02
I promise諾言 you that most of you will have got that.
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我相信大多人都懂了
06:04
Oh, you're all shaking發抖 your heads,
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哦,大家都在搖頭
06:05
but only a few少數 of you are shaking發抖 your heads very firmly牢牢.
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不過只有幾個人搖得很堅定
06:08
Other ones那些 are kind of going like this. All right.
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其他人只是這樣子搖而已,好吧
06:10
It's hotter in summer夏季 than in winter冬季 because the rays陽光 from the Sun太陽
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夏天比冬天熱是因為太陽的輻射線
06:13
are spread傳播 out more, right, because of the tilt傾斜 of the Earth地球.
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傳播得比較多,地球傾斜的關係
06:17
And if you think the tilt傾斜 is tilting傾斜 us closer接近, no, it isn't.
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如果你以為是朝太陽的方向傾斜,那就錯了
06:20
The Sun太陽 is 93 million百萬 miles英里 away, and we're tilting傾斜 like this, right?
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太陽離地球1億5千萬公里,地球傾斜角度大略如此
06:24
It makes品牌 no odds可能性. In fact事實, in the Northern北方 Hemisphere半球,
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傾斜不是差別所在,在北半球
06:27
we're further進一步 from the Sun太陽 in summer夏季,
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夏天時離太陽較遠
06:30
as it happens發生, but it makes品牌 no odds可能性, the difference區別.
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跟傾斜沒有關係
06:33
OK, now, the scribble of the diagram of the solar太陽能 system系統.
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好,問題四是畫出太陽系的平面圖
06:36
If you believe, as most of you probably大概 do,
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如果大家相信,大多數可能都相信
06:38
that it's hotter in summer夏季 than in winter冬季 because we're closer接近 to the Sun太陽,
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夏天比冬天熱是因為地球離太陽較近
06:40
you must必須 have drawn an ellipse橢圓.
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大家應該都畫了橢圓形
06:42
Right? That would explain說明 it, right?
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對吧?這就能解釋了吧?
06:44
Except, in your -- you're nodding點頭 -- now, in your ellipse橢圓,
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除非,你點頭了,你畫了個橢圓形
06:48
have you thought, "Well, what happens發生 during the night?"
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你有想過,「夜晚又是怎麼回事」?
06:50
Between之間 Australia澳大利亞 and here, right, they've他們已經 got summer夏季
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澳洲和美國這邊,澳洲是夏天
06:54
and we've我們已經 got winter冬季, and what --
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這邊是冬天,難道說
06:57
does the Earth地球 kind of rush towards the Sun太陽 at night,
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地球在晚上會衝向太陽
07:00
and then rush back again? I mean, it's a very strange奇怪 thing going on,
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然後再衝回來?這實在很奇怪
07:03
and we hold保持 these two models楷模 in our head, of what's right and what isn't right,
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我們腦中有兩種思考模式,對的和錯的
07:07
and we do that, as human人的 beings眾生, in all sorts排序 of fields領域.
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身為人類,我們什麼事都這樣思考
07:11
So, here's這裡的 Copernicus'哥白尼“ view視圖 of what the solar太陽能 system系統 looked看著 like as a plan計劃.
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左邊是哥白尼畫的太陽系平面圖
07:16
That's pretty漂亮 much what you should have on your piece of paper. Right?
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比大家紙上畫的好多了,對吧?
07:19
And this is NASA's美國航空航天局 view視圖. They're stunningly令人震驚 similar類似.
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右邊是NASA的版本,兩張圖非常相似
07:22
I hope希望 you notice注意 the coincidence巧合 here.
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我希望大家注意其中的巧合
07:25
What would you do if you knew知道 that people had this misconception誤解,
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要是你知道人們有錯誤觀念,你會怎麼做
07:29
right, in their heads, of elliptical橢圓的 orbits軌道
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在他們腦中,楕圓形的軌道
07:32
caused造成 by our experiences經驗 as children孩子?
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是他們兒時經驗教的嗎?
07:34
What sort分類 of diagram would you show顯示 them of the solar太陽能 system系統,
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你會給他們看什麼樣的太陽系示意圖?
07:36
to show顯示 that it's not really like that?
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證明太陽系不是他們想的那樣
07:38
You'd show顯示 them something like this, wouldn't不會 you?
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你會給他們看這種圖嗎?
07:40
It's a plan計劃, looking down from above以上.
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這是俯瞰的平面圖
07:41
But, no, look what I found發現 in the textbooks教科書.
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可是並非如此,瞧瞧我在教科書裡找到的
07:44
That's what you show顯示 people, right? These are from textbooks教科書,
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你會給他們看這種圖對吧?出自教科書
07:47
from websites網站, educational教育性 websites網站 --
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出自教育網站
07:49
and almost幾乎 anything you pick up is like that.
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你找得到的幾乎都是這種圖
07:51
And the reason原因 it's like that is because it's dead boring無聊
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會以這種視角呈現是因為
07:53
to have a load加載 of concentric同心 circles,
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只有一堆同心圓太死板無趣
07:55
whereas that's much more exciting扣人心弦, to look at something at that angle角度,
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從這種視角看太陽系比較新鮮刺激
07:58
isn't it? Right? And by doing it at that angle角度,
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不是嗎?因為弄成這種視角
08:01
if you've got that misconception誤解 in your head, then that
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如果你腦中有了這種誤解
08:03
two-dimensional二維 representation表示 of a three-dimensional三維 thing will be ellipses省略號.
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用二度空間來呈現三度空間就會變成橢圓形
08:08
So you've -- it's crap擲骰子, isn't it really? As we say.
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這真是沒意義,可不是嗎?
08:12
So, these mental心理 models楷模 -- we look for evidence證據 that reinforces加強 our models楷模.
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因此,我們尋求證據來增強我們的心智模式
08:15
We do this, of course課程, with matters事項 of race種族, and politics政治, and everything else其他,
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我們用這種方式處理種族、政治、所有事
08:19
and we do it in science科學 as well. So we look, just look --
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當然也用這種方式處理科學,我們只觀看
08:21
and scientists科學家們 do it, constantly經常 -- we look for evidence證據
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是科學家在處理,我們不斷尋求證據
08:24
that reinforces加強 our models楷模, and some folks鄉親 are just all too able能夠
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來增強我們的心智模式,有些人很有辦法
08:27
and willing願意 to provide提供 the evidence證據 that reinforces加強 the models楷模.
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也樂意提供證據來增強那些模式
08:30
So, being存在 I'm in the United聯合的 States狀態, I'll have a dig at the Europeans歐洲人.
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所以我現在人在美國,就會說歐洲人的壞話
08:34
These are examples例子 of what I would say is bad practice實踐 in science科學
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這些圖片都是我認為不良的科學實作例子
08:37
teaching教學 centers中心. These pictures圖片 are from La Villette維萊特 in France法國
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類似教學中心,這些圖取自法國維葉特科博館
08:40
and the welcome歡迎 wing翅膀 of the Science科學 Museum博物館 in London倫敦.
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以及倫敦科博館的迎賓翼展示區
08:44
And, if you look at the, kind of the way these things are constructed,
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你看看這些東西建成的模樣
08:48
there's a lot of mediation調解 by glass玻璃, and it's very blue藍色, and kind of professional專業的 --
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有很多玻璃隔板,藍光色調,弄得很專業似的
08:53
in that way that, you know, Woody伍迪 Allen艾倫 comes up
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那種方式,就像是伍迪艾倫從床單裡冒出來
08:56
from under the sheets床單 in that scene現場 in "Annie安妮 Hall大廳,"
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在《安妮霍爾》戲中的那一幕
08:58
and said, "God, that's so professional專業的." And that you don't --
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他說「老天,這真是太專業了」
09:01
there's no passion in it, and it's not hands on, right,
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沒有一絲熱情,沒有實作空間
09:04
and, you know, pun雙關語 intended. Whereas good interpretation解釋 --
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這是個雙關,不過也有好的教學方法
09:07
I'll use an example from nearby附近 -- is San Francisco弗朗西斯科 Exploratorium探索博物館,
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我舉一個例子,離這裡很近,舊金山探索館
09:11
where all the things that -- the demonstrations示威, and so on,
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在那裡所有的東西,展示品之類的
09:14
are made製作 out of everyday每天 objects對象 that children孩子 can understand理解,
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都是用孩子能懂的日常用品做成的
09:17
it's very hands-on動手, and they can engage從事 with, and experiment實驗 with.
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都可以動手玩,孩子們可以專心玩好好體驗
09:20
And I know that if the graduates畢業生 at MITMIT
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我知道麻省理工畢業生
09:22
and in the Imperial帝國 College學院 in London倫敦 had had the battery電池 and the wire
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以及倫敦帝國學院畢業生
09:26
and the bit of stuff東東, and you know, been able能夠 to do it,
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手上有電池電線點亮燈泡的話
09:29
they would have learned學到了 how it actually其實 works作品,
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他們會明白其中的原理
09:32
rather than thinking思維 that they follow跟隨 circuit電路 diagrams and can't do it.
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而不是覺得他們照著電路圖來做是做不到的
09:36
So good interpretation解釋 is more about
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好的教學方法不是
09:38
things that are bodgedbodged and stuffed填充的 and of my world世界, right?
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粗製濫造、沈醉在自己世界裡對吧?
09:42
And things that -- where there isn't an extra額外 barrier屏障
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那些東西也不該被隔著
09:44
of a piece of glass玻璃 or machined加工 titanium,
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用玻璃或是鈦製品隔開
09:47
and it all looks容貌 fantastic奇妙, OK?
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看起來很炫就好,好嗎?
09:49
And the Exploratorium探索博物館 does that really, really well.
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舊金山探索館在這點做得非常好
09:52
And it's amateur業餘, but amateur業餘 in the best最好 sense,
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很不專業,但就是不專業才好
09:55
in other words, the root of the word being存在 of love and passion.
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也就是說,不專業是出自愛和熱情
10:00
So, children孩子 are not empty vessels船隻, OK?
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所以,孩童不是空瓶子
10:02
So, as "Monty蒙蒂 Python蟒蛇" would have it,
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用喜感的方式來說
10:04
this is a bit Lord Privy有利害關係的人 Seal密封 to say so,
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有點像英國掌璽大臣會說的
10:06
but this is -- children孩子 are not empty vessels船隻.
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意思是說孩童不是空無一物的瓶子
10:08
They come with their own擁有 ideas思路 and their own擁有 theories理論,
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他們生來就有自己的想法和理念
10:10
and unless除非 you work with those, then you won't慣於 be able能夠 to shift轉移 them,
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如果你沒從這方式著手,就改變不了他們
10:14
right? And I probably大概 haven't沒有 shifted your ideas思路
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對吧?我大概沒有改變大家的想法
10:16
of how the world世界 and universe宇宙 operates操作, either.
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對於世界和宇宙到底如何運作
10:19
But this applies適用, equally一樣, to matters事項 of trying to sell new technology技術.
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不過這也能運用在推銷新科技上
10:22
For example, we are, in Britain英國, we're trying to do a digital數字 switchover切換
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例如,在英國,我們試著把全部的電視
10:25
of the whole整個 population人口 into digital數字 technology技術 [for television電視].
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都換成新科技的數位電視
10:27
And it's one of the difficult things
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有個難題是
10:29
is that when people have preconceptions先入為主 of how it all works作品,
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人們對事物運作的方式一旦有了成見
10:31
it's quite相當 difficult to shift轉移 those.
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就很難去改變
10:34
So we're not empty vessels船隻; the mental心理 models楷模 that we have
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我們不是空瓶子,我們保有心智模式
10:38
as children孩子 persist堅持 into adulthood成年.
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從幼年到成年一直都存在
10:40
Poor較差的 teaching教學 actually其實 does more harm危害 than good.
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不良的教學是弊多於利
10:42
In this country國家 and in Britain英國, magnetism磁性 is understood了解 better
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在美國和英國,在磁力知識上
10:46
by children孩子 before they've他們已經 been to school學校 than afterwards之後, OK?
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孩童在就學前學得比較好
10:49
Same相同 for gravity重力, two concepts概念, so it's -- which哪一個 is quite相當 humbling震撼人心,
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重力知識也一樣,兩個不同概念,這實在可悲
10:53
as a, you know, if you're a teacher老師, and you look before and after,
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如果你是個老師,看見受教前和受教後的差別
10:56
that's quite相當 worrying令人擔憂. They do worse更差 in tests測試 afterwards之後, after the teaching教學.
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實在令人憂心,學童在受教後考得更差
11:00
And we collude串通. We design設計 tests測試,
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我們都是共犯,我們設計測驗方式
11:02
or at least最小 in Britain英國, so that people pass通過 them. Right?
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至少在英國是這樣,好讓人們能通過考試
11:05
And governments政府 do very well. They pat themselves他們自己 on the back.
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政府也幫了不少忙,他們推波助瀾
11:08
OK? We collude串通, and actually其實 if you --
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懂嗎?我們都是共犯
11:12
if someone有人 had designed設計 a test測試 for me
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如果有人替我設計測驗
11:14
when I was doing my biology生物學 exams考試,
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在我要考生物的時候
11:16
to really understand理解, to see whether是否 I'd understood了解
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讓我能真正明白,明白我是否真的懂了
11:18
more than just kind of putting starch澱粉 and iodine together一起
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不是只在澱粉中加入碘液
11:20
and seeing眼看 it go blue藍色,
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看著反應呈現藍色
11:22
and really understood了解 that plants植物 took their mass out of the air空氣,
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而且能真正明白植物是從空氣中茁壯的
11:25
then I might威力 have doneDONE better at science科學.
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我的科學可能就會學得比較好
11:30
So the most important重要 thing is to get people to articulate說出 their models楷模.
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所以,最重要的是要讓人們打通心智模式
11:35
Your homework家庭作業 is -- you know, how does an aircraft's飛行器 wing翅膀 create創建 lift電梯?
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回家作業是,飛機為何有機翼就能飛?
11:40
An obvious明顯 question, and you'll你會 have an answer回答 now in your heads.
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這問題很好懂,大家心中也有答案了
11:44
And the second第二 question to that then is,
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注意事項是
11:47
ensure確保 you've explained解釋 how it is that planes飛機 can fly upside上邊 down.
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你要確保自己能解釋為何飛機能飛上飛下
11:51
Ah ha, right. Second第二 question is, why is the sea blue藍色? All right?
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對吧,問題二,海為何是藍色的?
11:55
And you've all got an idea理念 in your head of the answer回答.
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大家心中應該都有答案了
11:59
So, why is it blue藍色 on cloudy多雲的 days? Ah, see.
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那麼,為什麼陰天時海還是藍的?看吧
12:03
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
12:06
I've always wanted to say that in this country國家.
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我一直想在美國講這句話
12:08
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
12:10
Finally最後, my plea懇求 to you is to allow允許 yourselves你自己, and your children孩子,
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最後,我希望大家能讓自己,還有孩子
12:14
and anyone任何人 you know, to kind of fiddle小提琴 with stuff東東,
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以及任何你認識的人,去攪動事物
12:17
because it's by fiddling擺弄 with things that you, you know,
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因為翻攪了事物,你知道的
12:19
you complement補充 your other learning學習. It's not a replacement替代,
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你就補足了其他方面的學習,這不是替換
12:21
it's just part部分 of learning學習 that's important重要.
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這只是一部分很重要的學習
12:24
Thank you very much.
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謝謝大家
12:25
Now -- oh, oh yeah, go on then, go on.
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那麼,噢,沒闗係,繼續吧
12:28
(Applause掌聲)
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(鼓掌)
Translated by An-Chun Cheng
Reviewed by WEN SHAN LAI

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Drori - Educator
Jonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn.

Why you should listen

Jonathan Drori has dedicated his career to media and learning. As the Head of Commissioning for BBC Online, he led the effort to create bbc.co.uk, the online face of the BBC (an effort he recalls fondly). He came to the web from the TV side of the BBC, where as an editor and producer he headed up dozens of television series on science, education and the arts.

After almost two decades at the BBC, he's now a director at Changing Media Ltd., a media and education consultancy, and is a visiting professor at University of Bristol, where he studies educational media and misperceptions in science. He continues to executive produce the occasional TV series, including 2004's award-winning "The DNA Story" and 2009's "Great Sperm Race." He is on the boards of the Royal Botanic Gardens and the Woodland Trust.

(Photo: Lloyd Davis/flickr)

More profile about the speaker
Jonathan Drori | Speaker | TED.com