TED2019
Barbara J. King: Grief and love in the animal kingdom
芭芭拉 · J. 金: 动物王国的悲痛与爱
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Readability: 3.7
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从悲伤的虎鲸到悲痛的大象，生物人类学家芭芭拉·金（Barbara J. King）在动物王国中目睹了动物的悲伤与爱。 在这个令人大开眼界的演讲中，她解释了自己相信许多动物拥有复杂情绪的证据，并提出我们所有人可以以更道德的方式去对待它们 —— 包括我们每次吃饭时选择吃什么。 “动物悲伤并不完全像我们一样，但这并不意味着它们的悲伤不真实，” 她说道， “这种感情是真实的、强烈的，如果我们选择去关注的话，就可以看到它的存在。”
Barbara J. King - Biological anthropologist, writer
As a writer on animal cognition and emotion, Barbara J. King seeks to motivate us all to be kinder to the animals we share the planet with. Full bio
As a writer on animal cognition and emotion, Barbara J. King seeks to motivate us all to be kinder to the animals we share the planet with. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'd like to tell you today
about an orca named Tahlequah.
about an orca named Tahlequah.
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今天我要讲一头虎鲸的故事，
她名叫塔勒阔，
她名叫塔勒阔，
00:17
Tahlequah is also known
as J35 to scientists,
as J35 to scientists,
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科学家们也叫它 J35，
因为她和代号为 J 的鲸群
一起生活在赛利希海域，
一起生活在赛利希海域，
00:21
because she swims with the J Pod
in the Salish Sea.
in the Salish Sea.
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这片水域毗邻
加拿大卑诗省和美国华盛顿州。
加拿大卑诗省和美国华盛顿州。
00:24
These are the waters off of
British Columbia and Washington State.
British Columbia and Washington State.
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00:28
Now, last year, in July 2018,
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去年，也就是 2018 年 7 月，
怀有 17 个月身孕的她一切正常，
00:32
she was well along
in her 17-month pregnancy,
in her 17-month pregnancy,
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科学家们都特别兴奋，
00:36
and scientists were very excited
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00:38
because no baby had survived
in this pod for three long years.
in this pod for three long years.
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因为在长达 3 年的时间里，
这个鲸群的宝宝都夭折了。
这个鲸群的宝宝都夭折了。
00:44
Now, orcas are also
known as killer whales.
known as killer whales.
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虎鲸，又被称为逆戟鲸（杀手鲸）。
虎鲸是高度社会化、高智商动物，
00:47
They're profoundly social
and profoundly intelligent beings.
and profoundly intelligent beings.
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00:52
And scientists are very interested
in their behavior,
in their behavior,
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科学家们对它们的行为很感兴趣，
因为它们在社交网中
分享习性、信息、
分享习性、信息、
00:55
because in their social networks,
they share habits, information
they share habits, information
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甚至还分享情感，
00:59
and even affection.
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01:00
They create true cultures of the ocean.
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它们创造了真正的海洋文化。
01:04
But this pod has been in trouble.
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但这个鲸群遇到了困难，
01:08
The Chinook salmon that the orcas favor
has been way down in the region,
has been way down in the region,
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该水域里虎鲸喜食的
奇努克鲑鱼数量骤减，
奇努克鲑鱼数量骤减，
01:12
and pollution has been up.
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而且水污染在持续恶化。
01:15
But on July 24th, Tahlequah
gave birth to a daughter,
gave birth to a daughter,
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而在 7 月 24 日，
塔勒阔生了个女儿，
塔勒阔生了个女儿，
科学家们对此进展兴奋不已。
01:20
and scientists were so excited
by this development.
by this development.
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01:24
But unfortunately, the same day --
in fact, shortly after birth --
in fact, shortly after birth --
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但不幸的是，就在同一天——
其实，就在出生后不久，
其实，就在出生后不久，
01:28
the calf died.
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虎鲸宝宝就夭折了。
01:31
Well, what happened next
electrified animal lovers
electrified animal lovers
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然而，接下来发生的一幕
震惊了全世界的动物爱好者，
01:34
across the world,
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因为塔勒阔拒绝
让宝宝尸体沉入水底。
让宝宝尸体沉入水底。
01:35
because Tahlequah refused
to let her baby slip off into the water.
to let her baby slip off into the water.
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她背上驮着尸体一起游泳，
01:40
She kept it on her body
and she swam with it.
and she swam with it.
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01:43
If it did fall off,
she would dive and rescue it,
she would dive and rescue it,
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如果尸体滑落，
她会潜水再把尸体救起，
她会潜水再把尸体救起，
全然不顾激流的危险。
01:47
and she battled stiff currents to do this.
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01:51
Now, she kept this behavior up
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她驮着宝宝的尸体
01:53
for 17 days,
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游了整整 17 天，
一共游了 1000 多英里，
01:56
and during this time,
she swam over 1,000 miles.
she swam over 1,000 miles.
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02:00
At that point, she let the little baby
slip off into the water.
slip off into the water.
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那时，她才让小宝宝
从她背上滑落、坠入水里。
从她背上滑落、坠入水里。
02:04
So today, Tahlequah
swims on with the J Pod,
swims on with the J Pod,
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今天，塔勒阔
依然跟随着 J 鲸群，
依然跟随着 J 鲸群，
但她的悲痛依然感动着我。
02:09
but her grief still moves me.
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我深信用“悲痛”这个词不为过，
02:12
And I do believe that "grief"
is the right word to use.
is the right word to use.
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02:16
I believe that grief
is the right word to use
is the right word to use
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我用“悲痛”这个词，
02:18
for numerous animals who mourn the dead.
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是因为无数动物
会哀悼死去的同类，
会哀悼死去的同类，
死者可能是它们的朋友、
伙伴或亲戚。
伙伴或亲戚。
02:21
They may be friends or mates or relatives.
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02:25
Because these visible cues,
these behavioral cues,
these behavioral cues,
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因为这些可见的行为线索
告诉我们动物情感状态的信息。
02:28
tell us something about
an animal's emotional state.
an animal's emotional state.
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02:32
Now, for the last seven years,
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在过去的 7 年里，
我一直在记录动物悲痛的例子——
02:34
I've been working to document
examples of animal grief --
examples of animal grief --
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有鸟儿的、哺乳动物的，
02:37
in birds, in mammals,
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家养动物的和野生动物的——
02:39
in domesticated animals
and in wild animals --
and in wild animals --
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我相信动物的
悲痛情感真实存在。
悲痛情感真实存在。
02:42
and I believe in the reality
of animal grief.
of animal grief.
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02:46
Now, I say it this way
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我这样说，
是因为我必须事先说明
02:48
because I need to acknowledge
to you right up front
to you right up front
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并非所有科学家都同意我的观点。
02:50
that not all scientists agree with me.
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02:53
And part of the reason, I think,
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我觉得，部分原因
02:55
is because of what I call the "a-word."
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是因为我所说的“A-单词”。
02:58
The a-word is anthropomorphism,
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这个单词就是“拟人化“，
03:00
and historically,
it's been a big deterrent
it's been a big deterrent
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它一直被用来
03:02
to recognizing animal emotions.
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区分动物情感。
03:05
So, anthropomorphism is when
we project onto other animals
we project onto other animals
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当把我们的能力和感情
03:09
our capacities or our emotions.
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想象到动物身上时，就是拟人化。
03:12
And we can all probably
think of examples of this.
think of examples of this.
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而且，我们都可能想出这样的例子。
03:16
Let's say we have a friend who tells us,
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假设一位朋友告诉我们说，
03:18
"My cat understands everything I say."
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“我的猫咪明白我说的所有事情。”
03:22
Or, "My dog, he's so sweet.
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或，“我的狗太可爱了，
03:25
he ran right across the yard this morning
towards a squirrel,
towards a squirrel,
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今天早上他穿过院子追松鼠，
我知道他只想玩而已。”
03:28
and I know he just wants to play."
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03:30
Well, maybe.
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好吧，也许吧；
03:32
Or maybe not.
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或者，也许不是。
03:33
I'm skeptical about claims like those.
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我对类似那样的说法表示怀疑。
03:37
But animal grief is different,
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但动物的悲痛与此不同，
03:39
because we're not trying
to read an animal's mind.
to read an animal's mind.
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因为，我们不是试图解读动物的想法，
03:42
We're looking at visible cues of behavior
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我们在观察可见的行为线索，
03:44
and trying to interpret them
with some meaning.
with some meaning.
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并尝试用某种意义来解释它们。
03:47
Now, it's true -- scientists
often push back at me,
often push back at me,
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这是真的 ——
科学家经常反驳我，
科学家经常反驳我，
他们会说，
03:50
and they'll say,
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“啊，看呐，这动物可能压力大，
03:51
"Ah, look, the animal might be stressed,
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03:53
or maybe the animal's just confused
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抑或，这动物很困惑，
因为它的日常生活被打乱了。”
03:55
because his or her routine
has been disrupted."
has been disrupted."
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03:58
But I think that this overworry
about anthropomorphism
about anthropomorphism
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但我认为，这种
关于拟人化的过度担忧
关于拟人化的过度担忧
04:03
misses a fundamental point.
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忽略了一个基本点，
04:05
And that is that animals
can care very deeply for each other,
can care very deeply for each other,
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就是动物们会深深关爱彼此，
甚至爱上彼此。
04:09
maybe they even love each other.
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当他们爱彼此时，
04:11
And when they do,
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一方的去世会伤透生者的心。
04:12
a survivor's heart
can be pierced by a death.
can be pierced by a death.
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04:17
Let's face it:
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我们看一看：
04:18
if we deny evolutionary continuity,
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如果我们否认进化的连续性，
04:21
we are really missing out
on embracing part of ourselves.
on embracing part of ourselves.
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我们真会错过拥抱自己的一部分。
04:25
So yes, I believe in the reality
of animal grief,
of animal grief,
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所以是的，我相信动物悲伤的现实，
04:28
and I also think that if we recognize it,
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我也认为如果我们认识到它，
04:30
we can make the world
a better place for animals,
a better place for animals,
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就能让这个世界
成为更适合动物的地方，
成为更适合动物的地方，
一个对动物更友善的地方。
04:33
a kinder place for animals.
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04:36
So let me tell you a little bit more
about animal grief.
about animal grief.
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容我多告诉你一些
关于动物悲伤的事情，
关于动物悲伤的事情，
04:40
I'm going to start in Kenya.
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就从肯尼亚开始吧。
04:43
You see here there's
an elephant named Eleanor
an elephant named Eleanor
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你看到这里有一头
名叫埃莉诺的大象，
名叫埃莉诺的大象，
一天她来的时候，腿上伤痕累累，
04:45
who came one day with bruised legs,
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最终倒地不起。
04:48
and she collapsed.
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你看到在她左边，
04:50
You see on the left
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04:52
that another female named Grace
came to her right away
came to her right away
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另一头名叫格蕾丝的母象
立刻来到她身旁，
立刻来到她身旁，
并用自己的鼻子扶起她，
04:55
and, using her own trunk, propped her up,
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试图让她站立起来。
04:58
tried to get her up on her feet.
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她真帮埃莉诺站起来了，
05:00
And she did succeed,
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但接着她又倒地不起。
05:01
but then Eleanor collapsed again.
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05:04
At this point, Grace became
visibly distressed,
visibly distressed,
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此时，格蕾丝明显很忧虑，
她捅了捅埃莉诺的身体，
并发出悲鸣。
并发出悲鸣。
05:07
and she prodded the body,
and she vocalized.
and she vocalized.
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05:11
Eleanor collapsed again,
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然而，埃莉诺又倒下了，
05:13
and unfortunately, she did die.
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不幸的是，她最终还是死了。
05:16
What you see on the right is a female
from another family named Maui,
from another family named Maui,
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右边的大象是叫毛伊的母象，
她来自另一个大象家庭，
她来自另一个大象家庭，
埃莉诺死后，她来到了这里，
并待在尸体旁边。
并待在尸体旁边。
05:20
who came after the death,
and she stayed at the body.
and she stayed at the body.
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她在那里替埃莉诺守夜，
她甚至在尸体周围
她甚至在尸体周围
05:23
She held a vigil there,
and she even rocked in distress
and she even rocked in distress
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05:27
over the body.
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悲伤地晃身顿足。
05:28
So the scientists watching the elephants
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所以观察大象的科学家们
对埃莉诺的尸体
05:31
kept close observation on Eleanor's body
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05:34
for seven days.
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密切监视了七天。
在那七天的时间里，
05:36
And during those seven days,
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来自五个不同家庭的大象
05:37
a parade of elephants came
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结队来到了这里。
05:39
from five different families.
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05:42
Now, some were just curious,
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有些大象只是感到好奇，
但其它大象的行为
05:44
but others carried out behaviors
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05:45
that I really believe
should be classified as grief.
should be classified as grief.
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让我真相信应被归类为悲伤。
05:50
So what does grief look like?
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那么悲伤是怎样表现的呢？
05:52
It can be rocking, as I said, in distress.
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像我说的，可能是
悲痛地剧烈晃动身体，
悲痛地剧烈晃动身体，
也可能表现为不合群，
05:55
It can also be social withdrawal,
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即一只动物离开朋友们
05:57
when an animal just takes
himself or herself away from friends
himself or herself away from friends
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并独自生活，
06:01
and stays by themselves,
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或不能正常进食或睡眠，
06:04
or a failure to eat or sleep properly,
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06:07
sometimes a depressed posture
or vocalization.
or vocalization.
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有时做出沮丧的姿势或悲鸣。
06:11
It can be very helpful
for those of us studying this
for those of us studying this
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对于我们这些研究动物情感的人来说，
能够比较死前和之后幸存者的行为
06:14
to be able to compare the behavior
of a survivor before death
of a survivor before death
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是非常有帮助的，
06:18
and after death,
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06:19
because that increases the rigor
of our interpretation.
of our interpretation.
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因为这增加了我们解释的严谨性。
06:23
And I can explain this to you
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通过谈论两只鸭子哈珀和科尔，
06:25
by talking about two ducks
named Harper and Kohl.
named Harper and Kohl.
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我可以向你解释这一点，
06:30
So we're into birds now.
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所以我们现在要讨论鸟类了。
06:32
So Harper and Kohl were raised
at a foie gras factory,
at a foie gras factory,
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哈珀和科尔在一家鹅肝厂养大，
它们在那里受到残酷对待。
06:35
and they were treated cruelly.
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鹅肝确实涉及强制喂养鸟类，
06:37
Foie gras does involve
force-feeding of birds.
force-feeding of birds.
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06:40
So this hurt their bodies, and their
spirits were not in good shape, either.
spirits were not in good shape, either.
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强制喂养不但伤害它们的身体，
它们的精神状态也很糟糕。
它们的精神状态也很糟糕。
06:44
But thankfully, they were rescued
by a farm sanctuary in upstate New York.
by a farm sanctuary in upstate New York.
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但幸运的是，纽约州北部的
一个农场庇护救了它俩，
一个农场庇护救了它俩，
四年来，他们安居于此，
并成为密友，
并成为密友，
06:49
And for four years, they stabilized,
and they were fast friends.
and they were fast friends.
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06:53
They often took themselves
to a small pond on the property.
to a small pond on the property.
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经常一起去农场的一个小池塘。
06:57
Then, Kohl started to have
really intractable pain in his legs,
really intractable pain in his legs,
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后来，科尔开始腿疼的厉害，
但无药可救，
但无药可救，
07:01
and it was clear to the sanctuary
that he had to be euthanized humanely,
that he had to be euthanized humanely,
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庇护所必须实施安乐死
以减少他的痛苦，
以减少他的痛苦，
最终，他被安乐死了。
07:05
and he was.
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接下来，庇护所工作人员
做了一件很棒的事情，
做了一件很棒的事情，
07:07
But then the sanctuary workers
did a brilliant thing,
did a brilliant thing,
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他们把哈珀带到科尔身旁，
看他的反应。
看他的反应。
07:09
because they brought Harper
to the body to see.
to the body to see.
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07:14
And at first, Harper prodded
the body of his friend,
the body of his friend,
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起初，哈珀戳了戳朋友的身体，
然后就趴在朋友的尸体上面，
07:17
but then he laid himself over it,
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07:20
and he stayed there
for over an hour with his friend.
for over an hour with his friend.
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陪着他的朋友
在那里待了一个多小时。
在那里待了一个多小时。
07:23
And in the weeks after,
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随后的几个星期里，
哈珀过得很艰难，
07:26
he had a hard time.
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他会回到以前
与科尔同去的小池塘，
与科尔同去的小池塘，
07:28
He would go back to that same pond
where he had been with Kohl,
where he had been with Kohl,
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并拒绝与其它朋友们在一起。
07:31
and he didn't want any other friends.
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07:34
And within two months, he died as well.
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不出 2 个月，哈珀也死了。
07:38
Now, I'm happy to say
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现在，我很高兴地说，
07:39
that not all grieving animals
have this sorrowful outcome.
have this sorrowful outcome.
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并非所有悲伤的动物
都有这种伤心的表现。
都有这种伤心的表现。
去年夏天，我飞往波士顿
看望已成年的女儿莎拉，
看望已成年的女儿莎拉，
07:43
Last summer, I flew to Boston
to visit my adult daughter, Sarah.
to visit my adult daughter, Sarah.
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07:48
I was with my husband Charlie.
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是和我先生查理同去的，
我确实需要休息一下。
07:49
I really needed a break from work.
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07:53
But I succumbed,
and I checked my work email.
and I checked my work email.
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但我还是忍不住
查看了工作邮件，
查看了工作邮件，
你了解那种放不下工作的情况。
07:57
You know how that is.
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07:58
And there was a communication
about a dejected donkey.
about a dejected donkey.
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邮箱里有封关于一头
沮丧驴子的通讯，
沮丧驴子的通讯，
08:03
Now, as an anthropologist,
this wasn't what I expected,
this wasn't what I expected,
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作为一名人类学家，
按理说这不是我所期望的，
按理说这不是我所期望的，
但它就在邮箱里，
我很高兴自己读了它。
我很高兴自己读了它。
08:05
but there it was, and I'm glad I read it.
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一头叫莉娜的驴子
08:07
Because a donkey named Lena
had gone to another farm sanctuary,
had gone to another farm sanctuary,
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来到了位于加拿大
阿尔伯塔的另一个农场庇护所，
阿尔伯塔的另一个农场庇护所，
08:12
this one in Alberta, Canada,
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作为那里唯一的驴子，
08:14
as the only donkey there,
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08:17
and had trouble making friends
for that reason.
for that reason.
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莉娜很难交到朋友。
但最终她和
叫扎克的老马成了朋友，
叫扎克的老马成了朋友，
08:19
But she eventually did make friends
with an older horse named Jake,
with an older horse named Jake,
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三年来，他俩形影不离。
08:23
and for three years they were inseparable.
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这封邮件是因为
已32岁高龄的扎克
已32岁高龄的扎克
08:26
But the reason the email came
was that Jake, at age 32, the horse,
was that Jake, at age 32, the horse,
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病得很重，必须要杀死他
以减轻他的痛苦，
以减轻他的痛苦，
08:30
had become gravely ill
and had to be put down,
and had to be put down,
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08:33
and this is what was going on.
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接下来就是所发生的一切。
图中的莉娜站在扎克的墓上，
08:36
This is Lena standing on Jake's grave.
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她不想晚上来，
不想为了吃东西而来，
不想为了吃东西而来，
08:39
She didn't want to come in at night.
She didn't want to come in for food.
She didn't want to come in for food.
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也不想为了喝水而来，
08:42
She didn't want to come in for water.
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她用爪子刨着墓地、悲鸣不已，
08:44
She pawed at the grave,
she brayed in distress,
she brayed in distress,
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她就站在那里。
08:47
and there she stood.
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08:50
So we talked and we brainstormed.
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因此，我们一起讨论、头脑风暴，
对这样的动物，我们该怎么办？
08:52
What do you do for an animal like this?
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我们谈到了时间的作用、
08:55
And we talked about the role of time,
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人们对她的额外关爱和善意，
08:57
of extra love and kindness from people
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09:00
and of urging her to make a new friend.
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以及敦促她结交新朋友。
自此，她的驴生与
鸭子哈珀的生活不同，
鸭子哈珀的生活不同，
09:03
And here's where her trajectory does
diverge from that of Harper the duck,
diverge from that of Harper the duck,
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因为她真的结交了新朋友，
09:07
because she did make a new friend,
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庇护所工作人员回信说，
新友情帮她改善了很多。
新友情帮她改善了很多。
09:09
and sanctuary workers wrote back
and said it worked out well.
and said it worked out well.
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09:14
Now sometimes, scientists
supplement observation
supplement observation
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有些情况下，
科学家们用荷尔蒙激素分析
科学家们用荷尔蒙激素分析
来补充观察结果。
09:17
with hormonal analysis.
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09:19
There's an example of a group
of scientists in Botswana,
of scientists in Botswana,
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这个例子是博茨瓦纳一组科学家的，
他们提取狒狒粪便，
用来比较两个不同群体。
用来比较两个不同群体。
09:22
who took fecal material from baboons
and compared two different groups.
and compared two different groups.
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第一组是雌性狒狒，
她们目睹了捕食者的袭击，
她们目睹了捕食者的袭击，
09:27
The first group were females
who had witnessed a predator attack
who had witnessed a predator attack
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并在袭击中失去了一位成员，
09:31
and lost someone in that attack,
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第二组也是雌性狒狒，
09:34
and the second group were females
who had witnessed an attack
who had witnessed an attack
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她们虽目睹袭击，但无成员伤亡。
09:36
but had not lost someone.
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09:38
And the stress hormones
were way up in that first group.
were way up in that first group.
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第一组的压力荷尔蒙高出很多。
09:41
But here's the thing:
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但事情是这样的：
09:43
the scientists didn't just
call them "stressed baboons,"
call them "stressed baboons,"
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科学家们并未
简单称她们“紧张的狒狒”，
简单称她们“紧张的狒狒”，
而是称她们为“丧亲的狒狒”，
09:45
they called them "bereaved baboons,"
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部分原因是，他们
所做的观察导致了这样的称呼。
所做的观察导致了这样的称呼。
09:48
and in part, that's because
of the observations that they made.
of the observations that they made.
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09:52
For example, this mother-daughter
pair were very close,
pair were very close,
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例如，这位妈妈和女儿很亲密，
之后，女儿被狮子杀害。
09:55
and then the daughter
was killed by a lion.
was killed by a lion.
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09:58
The mother removed herself
from all her friends,
from all her friends,
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这位妈妈离开所有的朋友，
离开互梳毛发的圈子，
离群索居了几周的时间——
离群索居了几周的时间——
10:00
from her grooming networks,
and just stayed by herself for weeks --
and just stayed by herself for weeks --
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10:05
bereavement --
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丧亲之痛——
之后她才慢慢恢复过来。
10:06
and she then slowly recovered.
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10:11
So we have bereaved baboons.
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所以，怀有丧亲之痛的
狒狒的确存在。
狒狒的确存在。
10:13
Will science tell us someday
about bereaved bees?
about bereaved bees?
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将来，科学会告诉我们
也有丧亲之痛的蜜蜂吗？
也有丧亲之痛的蜜蜂吗？
将来我们会听说青蛙也忧伤吗？
10:17
Will we hear about frogs who mourn?
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10:21
I don't think so, and I think the reason
is because animals really need
is because animals really need
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我不那么认为，
因为动物们真正需要一对一、
亲密无间的关系才会那样，
亲密无间的关系才会那样，
10:25
one-to-one, close relationships
for that to happen.
for that to happen.
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10:28
I also know that circumstance matters,
and personality matters.
and personality matters.
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我也知道这与环境有关、
与性格有关。
与性格有关。
我记录了悲伤的猫和狗，
10:33
I have documented
cats and dogs who grieve,
cats and dogs who grieve,
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它们是我们的伴侣动物。
10:36
our companion animals,
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但我也和一位女士交流过，
10:38
but I also interacted with a woman
who was extremely bothered
who was extremely bothered
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因为她的狗没有悲伤让她很闹心。
10:40
because her dog wasn't grieving.
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10:43
She said to me, "The first dog
in the house has died.
in the house has died.
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她告诉我，“家里的第一条狗死了，
第二条狗看起来根本不在乎，
10:47
The second animal does not
seem concerned, the second dog.
seem concerned, the second dog.
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他是不是有毛病？”
10:50
What is wrong with him?"
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(笑声)
10:51
(Laughter)
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10:53
And as I listened to her,
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当我听她讲述时，
10:55
I realized that this dog was now
the only animal in the household,
the only animal in the household,
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就意识到，这条狗
现在是家里唯一的动物，
现在是家里唯一的动物，
在他看来，他现在独享恩宠，
这个结果不错哦。
这个结果不错哦。
10:59
and as far as he was concerned,
that was a pretty good deal.
that was a pretty good deal.
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11:03
So circumstances matter.
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因此，环境因素很重要。
11:06
Now, in any case, animals
are not going to grieve
are not going to grieve
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无论如何，
动物悲伤不会完全像我们一样，
11:09
exactly like we do.
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我们有人类的创造力。
11:11
We have human creativity.
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11:13
We paint our grief, dance our grief,
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3653
我们会把悲伤画出来、
通过舞蹈表现出来、
通过舞蹈表现出来、
把悲伤写出来。
11:16
write our grief.
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11:18
We also can grieve for people
we've never met,
we've never met,
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我们也会为未曾谋面的人悲伤，
11:21
across space and time.
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穿越时空限制。
当我去柏林、站在
大屠杀纪念馆前时，
大屠杀纪念馆前时，
11:23
I felt this strongly when I went to Berlin
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11:26
and I stood at the Holocaust Memorial.
224
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就深深感受到这一点。
11:29
Animals don't grieve exactly like we do,
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动物们悲伤不会完全像我们一样，
11:31
but this doesn't mean
that their grief isn't real.
that their grief isn't real.
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但这不代表他们的悲伤不真实。
11:34
It is real, and it's searing,
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它们的悲伤是真切的、强烈的，
11:37
and we can see it if we choose.
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如果我们选择去看，
就能看到它们的悲伤。
就能看到它们的悲伤。
11:41
Now, I've lost both my parents.
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如今，我双亲尽失，
我还失去了一位年纪轻轻
就死于艾滋病的好友，
就死于艾滋病的好友，
11:43
I lost a very dear friend
at a young age from AIDS.
at a young age from AIDS.
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11:48
I believe most likely most of you
here have lost someone.
here have lost someone.
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相信可能在座各位都失去过亲人。
当发现我们不是地球上
唯一感知爱和悲伤的生命时，
唯一感知爱和悲伤的生命时，
11:52
And I have found it a genuine comfort,
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11:56
a solace, to know that we aren't
the only beings on this earth
the only beings on this earth
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我感到这是一种真正的安慰，
我感到一种慰藉。
12:00
who feel love and grief.
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12:04
And I think this is important.
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我认为这一点很重要，
12:06
I also think we can take
this a step further,
this a step further,
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也认为我们可以更进一步，
我们就能认识到，
12:08
and we can realize
that the reality of animal grief
that the reality of animal grief
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认清动物的悲伤可以帮我们
变得更好、为动物做得更好，
变得更好、为动物做得更好，
12:11
can help us be better
and do better for animals.
and do better for animals.
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3873
这一点已经帮到塔勒阔了，
12:15
This is already happening with Tahlequah,
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2503
因为美国和加拿大
已经加急重启讨论，
已经加急重启讨论，
12:17
because the United States and Canada have
renewed their talks with greater urgency
renewed their talks with greater urgency
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12:22
for how to help the orcas,
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讨论如何帮助虎鲸、
如何恢复奇努克鲑鱼、
12:24
how to restore the Chinook salmon
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12:26
and how to help with the water pollution.
243
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以及如何解决水污染问题。
12:29
We can also see that if grief is real,
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如果悲伤是真实的，
那么我们也能认识到
那么我们也能认识到
动物能感受各种事情的概念
12:31
there's tremendous
plausibility to the notion
plausibility to the notion
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12:34
that animals feel a whole range of things.
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是极其合理的。
12:37
So we could look at joy,
sadness, even hope.
sadness, even hope.
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所以，我们可以看到
快乐、悲伤，甚至希望。
快乐、悲伤，甚至希望。
12:42
And if we do that,
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如果我们看到这些情绪，
那么，下面是我们如何
开始思考这个世界。
开始思考这个世界。
12:44
here's how we can start
to think about the world.
to think about the world.
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2287
12:46
We can look at orcas and say,
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754559
2379
我们能看着虎鲸们说，
我们知道他们悲伤、
我们了解它们感知到自己的生命，
我们了解它们感知到自己的生命，
12:48
we know they grieve,
we know they feel their lives,
we know they feel their lives,
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我们就能拒绝把它们囚禁
在主题公园的小池子里、
在主题公园的小池子里、
12:51
and we can refuse to confine them
to small tanks in theme parks
to small tanks in theme parks
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5417
并让它们表演供我们欣赏。
12:57
and make them perform
for our entertainment.
for our entertainment.
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（掌声）
13:00
(Applause)
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谢谢！
13:02
Thank you.
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770519
2290
我们能看着大象们说，
是的，它们很悲伤，
是的，它们很悲伤，
13:04
We can look at elephants
and say, yes, they grieve,
and say, yes, they grieve,
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3051
我们可以继续努力反对国际范围的
13:07
and we can renew our efforts
against international trophy hunting
against international trophy hunting
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3744
13:11
and against poaching.
258
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1539
战利品狩猎活动和偷猎。
（掌声）
13:13
(Applause)
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2038
谢谢！
13:15
Thank you.
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并且能看着我们最近的
动物近亲，猴子和猩猩，
动物近亲，猴子和猩猩，
13:16
And we can look at our closest
living relatives, monkeys and apes,
living relatives, monkeys and apes,
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知道他们很悲伤、能
感受到自己的生命，
感受到自己的生命，
13:20
and know yes they grieve,
they feel their lives,
they feel their lives,
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所以，它们不该
13:23
so they don't deserve to be confined
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年复一年地被用于高度侵入性的
13:25
in highly invasive biomedical experiments
264
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13:29
year after year.
265
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生物医学实验中。
13:31
And, you know --
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而且，你要知道——
13:32
(Applause)
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（掌声）
鸭子哈珀和科尔
也告诉了我们一些事情，
也告诉了我们一些事情，
13:33
the ducks Harper and Kohl,
they tell us something too.
they tell us something too.
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它们帮助我们把信息
拼凑起来，并意识到
拼凑起来，并意识到
13:37
They help us connect the dots
and realize that what we eat
and realize that what we eat
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我们吃的东西会影响
动物的生活方式。
动物的生活方式。
13:41
affects how animals live.
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2242
这不仅仅关乎鹅肝、
不仅仅是鸭肉，
不仅仅是鸭肉，
13:43
And it's not just foie gras,
and it's not just ducks.
and it's not just ducks.
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想想动物养殖场的
猪、鸡和奶牛，
猪、鸡和奶牛，
13:46
We can think about pigs and chickens
and cows in factory farms,
and cows in factory farms,
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就知道我们影响了它们。
13:52
and we can know.
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13:53
I can tell you the science is real
that these animals feel, too.
that these animals feel, too.
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我可以告诉大家，关于
这些动物有感觉的科学是真的。
这些动物有感觉的科学是真的。
13:57
So every single time
we choose a plant-based meal,
we choose a plant-based meal,
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因此，每次我们选择吃素食时，
14:01
we are contributing
to reducing animal suffering.
to reducing animal suffering.
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就是为减少动物痛苦
尽了一份力。
尽了一份力。
14:06
(Applause)
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（掌声）
是的，我相信动物悲伤是真实的，
14:09
So yes, I believe in the reality
of animal grief.
of animal grief.
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我相信动物相爱也是真实的，
14:13
I believe in the reality of animal love,
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我认为我们人类应该认识到，
14:16
and I think it is time for us humans
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悲伤与爱不是我们独有的东西。
14:18
to recognize that
we don't own these things.
we don't own these things.
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14:21
And when we see that,
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当我们看到悲伤与爱时，
14:23
we have an opportunity to make the world
so much better for animals,
so much better for animals,
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我们就有机会让动物世界变得更好，
对动物更友善、更温和的世界，
14:27
a kinder world, a gentler world,
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在此过程中，我们
可能也拯救了自己。
可能也拯救了自己。
14:29
and along the way, we might
just save ourselves, too.
just save ourselves, too.
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非常感谢！
14:34
Thank you so much.
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14:35
(Applause)
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（掌声）
谢谢！谢谢！
14:37
Thank you. Thank you.
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（掌声）
14:39
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Barbara J. King - Biological anthropologist, writerAs a writer on animal cognition and emotion, Barbara J. King seeks to motivate us all to be kinder to the animals we share the planet with.
Why you should listen
Barbara J. King writes and speaks about the thinking and feeling abilities of animals ranging from our closest living relatives, monkeys and apes, to orcas and octopuses. In her own words: "After 28 years of teaching anthropology at the College of William and Mary, I’m now a full-time freelance science writer and speaker. My husband and I care for homeless cats and spend all the time we can in nature. For work, I’ve observed baboons in Kenya, and gorillas and bonobos in captivity, and for pleasure bison in Yellowstone. I focus on how the science of animal cognition and emotion might help animals.
"My books take up topics ranging from animal grief to who (not what) we eat and how religion evolved, tied together by my focus on animals. I wrote weekly for six years for NPR about science, and my work has appeared in Scientific American, Aeon and Undark magazines. I love giving public science talks and I am active daily on Twitter @bjkingape."
King is the author of How Animals Grieve, Personalities on the Plate and Evolving God.
Barbara J. King | Speaker | TED.com