Mission Blue Voyage
Brian Skerry: The ocean's glory -- and horror
布赖恩 凯斯揭示海洋的光荣--与恐惧
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摄影师布赖恩 凯斯拍摄波浪以下和波浪以上的生命--如他所说，海洋的恐惧和魔力。通过分享令人惊叹的鲜为人知的海底生物的照片，他展示了有冲击力的照片如何能帮助我们作出改变。
Brian Skerry - Photographer
Brian Skerry is a photojournalist who captures images that not only celebrate the mystery and beauty of the sea but also bring attention to the pressing issue which endanger our oceans. Full bio
Brian Skerry is a photojournalist who captures images that not only celebrate the mystery and beauty of the sea but also bring attention to the pressing issue which endanger our oceans. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I would like to share with you this morning
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今天早上我想与你们分享
00:19
some stories about the ocean
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在我作为一名国家地理杂志
00:21
through my work as a still photographer
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的摄影师时的
00:23
for National Geographic magazine.
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一些关于海洋的报道。
00:26
I guess I became an underwater photographer
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我想我成为一名水下摄影师
00:28
and a photojournalist
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和摄影记者
00:30
because I fell in love with the sea as a child.
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是因为在我还是个孩子时就爱上了大海。
00:32
And I wanted to tell stories
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并且我想讲述一些
00:34
about all the amazing things I was seeing underwater,
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关于我在水下看到的所有令人惊叹的事，
00:37
incredible wildlife and interesting behaviors.
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不可思议的野生动物和他们有趣的行为。
00:40
And after even 30 years of doing this,
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而在从事这些三十年后，
00:42
after 30 years of exploring the ocean,
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在对海洋进行三十年的探索之后，
00:44
I never cease to be amazed
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我从未停止过对
00:46
at the extraordinary encounters that I have while I'm at sea.
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那些我在海上遇到的非凡遭遇的惊奇。
00:49
But more and more frequently these days
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但这些天来，我也越来越频繁的
00:51
I'm seeing terrible things underwater as well,
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在水下看到可怕的事情，
00:53
things that I don't think most people realize.
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那些我认为许多人没有意识到的事情。
00:56
And I've been compelled to turn my camera towards these issues
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而我不得以把我的相机转向这些问题，
00:59
to tell a more complete story.
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来讲述一个更完整的报道。
01:01
I want people to see what's happening underwater,
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我想让人们看看水下正在发生的事情，
01:03
both the horror and the magic.
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无论是可怕的还是充满魔力的。
01:06
The first story that I did for National Geographic,
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第一个报道是在我为国家地理工作时，
01:08
where I recognized the ability to include
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在那儿我认识到了
01:10
environmental issues within a natural history coverage,
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在自然历史封面故事中报道环境问题的能力，
01:13
was a story I proposed on harp seals.
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这个报道是关于格林兰海豹的。
01:16
The story I wanted to do initially
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现在，我想说的报道，起初
01:18
was just a small focus to look at the few weeks each year
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只是小小的关注一下，在每年的几个星期中
01:21
where these animals migrate down from the Canadian arctic
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这些动物为了求爱，交配和产子
01:24
to the Gulf of St. Lawrence in Canada
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从加拿大境内的北极圈迁徙
01:26
to engage in courtship, mating and to have their pups.
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到加拿大的圣劳伦斯海湾。
01:29
And all of this is played out against
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而这一切都是为了把握住
01:31
the backdrop of transient pack ice
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被风和洋流移动的
01:33
that moves with wind and tide.
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转瞬即逝的浮冰。
01:35
And because I'm an underwater photographer,
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而由于我是一名水下摄影师，
01:37
I wanted to do this story from both above and below,
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我想从水下和水上两个角度来讲述这一报道，
01:39
to make pictures like this that show one of these little pups
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来拍摄照片，像这张，显示了这些小海豹中的一个，
01:42
making its very first swim in the icy 29-degree water.
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在冰冷的，29华氏的水中开始它真正的第一次游泳。
01:45
But as I got more involved in the story,
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但是随着我更深入的参与到这个报道中，
01:47
I realized that there were two big environmental issues I couldn't ignore.
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我认识到有两个令我不能忽视的大的环境问题。
01:50
The first was that these animals continue to be hunted,
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第一个是，这些动物持续被猎杀，
01:53
killed with hakapiks at about eight, 15 days old.
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在大约8到15天大时，被棘棒杀死。
01:56
It actually is the largest marine mammal
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实际上，这是这个星球上
01:58
slaughter on the planet,
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最大规模的对海洋哺乳动物的屠杀，
02:00
with hundreds of thousands of these seals being killed every year.
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每年都有数以百计，数以千记的海豹被杀害。
02:03
But as disturbing as that is,
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但令人不安的是，
02:05
I think the bigger problem for harp seals
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我认为对格陵兰海豹来说最大的问题是，
02:07
is the loss of sea ice due to global warming.
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由于全球变暖导致的海冰的减少。
02:09
This is an aerial picture that I made that shows
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我拍摄的这张航拍照片显示了
02:11
the Gulf of St. Lawrence during harp seal season.
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在格陵兰海豹繁殖季的圣劳伦斯海湾。
02:14
And even though we see a lot of ice in this picture,
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虽然我们在照片中看到了大量的冰，
02:16
there's a lot of water as well, which wasn't there historically.
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同时也有大量过去没有的水面。
02:19
And the ice that is there is quite thin.
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而且这些冰相当薄。
02:22
The problem is that these pups need a stable platform of solid ice
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问题是，为了得到它们母亲的照料，这些小海豹需要
02:25
in order to nurse from their moms.
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一个由坚实的冰形成的稳固的平台。
02:27
They only need 12 days from the moment they're born until they're on their own.
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从它们出生到能够照顾自己只需要12天。
02:30
But if they don't get 12 days,
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但如果没有这12天，
02:32
they can fall into the ocean and die.
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它们会掉入海洋死掉。
02:34
This is a photo that I made showing
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我拍摄的这张照片显示了
02:36
one of these pups that's only about five or seven days old --
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一只大约5到7天大的小海豹--
02:38
still has a little bit of the umbilical cord on its belly --
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在它的肚脐上还残留了一点脐带--
02:40
that has fallen in because of the thin ice,
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它由于冰面太薄而掉入海中，
02:42
and the mother is frantically trying to push it up to breathe
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它的妈妈正疯狂的试着把它推上去呼吸，
02:45
and to get it back to stable purchase.
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并让它回到稳固的地方。
02:47
This problem has continued to grow each year since I was there.
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自从我在那儿以来，这一问题每年都持续恶化。
02:50
I read that last year the pup mortality rate
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我发现，去年，在圣劳伦斯海湾的部分地方
02:52
was 100 percent in parts of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
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小海豹的死亡率是百分之百。
02:55
So, clearly, this species has a lot of problems going forward.
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所以，很明显，这个物种面临着很多问题。
02:58
This ended up becoming a cover story at National Geographic.
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这最终成为了国家地理的一篇封面报道。
03:01
And it received quite a bit of attention.
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并且它获得了一定的关注。
03:03
And with that, I saw the potential to begin
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而有了这些关注，我看到了开始
03:05
doing other stories about ocean problems.
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从事有关海洋问题的相关题材的潜力。
03:07
So I proposed a story on the global fish crisis,
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因此我起草了一个关于全球鱼类危机的报道，
03:10
in part because I had personally witnessed
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部分是因为在过去三十年间，我亲眼目睹了
03:13
a lot of degradation in the ocean over the last 30 years,
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这一问题在海洋中的恶化过程，
03:15
but also because I read a scientific paper
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也是因为我读了一篇科学论文，
03:17
that stated that 90 percent of the big fish in the ocean
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这篇论文表明，海洋中百分之九十的大型鱼类
03:20
have disappeared in the last 50 or 60 years.
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已经在过去的50或60年内消失了。
03:22
These are the tuna, the billfish and the sharks.
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如金枪鱼，旗鱼和鲨鱼。
03:25
When I read that, I was blown away by those numbers.
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而当我读到这些时，我被这些数字惊呆了。
03:27
I thought this was going to be headline news in every media outlet,
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我认为这应该成为各种媒体的头条新闻。
03:30
but it really wasn't, so I wanted to do a story
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但实际上它没有，所以我想做
03:33
that was a very different kind of underwater story.
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这一与水下报道完全不同的报道。
03:36
I wanted it to be more like war photography,
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我希望它更像是战争摄影，
03:38
where I was making harder-hitting pictures
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其中有我捕捉到的那些难得一见的镜头
03:40
that showed readers what was happening
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来向读者呈现在全球范围内
03:42
to marine wildlife around the planet.
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海洋野生动物正在面临的危机。
03:44
The first component of the story that I thought was essential, however,
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报道的第一部分，我认为是无论如何都必不可少的，
03:47
was to give readers a sense of appreciation
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是让读者有一种对为他们所食用
03:50
for the ocean animals that they were eating.
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的海洋动物的感激之情。
03:52
You know, I think people go into a restaurant,
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嗯，我想当人们走进饭店，
03:54
and somebody orders a steak, and we all know where steak comes from,
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点一份牛排，我们都知道牛排是从哪儿来的，
03:57
and somebody orders a chicken, and we know what a chicken is,
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而点一份鸡肉，我们也知道鸡是什么样的，
04:00
but when they're eating bluefin sushi,
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但当吃一份蓝鳍金枪鱼寿司时，
04:02
do they have any sense of the magnificent animal that they're consuming?
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人们对这种他们正在吃的这种伟大的动物知道多少呢？
04:05
These are the lions and tigers of the sea.
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现在，它们是海洋中的狮子和老虎。
04:08
In reality, these animals have no terrestrial counterpart;
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事实上，这些动物并没有相对应的陆上生物。
04:10
they're unique in the world.
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它们是这世界上唯一的。
04:12
These are animals that can practically swim
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它们是几乎能从
04:14
from the equator to the poles
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赤道游到两极的动物
04:16
and can crisscross entire oceans in the course of a year.
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并且它们能在一年内在整个海洋中纵横游弋。
04:19
If we weren't so efficient at catching them, because they grow their entire life,
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如果我们不是这么有效率的去捕捉它们，它们一直生长，终其一生，
04:22
would have 30-year-old bluefin out there that weigh a ton.
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我们可能会看到一只可能会重达一吨的三十岁的蓝鳍金枪鱼。
04:24
But the truth is we're way too efficient at catching them,
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但事实是，我们在捕捉它们上太有效率了，
04:27
and their stocks have collapsed worldwide.
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它们在全球的数量暴跌。
04:29
This is the daily auction at the Tsukiji Fish Market
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这是我几年前在筑地鱼类市场
04:31
that I photographed a couple years ago.
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拍摄的每日拍卖。
04:33
And every single day these tuna, bluefin like this,
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而每一天，这些金枪鱼，像这样的蓝鳍金枪鱼，
04:36
are stacked up like cordwood,
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被像木材一样堆积在
04:38
just warehouse after warehouse.
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一个又一个仓库。
04:40
As I wandered around and made these pictures,
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而在我四处转悠，拍下这些照片时，
04:42
it sort of occurred to me that the ocean's not a grocery store, you know.
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我突然想到，海洋不是一个杂货店，你知道的。
04:45
We can't keep taking without expecting
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我们不能不断的索取，并期待
04:47
serious consequences as a result.
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不会产生严重的后果。
04:50
I also, with the story, wanted to show readers
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用这篇报道，我同时也想向读者展示
04:52
how fish are caught, some of the methods that are used to catch fish,
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鱼类是如何被抓住和一些用来捕鱼的方法，
04:55
like a bottom trawler, which is one of the most common methods in the world.
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如一艘拖网渔船，这是世界上最通用的捕鱼方法之一。
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This was a small net that was being used in Mexico to catch shrimp,
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这是一张在墨西哥用于捕虾的小网，
05:01
but the way it works is essentially the same everywhere in the world.
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但在世界各地，它的工作方式在本质上是一样的。
05:04
You have a large net in the middle
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在两端的两个钢制门中间
05:06
with two steel doors on either end.
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放置一张大网。
05:08
And as this assembly is towed through the water,
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当这个装置在水中被拖动时，
05:10
the doors meet resistance with the ocean,
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门受到海水的阻力，
05:12
and it opens the mouth of the net,
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然后它会张开网，
05:14
and they place floats at the top and a lead line on the bottom.
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而后他们会在顶部放置浮标和在底部放置一条引导线。
05:17
And this just drags over the bottom, in this case to catch shrimp.
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接着，通过这根线在底部拖拽来捕虾。
05:20
But as you can imagine, it's catching everything else in its path as well.
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但正如你所能想到的那样，它还会捕捉在它行进路线上其他的一切。
05:23
And it's destroying that precious benthic community on the bottom,
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而这会破坏海底珍贵的底栖生物群落，
05:26
things like sponges and corals,
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如海绵和珊瑚，
05:28
that critical habitat for other animals.
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而这是其他动物的重要栖息地。
05:30
This photograph I made of the fisherman
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我拍摄的这张照片是渔民
05:33
holding the shrimp that he caught after towing his nets for one hour.
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拿着他拖网一小时后捕来的虾。
05:36
So he had a handful of shrimp, maybe seven or eight shrimp,
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那么，他收获几只虾，也许七只或者八只虾，
05:38
and all those other animals on the deck of the boat are bycatch.
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而甲板上所有其他的动物都是误捕的。
05:41
These are animals that died in the process,
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这些是在被捕获的过程中就死去了的动物
05:43
but have no commercial value.
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但它们没有商业价值。
05:45
So this is the true cost of a shrimp dinner,
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这就是为吃一顿虾的真实代价，
05:47
maybe seven or eight shrimp
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也许有七八只虾
05:49
and 10 pounds of other animals that had to die in the process.
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和10磅不得不在被捕获过程中死去的其他动物。
05:52
And to make that point even more visual, I swam under the shrimp boat
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而为了让这一点更加直观，我游到了捕虾船的下面，
05:55
and made this picture of the guy shoveling
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并拍摄了这张照片，一个渔人把误捕物
05:57
this bycatch into the sea as trash
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像垃圾一样铲入海中，
05:59
and photographed this cascade of death,
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拍摄了这大量的死亡，
06:01
you know, animals like guitarfish, bat rays,
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嗯，这些动物，像犁头鳐，鲾鲼 ，
06:04
flounder, pufferfish, that only an hour before,
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比目鱼，河豚在一个小时之前，
06:07
were on the bottom of the ocean, alive,
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还在海底，活着，
06:09
but now being thrown back as trash.
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但现在却被当做垃圾扔回海洋。
06:11
I also wanted to focus on the shark fishing industry
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我也想聚焦于鲨鱼捕捞业，
06:14
because, currently on planet Earth,
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因为，目前在地球上，
06:16
we're killing over 100 million sharks
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我们每年杀死超过
06:18
every single year.
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100万条鲨鱼。
06:20
But before I went out to photograph this component,
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但在我出去拍摄这部分之前，
06:22
I sort of wrestled with the notion of how do you make a picture of a dead shark
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我对如何为死去的鲨鱼拍摄一张
06:25
that will resonate with readers
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能让读者产生共鸣的照片有些纠结。
06:27
You know, I think there's still a lot of people out there who think
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嗯，我想仍然有许多人觉得
06:29
the only good shark is a dead shark.
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只有死鲨鱼才是好鲨鱼。
06:31
But this one morning I jumped in and found this thresher
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但在一个早晨我跳入水中，发现了这条长尾鲨，
06:33
that had just recently died in the gill net.
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它刚刚死在这张刺网中。
06:35
And with its huge pectoral fins and eyes still very visible,
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它那巨大的胸鳍和眼睛还清晰可见，
06:38
it struck me as sort of a crucifixion, if you will.
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它有点像耶稣受难像那样让我目瞪口呆，如果你愿意那么说的话。
06:41
This ended up being the lead picture
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这张照片最终在国家地理的全球渔业报道
06:43
in the global fishery story in National Geographic.
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中成为了主要照片。
06:45
And I hope that it helped readers to take notice
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并且我希望它能帮助读者注意到
06:47
of this problem of 100 million sharks.
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这个一亿条鲨鱼都在面临的问题。
06:50
And because I love sharks -- I'm somewhat obsessed with sharks --
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而由于我爱鲨鱼--我对鲨鱼有些着迷--
06:53
I wanted to do another, more celebratory, story about sharks,
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我想做另一个，更加开心些的关于鲨鱼的报道，
06:55
as a way of talking about the need for shark conservation.
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来谈谈保护鲨鱼的必要性。
06:58
So I went to the Bahamas
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因此我去了巴哈马群岛，
07:00
because there're very few places in the world
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因为那是目前世界上少有的
07:02
where sharks are doing well these days,
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对鲨鱼保护的比较好的地方，
07:04
but the Bahamas seem to be a place where stocks were reasonably healthy,
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在巴哈马群岛，鲨鱼数量似乎相当健康，
07:07
largely due to the fact that the government there
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这很大程度上归功于当地政府
07:10
had outlawed longlining several years ago.
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在几年前取缔了延绳钓。
07:12
And I wanted to show several species
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我想展示一些我们
07:14
that we hadn't shown much in the magazine and worked in a number of locations.
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在杂志中没怎么展示过的物种。它们生活在许多地方。
07:17
One of the locations was this place called Tiger Beach,
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其中有一个叫做老虎海滩的地方，
07:20
in the northern Bahamas where tiger sharks
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在巴哈马群岛的北部，在那儿虎鲨
07:22
aggregate in shallow water.
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聚集在浅水中。
07:24
This is a low-altitude photograph that I made
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这张我从低角度拍摄的照片
07:26
showing our dive boat with about a dozen of these big old tiger sharks
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显示了在我们的潜水船周围围绕着大约一打巨大的年老的虎鲨，
07:29
sort of just swimming around behind.
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它们只是在下面四处游动。
07:31
But the one thing I definitely didn't want to do with this coverage
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但我绝对不想让这张封面
07:34
was to continue to portray sharks as something like monsters.
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继续把鲨鱼描绘的有点像怪兽似的。
07:37
I didn't want them to be overly threatening or scary.
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我不想它们被渲染的过度有威胁或可怕。
07:40
And with this photograph of a beautiful
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而用这张有一条美丽的
07:42
15-feet, probably 14-feet, I guess,
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15英尺，或许14英尺，我估计，
07:44
female tiger shark,
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雌性虎鲨的照片，
07:46
I sort of think I got to that goal,
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我认为我有点达到目的了，
07:49
where she was swimming with these little barjacks off her nose,
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她在水中漫游，一些平线若鰺环绕在她鼻侧，
07:52
and my strobe created a shadow on her face.
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我的闪光灯在她脸上产生了一道阴影。
07:54
And I think it's a gentler picture, a little less threatening,
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而我想这张照片有更多的优雅，更少的威胁，
07:56
a little more respectful of the species.
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有对这个物种更多尊重。
07:58
I also searched on this story
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我也检索了一篇关于
08:00
for the elusive great hammerhead,
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这只鲜见的大锤头鲨的报道，
08:02
an animal that really hadn't been photographed much
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这类动物直到大约七年或十年之前
08:04
until maybe about seven or 10 years ago.
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还没怎么被拍摄过。
08:06
It's a very solitary creature.
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它是一种完全独居的生物。
08:08
But this is an animal that's considered data deficient by science
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但这种动物无论是在佛罗里达还是在巴哈马群岛
08:11
in both Florida and in the Bahamas.
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都被认为是一种缺乏科学数据的有待研究的物种。
08:13
You know, we know almost nothing about them.
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嗯，我们对它们几乎一无所知。
08:15
We don't know where they migrate to or from,
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我们不知道它们从哪儿迁徙而来，要迁徙到哪儿去，
08:17
where they mate, where they have their pups,
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它们在哪儿交配，在哪儿抚育幼仔，
08:19
and yet, hammerhead populations in the Atlantic
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然而，锤头鲨在大西洋的种群
08:21
have declined about 80 percent in the last 20 to 30 years.
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在最近的二三十年内减少了大约百分之八十。
08:24
You know, we're losing them faster than we can possibly find them.
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你知道的，我们正在以比我们可能找到它们更快的速度失去它们。
08:27
This is the oceanic whitetip shark,
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这是白鳍鲨，
08:30
an animal that is considered the fourth most dangerous species,
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一种被认为在最危险的物种中排名第四的物种，
08:32
if you pay attention to such lists.
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如果你留意了这样的列表的话。
08:34
But it's an animal that's about 98 percent in decline
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但是这种动物的数量，在大多数它们的活动区域内
08:37
throughout most of its range.
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大约下降了98%。
08:39
Because this is a pelagic animal and it lives out in the deeper water,
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由于它是种远洋动物，并且它生活在深水中，
08:42
and because we weren't working on the bottom,
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并由于我们没有在海下工作过，
08:44
I brought along a shark cage here,
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我带了个防鲨笼，
08:46
and my friend, shark biologist Wes Pratt is inside the cage.
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我的朋友，鲨鱼生物学家维斯 普拉特呆在这个笼子里。
08:49
You'll see that the photographer, of course, was not inside the cage here,
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当然，你将看到摄影师并不在笼子里，
08:52
so clearly the biologist is a little smarter than the photographer I guess.
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很明显生物学家要比摄影师聪明一点，我觉得。
08:55
And lastly with this story,
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在这报道的最后，
08:57
I also wanted to focus on baby sharks, shark nurseries.
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我还想关注一下幼鲨的托儿所。
09:00
And I went to the island of Bimini, in the Bahamas,
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为了观察柠檬鲨幼鲨，
09:03
to work with lemon shark pups.
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我又去了巴哈马群岛的比米尼岛，
09:05
This is a photo of a lemon shark pup,
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这是张柠檬鲨幼鲨的照片，
09:07
and it shows these animals where they live for the first two to three years of their lives
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照片显示的是，这些动物在生命的头两三年里生活在
09:10
in these protective mangroves.
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受保护的红树林。
09:12
This is a very sort of un-shark-like photograph.
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这甚至于有点不像是张鲨鱼的照片。
09:15
It's not what you typically might think of as a shark picture.
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这不是那种通常意义上的鲨鱼照片。
09:18
But, you know, here we see a shark that's maybe 10 or 11 inches long
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但，你知道，我们在这里看到一条10或11英尺长的鲨鱼
09:21
swimming in about a foot of water.
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游弋在大约一英尺深的水中。
09:23
But this is crucial habitat and it's where they spend the first two, three years of their lives,
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但这是重要的栖息地，它们会在这儿度过生命中的头两三年，
09:26
until they're big enough to go out on the rest of the reef.
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直到它们足够强壮才会游到暗礁的其他地方去。
09:29
After I left Bimini, I actually learned
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在我离开比米尼之后，我真正地认识到
09:31
that this habitat was being bulldozed
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这些栖息地正在被推平来
09:33
to create a new golf course and resort.
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建设一个新的高尔夫球场和度假胜地。
09:36
And other recent stories have looked at
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如果你愿意，我们来看看其他一些最近的报道，
09:38
single, flagship species, if you will,
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关注于单一的，旗舰物种的报道，
09:40
that are at risk in the ocean
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它们所面临的风险，
09:42
as a way of talking about other threats.
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以此说明其他的威胁。
09:45
One such story I did documented the leatherback sea turtle.
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这是我记录棱皮龟的一篇报道。
09:48
This is the largest, widest-ranging,
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这是所有海龟中最大的，分布最广的，
09:50
deepest-diving and oldest of all turtle species.
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潜水最深的，也是最长寿的一种。
09:53
Here we see a female crawling
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在这儿我们看到的是，在特立尼达岛上，一只雌龟
09:55
out of the ocean under moonlight
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在月光下
09:57
on the island of Trinidad.
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爬出海洋。
09:59
These are animals whose lineage dates back about 100 million years.
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这种动物的历史可以追溯至大约一亿年前。
10:02
And there was a time in their lifespan
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在它们的生命中，曾经在
10:04
where they were coming out of the water to nest
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它们爬出水面筑巢时
10:06
and saw Tyrannosaurus rex running by.
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看着雷克斯暴龙从旁边跑过。
10:08
And today, they crawl out and see condominiums.
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而今天，它们爬出来，看到的是公寓。
10:11
But despite this amazing longevity,
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但是，尽管有着令人惊叹的长寿，
10:13
they're now considered critically endangered.
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现在，它们被认为处于极度濒危。
10:16
In the Pacific, where I made this photograph,
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在太平洋，我拍摄了这张照片，
10:18
their stocks have declined about 90 percent
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它们的数量在近15年里
10:20
in the last 15 years.
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下降了大约百分之九十。
10:22
This is a photograph that shows a hatchling
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这张照片显示的是，一只刚孵出的幼龟
10:25
about to taste saltwater for the very first time
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正打算第一次尝试海水，
10:27
beginning this long and perilous journey.
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开始它漫长的冒险之旅。
10:29
Only one in a thousand
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只有千分之一的
10:31
leatherback hatchlings will reach maturity.
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棱皮龟幼龟会到达成年阶段。
10:33
But that's due to natural predators
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但这取决于他们的天敌
10:35
like vultures that pick them off on a beach
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比如，在海滩上啄食它们的秃鹰
10:37
or predatory fish that are waiting offshore.
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或是等在近海的掠食性鱼类。
10:40
Nature has learned to compensate with that,
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自然学会了对这些进行补偿，
10:42
and females have multiple clutches of eggs
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雌龟会产下多窝蛋来
10:44
to overcome those odds.
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克服这种不利局面。
10:46
But what they can't deal with is anthropogenic stresses,
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但是它们无法应付的是人为的压力，
10:49
human things, like this picture that shows
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人类的行为，如这张照片中所显示的
10:51
a leatherback caught at night in a gill net.
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一只棱皮龟在晚上被一张刺网所捕获。
10:54
I actually jumped in and photographed this,
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实际上我在跳下水拍摄的这张照片之后，
10:56
and with the fisherman's permission,
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在渔民的允许下
10:58
I cut the turtle out, and it was able to swim free.
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把这只海龟从网里剪下来，这样它就能自由游动了。
11:00
But, you know, thousands of other leatherbacks each year
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但，你知道，每年有数以千计的棱皮龟
11:03
are not so fortunate,
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并没有这么幸运，
11:05
and the species' future is in great danger.
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这个物种的未来面临着极大的危险。
11:07
Another charismatic megafauna species that I worked with
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在我参与过的报道中，另一个极具魅力的大型物种
11:10
is the story I did on the right whale.
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是露脊鯨。
11:12
And essentially, the story is this with right whales,
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而且基本上，关于露脊鯨的报道是这样的，
11:14
that about a million years ago, there was
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大约一百万年前，在这个
11:16
one species of right whale on the planet,
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星球上有一种露脊鯨，
11:18
but as land masses moved around and oceans became isolated,
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但当大陆板块移动，海洋被分割，
11:21
the species sort of separated,
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这个物种被分隔开了，
11:23
and today we have essentially two distinct stocks.
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因此如今，本质上说有两个截然不同的种群。
11:25
We have the Southern right whale that we see here
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我们在这儿看到的是南露脊鯨，
11:27
and the North Atlantic right whale that we see here
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而在这儿看到的是北大西洋露脊鯨，
11:30
with a mom and calf off the coast of Florida.
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母鲸带着孩子离开佛罗里达的海岸。
11:32
Now, both species were hunted to the brink of extinction
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目前，这两种鲸都已经被早期的捕鲸者猎杀至
11:34
by the early whalers,
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灭绝的边缘。
11:36
but the Southern right whales have rebounded a lot better
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但南露脊鯨的数量有了更大的反弹，
11:38
because they're located in places
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这是因为它们所在的区域
11:40
farther away from human activity.
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离人类活动更远些。
11:42
The North Atlantic right whale is listed as
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北大西洋露脊鯨被列入
11:44
the most endangered species on the planet today
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目前地球上最濒危物种名单，
11:46
because they are urban whales; they live along the east coast
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因为它们是城市鲸，他们生活在北美洲东海岸沿线，
11:49
of North America, United States and Canada,
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美国和加拿大，
11:51
and they have to deal with all these urban ills.
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他们不得不面对一些城市病。
11:54
This photo shows an animal popping its head out at sunset off the coast of Florida.
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这张照片显示了一头鲸在夕阳下的佛罗里达海岸把它的头探出海面。
11:57
You can see the coal burning plant in the background.
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你能看到背景中的烧煤的电厂。
12:00
They have to deal with things like toxins and pharmaceuticals
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它们不得不面对一些被排入海洋的
12:02
that are flushed out into the ocean,
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物质，如毒素和药物，
12:04
and maybe even affecting their reproduction.
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而这些可能会影响它们的繁殖能力。
12:06
They also get entangled in fishing gear.
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它们也会被渔具缠住。
12:08
This is a picture that shows the tail of a right whale.
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这张照片显示了一条露脊鯨的尾部。
12:11
And those white markings are not natural markings.
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这些白色的标记不是天然的胎记，
12:13
These are entanglement scars.
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这些是与渔具纠缠所造成的伤疤。
12:15
72 percent of the population has such scars,
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种群中有百分之七十二带有这种伤疤，
12:18
but most don't shed the gear, things like lobster traps and crab pots.
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但它们中多数都没能摆脱这些渔具，如龙虾陷阱和捕蟹笼。
12:21
They hold on to them, and it eventually kills them.
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这些装置紧紧抓住它们，并最终杀死它们。
12:24
And the other problem is they get hit by ships.
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另一个问题是，它们会被船舶击伤。
12:26
And this was an animal that was struck by a ship
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这只被拖回的动物，是在加拿大新斯科舍省
12:28
in Nova Scotia, Canada
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被船击中的，
12:30
being towed in, where they did a necropsy
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在那儿他们为它做了一次尸检
12:32
to confirm the cause of death,
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来确认死因，
12:34
which was indeed a ship strike.
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尸检证明确实是被船击中。
12:36
So all of these ills are stacking up against these animals
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因此，所有这些针对这种动物的弊端累积起来，
12:39
and keeping their numbers very low.
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使得它们的数量变得非常少。
12:41
And to draw a contrast with that beleaguered North Atlantic population,
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而为了与困境中的北大西洋的种群数量做对比，
12:44
I went to a new pristine population of Southern right whales
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我找到了一个南露脊鲸种群数量的原始数据，
12:47
that had only been discovered about 10 years ago
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这些数据是仅在大约10年之前披露的，
12:49
in the sub-Antarctic of New Zealand, a place called the Auckland Islands.
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在新西兰亚南极地区的一个名叫奥克兰群岛的地方的南露脊鲸的数量。
12:52
I went down there in the winter time.
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我在一个冬天去的那儿。
12:54
And these are animals that had never seen humans before,
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并且在那儿的动物在此之前从未见过人类。
12:56
and I was one of the first people they probably had ever seen.
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而我可能是他们见到的第一个人类。
12:58
And I got in the water with them,
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我跳入水中和它们在一起，
13:00
and I was amazed at how curious they were.
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我对它们的好奇程度感到惊讶。
13:02
This photograph shows my assistant standing on the bottom at about 70 feet
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这张照片中，我的助手站在大约70英尺深的海底
13:05
and one of these amazingly beautiful, 45-foot,
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和一条令人惊叹的美丽的，45英尺长，
13:08
70-ton whales,
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70吨的鲸，
13:10
like a city bus just swimming up, you know.
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它像一辆城市公交车在游泳，你知道的。
13:12
They were in perfect condition,
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它们处于完美的状况中，
13:14
very fat and healthy, robust, no entanglement scars,
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非常巨大且健康，十分结实，没有纠缠造成的伤疤，
13:17
the way they're supposed to look.
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这才是它们应有的样子。
13:19
You know, I read that the pilgrims, when they landed at Plymouth Rock
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你知道，当清教徒1620年在位于马萨诸塞州
13:21
in Massachusetts in 1620,
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的普利茅斯石登陆时，
13:23
wrote that you could walk across Cape Cod Bay
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写到，你能踩着露脊鲸的背
13:25
on the backs of right whales.
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走过科德角湾。
13:27
And we can't go back and see that today,
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而如今我们无法回到那一时刻去看看了，
13:29
but maybe we can preserve what we have left.
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但也许我们让我们现在拥有的保存下去。
13:31
And I wanted to close this program with a story of hope,
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我想用一篇充满希望的报道来结束这次演讲，
13:34
a story I did on marine reserves
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一篇我做的关于海洋保护区的报道，
13:36
as sort of a solution
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可以说是一个对
13:38
to the problem of overfishing, the global fish crisis story.
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过度捕鱼问题和全球鱼类危机的解决方案的报道。
13:41
I settled on working in the country of New Zealand
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我在新西兰定居并在那儿工作，
13:43
because New Zealand was rather progressive,
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因为新西兰是相当进步的，
13:45
and is rather progressive in terms of protecting their ocean.
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在保护他们的海洋方面做的相当不错。
13:48
And I really wanted this story to be about three things:
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而且我真的希望这篇报道与三件事相关。
13:50
I wanted it to be about abundance,
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我希望它与丰富，
13:52
about diversity and about resilience.
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多样性和回复能力相关。
13:54
And one of the first places I worked
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而我最早工作过的地方之一是
13:56
was a reserve called Goat Island
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一个位于新西兰雷伊镇的
13:58
in Leigh of New Zealand.
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名为山羊岛的保护区。
14:00
What the scientists there told me was that
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那儿的科学家告诉我，
14:02
when protected this first marine reserve in 1975,
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当1975年这第一个海洋保护区成立时，
14:05
they hoped and expected that certain things might happen.
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他们希望并期待着某些事情的发生。
14:08
For example, they hoped that certain species of fish
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例如，他们希望某些种类的鱼
14:10
like the New Zealand snapper would return
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如新西兰加吉鱼，会回来，
14:12
because they had been fished to the brink of commercial extinction.
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因为他们已经被商业捕捞到了灭绝的边缘。
14:15
And they did come back. What they couldn't predict was that other things would happen.
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而它们确实回来了。还发生了其他一些他们没有预料到的事情。
14:18
For example, these fish
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例如，这些鱼
14:20
predate on sea urchins,
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吃海胆。
14:22
and when the fish were all gone,
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而当鱼类消失的时候，
14:24
all anyone ever saw underwater
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任何人都只能在水下只能看到
14:26
was just acres and acres of sea urchins.
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成片成片的海胆。
14:29
But when the fish came back
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但当这些鱼回来了，
14:31
and began predating and controlling the urchin population,
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就开始吃海胆，开始控制海胆的数量，
14:33
low and behold, kelp forests emerged in shallow water.
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慢慢的，浅水区出现了大型海藻群。
14:36
And that's because the urchins eat kelp.
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那是因为海胆以大型海藻为食。
14:39
So when the fish control the urchin population,
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因此，当鱼类控制了海胆的数量时，
14:42
the ocean was restored to its natural equilibrium.
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海洋恢复了她的自然平衡。
14:44
You know, this is probably how the ocean looked here
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嗯，这也许这里的海洋还是
14:46
one or 200 years ago, but nobody was around to tell us.
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一百或两百前年看起来的那样，但没人能告诉我们是不是这样。
14:49
I worked in other parts of New Zealand as well,
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我也在新西兰的其他地方工作过，
14:51
in beautiful, fragile, protected areas
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在一些美丽的，脆弱的保护区，
14:54
like in Fiordland, where this sea pen colony was found.
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如峡湾，在那儿发现了海鳃聚集地。
14:57
Little blue cod swimming in for a dash of color.
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蓝色的小鳕鱼游曳其中，增添一抹色彩。
15:00
In the northern part of New Zealand,
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在新西兰的北部，
15:02
I dove in the blue water, where the water's a little warmer,
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我跳入蓝色的有些温暖海水，
15:05
and photographed animals like this giant sting ray
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给动物们拍照，如这条正游过
15:07
swimming through an underwater canyon.
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海底峡谷的巨大的黄貂鱼。
15:09
Every part of the ecosystem in this place
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在这个地方的生态系统的每一个部分
15:11
seems very healthy,
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看起来都非常健康，
15:13
from tiny, little animals like a nudibrank
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从小如这条
15:15
crawling over encrusting sponge
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爬过壳状海绵的海蛞蝓，
15:17
or a leatherjacket
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或是一条大蚊幼虫，
15:19
that is a very important animal in this ecosystem
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它在这个生态系统中是十分重要的动物，
15:21
because it grazes on the bottom and allows new life to take hold.
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因为它在海底觅食并让新生命能扎根于此。
15:25
And I wanted to finish with this photograph,
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我想用这张照片作为结束，
15:27
a picture I made on a very stormy day in New Zealand
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这张照片是我在新西兰的有强暴风雨的一天拍摄的，
15:30
when I just laid on the bottom
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当时我正躺在海底，
15:32
amidst a school of fish swirling around me.
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在一群鱼环绕中。
15:34
And I was in a place that had only been protected
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而我在的地方仅仅在
15:36
about 20 years ago.
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20年前才开始被保护起来。
15:38
And I talked to divers that had been diving there for many years,
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我与在当地潜水多年的潜水员攀谈，
15:41
and they said that the marine life was better here today
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他们说，如今这儿的海洋生物比
15:43
than it was in the 1960s.
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20世纪60年代时更好。
15:45
And that's because it's been protected,
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而这是因为它被保护了，
15:47
that it has come back.
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它已经恢复了。
15:49
So I think the message is clear.
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所以，我想信息很明确。
15:51
The ocean is, indeed, resilient and tolerant to a point,
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海洋的确有一定的弹性和容忍度，
15:54
but we must be good custodians.
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但我们必须是好的保管者。
15:56
I became an underwater photographer
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我成为一名水下摄影师
15:58
because I fell in love with the sea,
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是因为我爱上了大海，
16:00
and I make pictures of it today because I want to protect it,
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而我今天为她拍摄照片是因为我想保护她，
16:03
and I don't think it's too late.
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并且我并不认为这为时已晚。
16:05
Thank you very much.
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非常感谢
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Brian Skerry - PhotographerBrian Skerry is a photojournalist who captures images that not only celebrate the mystery and beauty of the sea but also bring attention to the pressing issue which endanger our oceans.
Why you should listen
Using the camera as his tool of communication, Brian Skerry has spent the past three decades telling the stories of the ocean. His images portray not only the aesthetic wonder of the ocean but display an intense journalistic drive for relevance. Skerry's work brings to light the many pressing issues facing our oceans and its inhabitants. Typically spending eight months of the year in the field, he often face extreme conditions to capture his subjects. He has lived on the bottom of the sea, spent months aboard fishing boats and dived beneath the Arctic ice to get his shot. He has spent over 10,000 hours underwater.
A contract photographer for National Geographic Magazine since 1998, Brian Skerry has had twelve stories published in the magazine with several more upcoming.
Brian Skerry | Speaker | TED.com