ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Barbara J. King - Biological anthropologist, writer
As a writer on animal cognition and emotion, Barbara J. King seeks to motivate us all to be kinder to the animals we share the planet with.

Why you should listen

Barbara J. King writes and speaks about the thinking and feeling abilities of animals ranging from our closest living relatives, monkeys and apes, to orcas and octopuses. In her own words: "After 28 years of teaching anthropology at the College of William and Mary, I’m now a full-time freelance science writer and speaker. My husband and I care for homeless cats and spend all the time we can in nature. For work, I’ve observed baboons in Kenya, and gorillas and bonobos in captivity, and for pleasure bison in Yellowstone. I focus on how the science of animal cognition and emotion might help animals.

"My books take up topics ranging from animal grief to who (not what) we eat and how religion evolved, tied together by my focus on animals. I wrote weekly for six years for NPR about science, and my work has appeared in Scientific American, Aeon and Undark magazines. I love giving public science talks and I am active daily on Twitter @bjkingape."

King is the author of How Animals GrievePersonalities on the Plate and Evolving God

More profile about the speaker
Barbara J. King | Speaker | TED.com
TED2019

Barbara J. King: Grief and love in the animal kingdom

芭芭拉 J. 金恩: 動物王國中的悲慟與愛

Filmed:
1,825,903 views

從會哀悼的虎鯨到有壓力的大象,生物人類學家芭芭拉 J. 金恩目擊了動物王國中的悲慟與愛。在這場大開眼界的演說中,她提出證據來證明她所相信的事實:許多動物能體驗到複雜的情緒。她並提出一些方式,希望我們能更有倫理地對待動物,包括我們的每一餐。她說:「動物不會跟我們用一模一樣的方式悲慟。但這並不表示牠們的悲慟不是真的 。……是真的,且牠們心痛如絞,只要我們願意,我們就能看見。」
- Biological anthropologist, writer
As a writer on animal cognition and emotion, Barbara J. King seeks to motivate us all to be kinder to the animals we share the planet with. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
I'd like to tell you today今天
about an orcaORCA named命名 TahlequahTahlequah.
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今天,我要跟各位談
一隻虎鲸,叫做塔勒闊。
00:17
TahlequahTahlequah is also known已知
as J35 to scientists科學家們,
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塔勒闊也就是科學家所知的 J35,
00:21
because she swims游泳 with the J Pod
in the Salish薩利什 Sea.
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牠和 J 集群在薩利希海中
游在一起,因而得到這個代號。
00:24
These are the waters水域 off of
British英國的 Columbia哥倫比亞 and Washington華盛頓 State.
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這些是英屬哥倫比亞省
和華盛頓州外的水域。
00:28
Now, last year, in July七月 2018,
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去年,2018 年七月,
00:32
she was well along沿
in her 17-month-月 pregnancy懷孕,
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牠帶著十七個月的身孕,
00:36
and scientists科學家們 were very excited興奮
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科學家很興奮,
00:38
because no baby寶寶 had survived倖存
in this pod for three long years年份.
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因為三年來這個集群
都沒有寶寶能存活下來。
00:44
Now, orcas逆戟鯨 are also
known已知 as killer兇手 whales鯨魚.
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虎鯨也就是大家所知的殺人鯨。
00:47
They're profoundly深深 social社會
and profoundly深深 intelligent智能 beings眾生.
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牠們是非常社會化
且非常聰明的生物。
00:52
And scientists科學家們 are very interested有興趣
in their behavior行為,
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科學家對牠們的行為很感興趣,
因為在牠們的社交網路中,
00:55
because in their social社會 networks網絡,
they share分享 habits習慣, information信息
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牠們有共同的習慣、
分享資訊,並互有感情。
00:59
and even affection感情.
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牠們創造出真正的海洋文化。
01:00
They create創建 true真正 cultures文化 of the ocean海洋.
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01:04
But this pod has been in trouble麻煩.
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但,這集群一直都陷在麻煩中。
01:08
The Chinook奇努克 salmon三文魚 that the orcas逆戟鯨 favor偏愛
has been way down in the region地區,
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在這個區域中,虎鯨
喜愛的帝王鮭大量減少,
01:12
and pollution污染 has been up.
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且污染越來越嚴重。
01:15
But on July七月 24th, TahlequahTahlequah
gave birth分娩 to a daughter女兒,
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但,七月二十四日,
塔勒闊產下了一個女兒,
01:20
and scientists科學家們 were so excited興奮
by this development發展.
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這項進展讓科學家好興奮。
01:24
But unfortunately不幸, the same相同 day --
in fact事實, shortly不久 after birth分娩 --
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但,不幸的是,同一天——
事實上,是才出生後不久——
幼鯨就死了。
01:28
the calf小牛 died死亡.
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01:31
Well, what happened發生 next下一個
electrified帶電 animal動物 lovers情侶
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接下來發生的事,
震驚了全世界熱愛動物的人士,
01:34
across橫過 the world世界,
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01:35
because TahlequahTahlequah refused拒絕
to let her baby寶寶 slip off into the water.
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因為塔勒闊拒絕
讓牠的寶寶滑落水中。
01:40
She kept不停 it on her body身體
and she swam with it.
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牠游泳時都一直帶著寶寶。
01:43
If it did fall秋季 off,
she would dive潛水 and rescue拯救 it,
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如果寶寶掉下去了,
牠就會潛下去將寶寶救回來,
01:47
and she battled作戰 stiff僵硬 currents電流 to do this.
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要做到這一點,
牠還得對抗強大的水流。
01:51
Now, she kept不停 this behavior行為 up
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她持續這個行為
01:53
for 17 days,
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長達十七天,
01:56
and during this time,
she swam over 1,000 miles英里.
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在這段期間,
她游了超過一千英里。
02:00
At that point, she let the little baby寶寶
slip off into the water.
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那時,牠疲憊到只好放手
讓寶寶滑落水中。
02:04
So today今天, TahlequahTahlequah
swims游泳 on with the J Pod,
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現今,塔勒闊繼續
和 J 集群游在一起,
02:09
but her grief哀思 still moves移動 me.
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但她的悲慟感動了我。
02:12
And I do believe that "grief哀思"
is the right word to use.
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我相信「悲慟」是正確的用詞。
02:16
I believe that grief哀思
is the right word to use
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我相信,對於許多種
會哀悼死亡的動物,
02:18
for numerous眾多 animals動物 who mourn the dead.
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悲慟都是正確的用詞。
02:21
They may可能 be friends朋友 or mates隊友 or relatives親戚們.
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牠們可能是朋友、
另一半,或親戚。
02:25
Because these visible可見 cues線索,
these behavioral行為的 cues線索,
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因為這些看得到的線索和行為線索
02:28
tell us something about
an animal's動物 emotional情緒化 state.
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會告訴我們動物
情緒狀態的相關資訊。
02:32
Now, for the last seven years年份,
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在過去七年間,
02:34
I've been working加工 to document文件
examples例子 of animal動物 grief哀思 --
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我一直努力在記錄
動物悲慟的例子——
02:37
in birds鳥類, in mammals哺乳動物,
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包括鳥類、哺乳類動物、
02:39
in domesticated animals動物
and in wild野生 animals動物 --
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被馴養的動物,以及野生動物——
02:42
and I believe in the reality現實
of animal動物 grief哀思.
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我相信動物會悲慟是真的。
02:46
Now, I say it this way
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我用這種方式來說,
02:48
because I need to acknowledge確認
to you right up front面前
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是因為我得要在事前
先向大家承認,
02:50
that not all scientists科學家們 agree同意 with me.
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並非所有的科學家都認同我。
02:53
And part部分 of the reason原因, I think,
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我認為,有部分是因為我所謂的
「A 開頭的字」。
02:55
is because of what I call the "a-word一個字."
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02:58
The a-word一個字 is anthropomorphism擬人化,
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這個字就是「擬人論」,
在歷史上,一直都有人在強力阻撓
我們認可動物是有情緒的。
03:00
and historically歷史,
it's been a big deterrent威懾
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03:02
to recognizing認識 animal動物 emotions情緒.
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03:05
So, anthropomorphism擬人化 is when
we project項目 onto other animals動物
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所以,擬人論指的就是
人類把自己的能力或情緒
投射到其他動物身上。
03:09
our capacities能力 or our emotions情緒.
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03:12
And we can all probably大概
think of examples例子 of this.
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我們都可以想得出擬人論的例子。
03:16
Let's say we have a friend朋友 who tells告訴 us,
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比如,有位朋友告訴我們:
03:18
"My cat understands理解 everything I say."
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「我說的話我的貓都聽得懂。」
03:22
Or, "My dog, he's so sweet.
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或「我的狗,牠好可愛。
03:25
he ran right across橫過 the yard this morning早上
towards a squirrel松鼠,
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今天早上牠跑過院子
衝向一隻松鼠,
03:28
and I know he just wants to play."
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我知道牠是想要去玩。」
03:30
Well, maybe.
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嗯,也許是吧。
03:32
Or maybe not.
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也許不是。
03:33
I'm skeptical懷疑的 about claims索賠 like those.
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對於那樣的說法,我抱持懷疑。
03:37
But animal動物 grief哀思 is different不同,
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但動物的悲慟不同,
03:39
because we're not trying
to read an animal's動物 mind心神.
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因為我們並不是
在試圖讀動物的心。
03:42
We're looking at visible可見 cues線索 of behavior行為
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我們是在觀察行為中的可見線索,
03:44
and trying to interpret them
with some meaning含義.
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試圖詮釋這些線索,
賦予它們意義。
03:47
Now, it's true真正 -- scientists科學家們
often經常 push back at me,
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科學家真的常會反對我,
03:50
and they'll他們會 say,
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他們會說:
03:51
"Ah, look, the animal動物 might威力 be stressed強調,
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「啊,看哪,這動物
可能受到壓力,
03:53
or maybe the animal's動物 just confused困惑
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也許牠只是很困惑,
03:55
because his or her routine常規
has been disrupted破壞."
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因為牠的日常慣例被打斷了。」
03:58
But I think that this overworry過度擔心
about anthropomorphism擬人化
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但,我認為這種
對擬人論的過度操心
04:03
misses錯過 a fundamental基本的 point.
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搞錯了重點。
04:05
And that is that animals動物
can care關心 very deeply for each other,
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重點是動物能夠
對彼此有很深的關懷,
04:09
maybe they even love each other.
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也許牠們甚至會愛彼此。
04:11
And when they do,
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如果牠們有愛,
04:12
a survivor's倖存者 heart
can be pierced刺穿 by a death死亡.
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存活者就有可能
會因為死者而心碎。
04:17
Let's face面對 it:
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咱們要面對現實:
04:18
if we deny拒絕 evolutionary發展的 continuity連續性,
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如果我們否認演化的連續性,
04:21
we are really missing失踪 out
on embracing擁抱 part部分 of ourselves我們自己.
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我們其實是錯失了我們自己
懂得包容的那一部分。
04:25
So yes, I believe in the reality現實
of animal動物 grief哀思,
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所以,是的,我相信
動物會悲慟是真的,
04:28
and I also think that if we recognize認識 it,
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我也認為,如果
我們能承認這一點,
04:30
we can make the world世界
a better place地點 for animals動物,
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我們就能讓世界成為
對動物而言更好的地方,
04:33
a kinder金德 place地點 for animals動物.
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對動物而言更仁慈的地方。
04:36
So let me tell you a little bit more
about animal動物 grief哀思.
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所以,讓我再跟各位
多談一些動物的悲慟。
04:40
I'm going to start開始 in Kenya肯尼亞.
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我要從肯亞開始。
04:43
You see here there's
an elephant named命名 Eleanor埃莉諾
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各位在這裡看到的是
叫做伊莉諾的大象,
04:45
who came來了 one day with bruised傷痕累累 legs,
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有一天,牠出現時腿上都是瘀傷,
04:48
and she collapsed倒塌.
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牠倒下了。
04:50
You see on the left
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請看左邊,
04:52
that another另一個 female named命名 Grace恩典
came來了 to her right away
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另一隻母象葛雷絲
馬上來到牠身邊,
04:55
and, using運用 her own擁有 trunk樹幹, propped撐著 her up,
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想用牠的鼻子將伊莉諾支撐起來,
04:58
tried試著 to get her up on her feet.
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好讓伊莉諾再站起來。
05:00
And she did succeed成功,
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牠的確成功了,
05:01
but then Eleanor埃莉諾 collapsed倒塌 again.
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但,接著,伊莉諾又倒下了。
05:04
At this point, Grace恩典 became成為
visibly明顯地 distressed苦惱,
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此時,看得出來葛雷絲很苦惱,
05:07
and she prodded刺激 the body身體,
and she vocalized發聲.
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牠去推伊莉諾的身體,
牠發出了叫聲。
05:11
Eleanor埃莉諾 collapsed倒塌 again,
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伊莉諾又倒下了,
05:13
and unfortunately不幸, she did die.
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不幸的是,牠後來的確死了。
05:16
What you see on the right is a female
from another另一個 family家庭 named命名 Maui毛伊島,
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各位可以看到,右邊的是
另一個家庭中的母象毛莉,
05:20
who came來了 after the death死亡,
and she stayed at the body身體.
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牠在伊莉諾死後才抵達,
並待在屍體旁。
05:23
She held保持 a vigil守夜 there,
and she even rocked震撼 in distress苦難
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牠在那裡守夜,甚至圍著屍體,
悲傷地晃動。
05:27
over the body身體.
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05:28
So the scientists科學家們 watching觀看 the elephants大象
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所以,科學家看著這些大象
05:31
kept不停 close observation意見 on Eleanor's埃莉諾的 body身體
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密切觀察著伊莉諾的身體,
05:34
for seven days.
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長達七天。
05:36
And during those seven days,
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在那七天中,
05:37
a parade遊行 of elephants大象 came來了
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有一大堆大象到來,
05:39
from five different不同 families家庭.
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牠們來自五個不同的家庭。
05:42
Now, some were just curious好奇,
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有些大象只是好奇,
05:44
but others其他 carried攜帶的 out behaviors行為
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但其他大象的行為,
05:45
that I really believe
should be classified分類 as grief哀思.
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我真心認為應該
被歸為悲慟的行為。
05:50
So what does grief哀思 look like?
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所以,悲慟看起來是什麼樣子?
05:52
It can be rocking搖擺, as I said, in distress苦難.
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如我之前說的,
可能是悲痛地搖動。
05:55
It can also be social社會 withdrawal退出,
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可能會是社會退縮,
05:57
when an animal動物 just takes
himself他自己 or herself她自己 away from friends朋友
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也就是遠離其他朋友,
06:01
and stays入住 by themselves他們自己,
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自己獨處,
06:04
or a failure失敗 to eat or sleep睡覺 properly正確,
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或是飲食睡眠不正常,
06:07
sometimes有時 a depressed鬱悶 posture姿勢
or vocalization發聲.
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有時會有沮喪的姿勢或叫聲。
06:11
It can be very helpful有幫助
for those of us studying研究 this
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這些對我們的研究很有幫助,
06:14
to be able能夠 to compare比較 the behavior行為
of a survivor倖存者 before death死亡
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我們能夠去比較
在動物死前和死後,
生存者的行為差異,
06:18
and after death死亡,
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06:19
because that increases增加 the rigor嚴格
of our interpretation解釋.
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那就能讓我們的詮釋更精確。
06:23
And I can explain說明 this to you
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我可以跟各位談談兩隻鴨子,
06:25
by talking about two ducks鴨子
named命名 Harper哈珀 and Kohl科爾.
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哈波和柯爾,來解釋這一點。
06:30
So we're into birds鳥類 now.
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所以,現在要談鳥類了。
06:32
So Harper哈珀 and Kohl科爾 were raised上調
at a foie鵝肝 gras鵝肝 factory,
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哈波和柯爾在鴨肝醬工廠被養大,
06:35
and they were treated治療 cruelly殘酷.
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牠們受到的待遇很殘忍。
06:37
Foie鴨肝 gras鵝肝 does involve涉及
force-feeding灌食 of birds鳥類.
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鴨肝醬的製造涉及強迫餵食。
06:40
So this hurt傷害 their bodies身體, and their
spirits were not in good shape形狀, either.
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所以,這麼做會傷害牠們的身體,
牠們的精神也不會在多好的狀態。
06:44
But thankfully感激地, they were rescued獲救
by a farm農場 sanctuary避難所 in upstate北部 New York紐約.
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但,謝天謝地,紐約北部的
一間農場庇護所拯救了牠們。
06:49
And for four years年份, they stabilized穩定,
and they were fast快速 friends朋友.
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四年來,牠們穩定下來,
牠們是很緊密的朋友。
06:53
They often經常 took themselves他們自己
to a small pond池塘 on the property屬性.
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牠們通常會一起去
農場上的一個小池塘。
06:57
Then, Kohl科爾 started開始 to have
really intractable棘手 pain疼痛 in his legs,
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接著,柯爾的腳開始
出現治不好的疼痛,
07:01
and it was clear明確 to the sanctuary避難所
that he had to be euthanized安樂死 humanely入道,
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庇護所很清楚知道,
必須要將牠人道安樂死,
07:05
and he was.
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也確實這麼做了。
07:07
But then the sanctuary避難所 workers工人
did a brilliant輝煌 thing,
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但,接著,庇護所的員工
做了一件很棒的事,
07:09
because they brought Harper哈珀
to the body身體 to see.
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因為他們帶哈波去看屍體。
07:14
And at first, Harper哈珀 prodded刺激
the body身體 of his friend朋友,
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一開始,哈波試著
去戳牠的朋友的屍體,
07:17
but then he laid鋪設 himself他自己 over it,
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但接著,牠躺在屍體上,
07:20
and he stayed there
for over an hour小時 with his friend朋友.
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牠在那裡陪牠的朋友
超過一個小時。
07:23
And in the weeks after,
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之後的幾週,
07:26
he had a hard time.
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牠過得很艱苦。
07:28
He would go back to that same相同 pond池塘
where he had been with Kohl科爾,
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牠還會回到以前跟柯爾
一起去的那個池塘,
07:31
and he didn't want any other friends朋友.
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且牠並不想要其他朋友。
07:34
And within two months個月, he died死亡 as well.
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在兩個月內,牠也死亡了。
07:38
Now, I'm happy快樂 to say
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我很高興能說,
07:39
that not all grieving悲傷 animals動物
have this sorrowful悲傷 outcome結果.
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並非所有悲慟的動物
都會有這種悲傷的結果。
07:43
Last summer夏季, I flew to Boston波士頓
to visit訪問 my adult成人 daughter女兒, Sarah莎拉.
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去年夏天,我飛到波士頓
拜訪我已經成年的女兒莎菈。
我和我先生查理一起去。
07:48
I was with my husband丈夫 Charlie查理.
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07:49
I really needed需要 a break打破 from work.
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我真的需要從工作中喘口氣。
07:53
But I succumbed屈服於,
and I checked檢查 my work email電子郵件.
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但我忍不住去查看了
我工作用的電子郵件信箱。
07:57
You know how that is.
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你們能懂的。
07:58
And there was a communication通訊
about a dejected垂頭喪氣 donkey.
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信箱中有則和一隻沮喪的驢子
有關的通信內容。
08:03
Now, as an anthropologist人類學家,
this wasn't what I expected預期,
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身為人類學者,
這並非在我的預期之中,
08:05
but there it was, and I'm glad高興 I read it.
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但事實擺在眼前,
且我很高興我讀了信。
08:07
Because a donkey named命名 Lena莉娜
had gone走了 to another另一個 farm農場 sanctuary避難所,
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因為,一隻叫做蓮娜的驢子
去了另一間農場庇護所,
08:12
this one in Alberta阿爾伯塔, Canada加拿大,
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位在加拿大的亞伯達省,
08:14
as the only donkey there,
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牠是那裡唯一的驢子,
08:17
and had trouble麻煩 making製造 friends朋友
for that reason原因.
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因此很難交朋友。
08:19
But she eventually終於 did make friends朋友
with an older舊的 horse named命名 Jake可靠的人,
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但,最終,牠和傑克,
一匹較年長的馬,成為朋友,
08:23
and for three years年份 they were inseparable形影不離.
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三年來,牠們形影不離。
08:26
But the reason原因 the email電子郵件 came來了
was that Jake可靠的人, at age年齡 32, the horse,
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但我收到信的原因是
因為傑克在三十二歲時,
這匹馬生了重病,必須要被安樂死,
08:30
had become成為 gravely嚴重 ill生病
and had to be put down,
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08:33
and this is what was going on.
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結果就是這樣:
08:36
This is Lena莉娜 standing常設 on Jake's傑克的 grave.
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這是蓮娜,站在傑克的墓旁。
08:39
She didn't want to come in at night.
She didn't want to come in for food餐飲.
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牠晚上也不想進來。
而且不進來吃東西、不進來喝水。
08:42
She didn't want to come in for water.
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牠用腳拍打墓地,
牠發出悲痛的叫聲,
08:44
She pawed刨著 at the grave,
she brayed佈雷德 in distress苦難,
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08:47
and there she stood站在.
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牠就站在那裡。
08:50
So we talked and we brainstormed頭腦風暴.
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所以,我們進行討論,腦力激盪。
08:52
What do you do for an animal動物 like this?
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我們能為這樣的動物做什麼?
08:55
And we talked about the role角色 of time,
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我們談到了時間能療傷、
08:57
of extra額外 love and kindness善良 from people
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從人類身上得到更多愛與仁慈,
09:00
and of urging her to make a new friend朋友.
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以及鼓勵牠交新朋友等種種方法。
09:03
And here's這裡的 where her trajectory彈道 does
diverge偏離 from that of Harper哈珀 the duck,
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在這個命運的十字路口,
牠走上了和哈波不同的路,
09:07
because she did make a new friend朋友,
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因為牠交了一位新朋友,
09:09
and sanctuary避難所 workers工人 wrote back
and said it worked工作 out well.
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庇護所的員工回信說
一切進行得很順利。
09:14
Now sometimes有時, scientists科學家們
supplement補充 observation意見
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有時,科學家會用荷爾蒙分析
09:17
with hormonal激素 analysis分析.
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來輔助觀察。
09:19
There's an example of a group
of scientists科學家們 in Botswana博茨瓦納,
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在波札那的一群科學家就是個例子,
09:22
who took fecal糞便 material材料 from baboons狒狒
and compared相比 two different不同 groups.
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他們取得狒狒的糞便,
來比較兩組不同的母狒狒。
09:27
The first group were females女性
who had witnessed目擊 a predator捕食者 attack攻擊
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第一組的母狒狒曾經
目擊過獵食者攻擊,
09:31
and lost丟失 someone有人 in that attack攻擊,
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且在攻擊中失去過家人或朋友;
09:34
and the second第二 group were females女性
who had witnessed目擊 an attack攻擊
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第二組中的母狒狒曾經
目擊過獵食者攻擊,
09:36
but had not lost丟失 someone有人.
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但沒有在攻擊中
失去過家人或朋友。
09:38
And the stress強調 hormones激素
were way up in that first group.
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第一組的壓力荷爾蒙高很多。
09:41
But here's這裡的 the thing:
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但,重點來了:
09:43
the scientists科學家們 didn't just
call them "stressed強調 baboons狒狒,"
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科學家並不只是稱牠們為
「有壓力的狒狒」,
09:45
they called them "bereaved失去親人 baboons狒狒,"
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他們稱牠們為「喪親的狒狒」,
09:48
and in part部分, that's because
of the observations意見 that they made製作.
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有部分的原因是因為
他們所觀察到的現象。
09:52
For example, this mother-daughter母女
pair were very close,
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比如,這對母女非常親密,
09:55
and then the daughter女兒
was killed殺害 by a lion獅子.
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女兒被一隻獅子殺害。
09:58
The mother母親 removed去除 herself她自己
from all her friends朋友,
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母親遠離了牠自己的所有朋友,
10:00
from her grooming梳洗 networks網絡,
and just stayed by herself她自己 for weeks --
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遠離了牠相互理毛的群體,
獨處了數星期——
10:05
bereavement喪親之痛 --
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喪親之痛——
10:06
and she then slowly慢慢地 recovered恢復.
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接著,牠慢慢地恢復。
10:11
So we have bereaved失去親人 baboons狒狒.
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所以,我們知道狒狒有喪親之痛。
10:13
Will science科學 tell us someday日後
about bereaved失去親人 bees蜜蜂?
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也許有一天科學會告訴我們
蜜蜂也有喪親之痛。
10:17
Will we hear about frogs青蛙 who mourn?
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也許將來會聽說有會哀悼的青蛙?
10:21
I don't think so, and I think the reason原因
is because animals動物 really need
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我不認為,因為動物之間
必須要有一對一的密切關係,
10:25
one-to-one一到一個, close relationships關係
for that to happen發生.
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才會發生這種狀況。
我也知道,情境有影響,
個性也有影響。
10:28
I also know that circumstance環境 matters事項,
and personality個性 matters事項.
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10:33
I have documented記錄
cats and dogs小狗 who grieve,
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我曾經記錄過會悲慟的貓和狗,
10:36
our companion伴侶 animals動物,
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我們的伴生動物,
10:38
but I also interacted互動 with a woman女人
who was extremely非常 bothered困擾
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但我也曾經遇過一名女子,
她感到極度困擾,
10:40
because her dog wasn't grieving悲傷.
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因為她的狗不會悲慟。
10:43
She said to me, "The first dog
in the house has died死亡.
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她對我說:「家中的
第一隻狗過世了,
10:47
The second第二 animal動物 does not
seem似乎 concerned關心, the second第二 dog.
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第二隻狗似乎毫不關心。
10:50
What is wrong錯誤 with him?"
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牠有什麼毛病?」
10:51
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
10:53
And as I listened聽了 to her,
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當我聽她說時,
10:55
I realized實現 that this dog was now
the only animal動物 in the household家庭,
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我了解到,現在這隻狗
是家中唯一的動物了,
10:59
and as far as he was concerned關心,
that was a pretty漂亮 good deal合同.
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從牠的角度來看,
這狀況對牠很有利。
11:03
So circumstances情況 matter.
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所以,情境有影響。
11:06
Now, in any case案件, animals動物
are not going to grieve
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不論是什麼情況,動物都不會
跟我們用一模一樣的方式悲慟。
11:09
exactly究竟 like we do.
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11:11
We have human人的 creativity創造力.
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我們有人類的創意。
11:13
We paint塗料 our grief哀思, dance舞蹈 our grief哀思,
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我們會畫出我們的悲慟,
舞出我們的悲慟,
11:16
write our grief哀思.
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寫出我們的悲慟。
11:18
We also can grieve for people
we've我們已經 never met會見,
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我們也能夠為從未
見過的人感到悲慟,
11:21
across橫過 space空間 and time.
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也能跨越時間和空間地悲慟。
11:23
I felt this strongly非常 when I went to Berlin柏林
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當我去柏林,站在
大屠殺的紀念碑前時,
11:26
and I stood站在 at the Holocaust大屠殺 Memorial紀念館.
224
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我能強烈感受到這一點。
11:29
Animals動物 don't grieve exactly究竟 like we do,
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動物悲慟的方式和我們不同,
11:31
but this doesn't mean
that their grief哀思 isn't real真實.
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但這並不表示
牠們的悲慟不是真的。
11:34
It is real真實, and it's searing灼熱,
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是真的,且心痛如絞,
11:37
and we can see it if we choose選擇.
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只要我們願意,我們就能看見。
11:41
Now, I've lost丟失 both my parents父母.
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我已經失去了雙親。
11:43
I lost丟失 a very dear friend朋友
at a young年輕 age年齡 from AIDS艾滋病.
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我失去過一位很年輕時
就因為愛滋病而過世的朋友。
11:48
I believe most likely容易 most of you
here have lost丟失 someone有人.
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在座各位很可能
都有失去過某個人。
11:52
And I have found發現 it a genuine真正 comfort安慰,
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我覺得真的很讓人欣慰、
11:56
a solace慰藉, to know that we aren't
the only beings眾生 on this earth地球
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很安慰的一點就是知道
地球上除了人類之外,
12:00
who feel love and grief哀思.
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還有其他生物能感受到愛和悲慟。
12:04
And I think this is important重要.
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我認為這很重要。
12:06
I also think we can take
this a step further進一步,
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我也認為,我們能夠再進一步,
12:08
and we can realize實現
that the reality現實 of animal動物 grief哀思
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我們能夠了解到,
動物會悲慟的這個事實,
12:11
can help us be better
and do better for animals動物.
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能協助我們為動物做得更好。
12:15
This is already已經 happening事件 with TahlequahTahlequah,
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塔勒闊的故事就已經產生效應了,
12:17
because the United聯合的 States狀態 and Canada加拿大 have
renewed更新 their talks會談 with greater更大 urgency
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因為美國和加拿大
重新開始更迫切地關注
12:22
for how to help the orcas逆戟鯨,
241
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如何協助虎鯨、
12:24
how to restore恢復 the Chinook奇努克 salmon三文魚
242
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如何恢復帝王鮭,
12:26
and how to help with the water pollution污染.
243
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以及如何協助處理水污染。
12:29
We can also see that if grief哀思 is real真實,
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我們也能了解,如果悲慟是真的,
12:31
there's tremendous巨大
plausibility合理性 to the notion概念
245
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那很可能表示
12:34
that animals動物 feel a whole整個 range範圍 of things.
246
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動物也有各式各樣的感覺。
12:37
So we could look at joy喜悅,
sadness, even hope希望.
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我們可以去研究喜悅、
悲傷,甚至希望。
12:42
And if we do that,
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如果我們能這麼做,
12:44
here's這裡的 how we can start開始
to think about the world世界.
249
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我們就可以用以下的
方式來看待世界。
12:46
We can look at orcas逆戟鯨 and say,
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我們可以看著虎鯨,說:
12:48
we know they grieve,
we know they feel their lives生活,
251
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我們知道牠們會悲慟,
會感受到牠們的生命,
12:51
and we can refuse垃圾 to confine局限 them
to small tanks坦克 in theme主題 parks公園
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我們可以拒絕將牠們
關在主題樂園的小水槽中,
12:57
and make them perform演出
for our entertainment娛樂.
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為了娛樂人類而表演。
13:00
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
13:02
Thank you.
255
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謝謝。
13:04
We can look at elephants大象
and say, yes, they grieve,
256
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我們可以看著大象,
說,是的,牠們會悲慟,
13:07
and we can renew更新 our efforts努力
against反對 international國際 trophy hunting狩獵
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我們可以努力對抗
國際性的戰利品獵殺,
13:11
and against反對 poaching偷獵.
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對抗盜獵。
13:13
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
13:15
Thank you.
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謝謝。
13:16
And we can look at our closest最近的
living活的 relatives親戚們, monkeys猴子 and apes類人猿,
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我們可以看著我們
在動物界的近親:猴子和猿類,
13:20
and know yes they grieve,
they feel their lives生活,
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知道牠們確實會悲慟,
會感受到牠們的生命,
13:23
so they don't deserve值得 to be confined受限
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所以牠們不應該被關在
13:25
in highly高度 invasive侵入的 biomedical生物醫藥 experiments實驗
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有高度侵入性的生物醫學實驗中,
13:29
year after year.
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年復一年。
13:31
And, you know --
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且,你們知道——
13:32
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
13:33
the ducks鴨子 Harper哈珀 and Kohl科爾,
they tell us something too.
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鴨子哈波和柯爾,
牠們也告訴了我們一件事。
13:37
They help us connect the dots
and realize實現 that what we eat
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牠們協助我們將點連起來,
了解到我們所吃的食物
13:41
affects影響 how animals動物 live生活.
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會影響到動物的生活。
13:43
And it's not just foie鵝肝 gras鵝肝,
and it's not just ducks鴨子.
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不只是鴨肝醬,不只是鴨子。
13:46
We can think about pigs and chickens
and cows奶牛 in factory farms農場,
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我們也可以想想看
工廠化農場中的豬、雞、牛,
13:52
and we can know.
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且我們會懂。
13:53
I can tell you the science科學 is real真實
that these animals動物 feel, too.
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我可以告訴各位,科學證明
動物也有感覺,這是真的。
13:57
So every一切 single time
we choose選擇 a plant-based植物為基礎的 meal膳食,
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所以每次我們選擇素食,
14:01
we are contributing貢獻
to reducing減少 animal動物 suffering痛苦.
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就能對減輕動物
所受的苦難盡一份心力。
14:06
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
14:09
So yes, I believe in the reality現實
of animal動物 grief哀思.
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所以,是的,我相信
動物會悲慟是真的。
14:13
I believe in the reality現實 of animal動物 love,
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我相信動物會愛是真的,
14:16
and I think it is time for us humans人類
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且我認為,該是時候了,我們人類
14:18
to recognize認識 that
we don't own擁有 these things.
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該要承認我們並不擁有牠們了。
14:21
And when we see that,
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當我們能了解這一點,
14:23
we have an opportunity機會 to make the world世界
so much better for animals動物,
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我們就有機會為動物
把世界變得更美好、
14:27
a kinder金德 world世界, a gentler溫和 world世界,
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更仁慈、更溫柔,
14:29
and along沿 the way, we might威力
just save保存 ourselves我們自己, too.
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在這個過程中,說不定
也能拯救我們自己。
14:34
Thank you so much.
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非常謝謝。
14:35
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
14:37
Thank you. Thank you.
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謝謝。謝謝。
14:39
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Lilian Chiu
Reviewed by Amanda Zhu

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Barbara J. King - Biological anthropologist, writer
As a writer on animal cognition and emotion, Barbara J. King seeks to motivate us all to be kinder to the animals we share the planet with.

Why you should listen

Barbara J. King writes and speaks about the thinking and feeling abilities of animals ranging from our closest living relatives, monkeys and apes, to orcas and octopuses. In her own words: "After 28 years of teaching anthropology at the College of William and Mary, I’m now a full-time freelance science writer and speaker. My husband and I care for homeless cats and spend all the time we can in nature. For work, I’ve observed baboons in Kenya, and gorillas and bonobos in captivity, and for pleasure bison in Yellowstone. I focus on how the science of animal cognition and emotion might help animals.

"My books take up topics ranging from animal grief to who (not what) we eat and how religion evolved, tied together by my focus on animals. I wrote weekly for six years for NPR about science, and my work has appeared in Scientific American, Aeon and Undark magazines. I love giving public science talks and I am active daily on Twitter @bjkingape."

King is the author of How Animals GrievePersonalities on the Plate and Evolving God

More profile about the speaker
Barbara J. King | Speaker | TED.com

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