TED2004
James Howard Kunstler: The ghastly tragedy of the suburbs
詹姆斯·霍華德·昆斯特勒 解析郊區發展
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詹姆斯·霍華德·昆斯特勒認為公共空間應該是一個群體生活以及公眾利益的展現。然而，失敗的公共空間規劃儼然讓美國淪為不值得關心的地方。
James Howard Kunstler - Social critic
James Howard Kunstler may be the world’s most outspoken critic of suburban sprawl. He believes the end of the fossil fuels era will soon force a return to smaller-scale, agrarian communities -- and an overhaul of the most destructive features of postwar society. Full bio
James Howard Kunstler may be the world’s most outspoken critic of suburban sprawl. He believes the end of the fossil fuels era will soon force a return to smaller-scale, agrarian communities -- and an overhaul of the most destructive features of postwar society. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:26
The immersive ugliness
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我們每天身處的環境
00:29
of our everyday environments in America
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醜陋無比
00:34
is entropy made visible.
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雜亂無章顯而易見
00:38
We can't overestimate the amount of despair
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我們無法想見
00:42
that we are generating with places like this.
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在這樣環境下所產生的絕望
00:47
And mostly, I want to persuade you that we have to do better
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最重要的，如果我們想延續美國的文明
00:51
if we're going to continue the project of civilization in America.
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我們必須做得更好
00:57
By the way, this doesn't help.
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順便一提，這並沒有用
01:00
Nobody's having a better day down here because of that.
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下面經過的人沒有人會因此覺得生活變好了
01:07
There are a lot of ways you can describe this.
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有很多方式可以定義這點
01:09
You know, I like to call it "the national automobile slum."
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你們知道的，我喜歡稱這為 「全國汽車貧民窟」
01:12
You can call it suburban sprawl.
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你可以稱之為郊區擴展
01:15
I think it's appropriate to call it
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我認為也可稱之為
01:17
the greatest misallocation of resources in the history of the world.
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「史上最大的資源分配不當」更為恰當
01:22
You can call it a technosis externality clusterfuck.
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你也可以稱它為是一個蔓延於外部的腐敗
01:27
And it's a tremendous problem for us.
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這對我們是一個巨大的難題
01:33
The outstanding -- the salient problem about this for us
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而且有個突出且顯著的癥結
01:37
is that these are places that are not worth caring about.
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在於這些地方已經不值得被關心
01:40
We're going to talk about that some more.
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對此我們將深入討論
01:43
A sense of place:
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空間感
01:45
your ability to create places that are meaningful and places of quality and character
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來自於自身創造一個有意義、有品質和有特色環境的能力
01:52
depends entirely on your ability to define space with buildings,
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這完全取決於我們定義空間與建築物的能力
01:57
and to employ the vocabularies, grammars,
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與如何運用建築的詞彙、語法
02:01
syntaxes, rhythms and patterns of architecture
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語序、節奏和模式
02:05
in order to inform us who we are.
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來闡述我們自身的存在意義
02:08
The public realm in America has two roles:
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公共空間在美國有兩種功能：
02:14
it is the dwelling place of our civilization and our civic life,
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它是我們文明的搖籃，民之生活所在
02:19
and it is the physical manifestation of the common good.
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也是大眾利益的實體展現
02:24
And when you degrade the public realm,
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當公共場所的品質降低
02:27
you will automatically degrade the quality of your civic life
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市民的生活品質及
02:30
and the character of all the enactments of your public life and communal life that take place there.
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所有公眾之間互惠互利的行為也會隨之降低、減少
02:39
The public realm comes mostly in the form of the street in America
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在美國，最常見的公共空間的形式就是街道
02:44
because we don't have the 1,000-year-old cathedral plazas
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因為我們沒有古老的千年大教堂廣場
02:48
and market squares of older cultures.
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或是老舊文化的市集
02:52
And your ability to define space and to create places that are worth caring about
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我們對定義與創造一個我們值得關心的空間的能力
03:00
all comes from a body of culture that we call the culture of civic design.
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這些都來自於所謂的大眾設計文化
03:05
This is a body of knowledge, method, skill and principle
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但是二次世界大戰後我們將相關的知識、技巧和原則
03:10
that we threw in the garbage after World War II
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都丟進了垃圾堆中
03:15
and decided we don't need that anymore; we're not going to use it.
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並決定不再需要它，再也不使用了
03:18
And consequently, we can see the result all around us.
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然而，我們可以看到後果就在你我身邊
03:23
The public realm has to inform us not only where we are geographically,
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公共場所不僅要提供地理位置的標示
03:28
but it has to inform us where we are in our culture.
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同時也要陳述文化的定位
03:32
Where we've come from, what kind of people we are, and it needs to,
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我們來自哪裡，是什麼樣的人
03:37
by doing that, it needs to afford us a glimpse to where we're going
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還要向公眾展示未來的走向
03:43
in order to allow us to dwell in a hopeful present.
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以讓我們活在充滿希望的的當下
03:48
And if there is one tremendous --
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如果說我們所有的建設中
03:50
if there is one great catastrophe about the places that we've built,
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最大最大的敗筆就是
03:53
the human environments we've made for ourselves in the last 50 years,
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那就是在過去的50年中，我們建立的環境
03:57
it is that it has deprived us of the ability to live in a hopeful present.
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剝奪了我們享受當下的權利
04:06
The environments we are living in, more typically, are like these.
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通常典型的居住環境是像這樣的:
04:10
You know, this happens to be the asteroid belt of architectural garbage two miles north of my town.
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這裡是離我居住地方以北兩英里外的垃圾建築環帶
04:16
And remember, to create a place of character and quality,
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請記住，要創造一個地方的特色和品質
04:20
you have to be able to define space.
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要必須先能夠定義空間
04:22
So how is that being accomplished here?
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我們在這裡如何完成呢?
04:24
If you stand on the apron of the Wal-Mart over here
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如果你站在這邊Wal-Mart 的位置上
04:27
and try to look at the Target store over here,
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並試想Target商店在這裡
04:29
you can't see it because of the curvature of the Earth. (Laughter)
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你是不可能看到的，因為地球是圓的（眾笑）
04:35
That's nature's way of telling you that you're doing a poor job of defining space.
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大自然就已經告訴我們這不是個定義空間的好方法
04:41
Consequently, these will be places that nobody wants to be in.
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因此，這樣的空間是沒有人想待的
04:44
These will be places that are not worth caring about.
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這將會沒變成不值得也沒人關心的地方
04:48
We have about, you know, 38,000 places
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美國約有38000個這樣的地方
04:51
that are not worth caring about in the United States today.
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是不被關心的
04:53
When we have enough of them, we're going to have a nation that's not worth defending.
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當我們有夠多這樣的空間，我們就要有一個不值得捍衛的國家了
04:59
And I want you to think about that when you think about
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請你們想想那些
05:03
those young men and women who are over in places like Iraq,
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在伊拉克這樣的地方的年輕男女
05:05
spilling their blood in the sand,
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正在拋頭臚灑熱血
05:07
and ask yourself, "What is their last thought of home?"
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如果問問他們在最後對家鄉最後的記憶
05:12
I hope it's not the curb cut between the Chuck E. Cheese and the Target store
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我希望不是恰克起司餐館和Target 賣場之間的行人道
05:16
because that's not good enough for Americans to be spilling their blood for. (Applause)
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因為那不值得美國人為之灑熱血 （掌聲）
05:22
We need better places in this country.
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我們的國家必須有更棒的公共空間
05:25
Public space. This is a good public space.
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這是一個很好的公共空間
05:27
It's a place worth caring about. It's well defined.
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這是一個值得關心的地方。它的定義明確。
05:30
It is emphatically an outdoor public room.
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強調了戶外的公共空間
05:33
It has something that is terribly important --
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極度重要的是
05:36
it has what's called an active and permeable membrane around the edge.
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那充滿活力的氛圍，像層半透膜籠罩四周
05:39
That's a fancy way of saying it's got shops, bars, bistros, destinations --
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這是一個奇特的形容：這裡有商店，酒吧，小酒館，想去的地方
05:44
things go in and out of it. It's permeable.
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事物不斷進出、滲透。是流動的
05:47
The beer goes in and out, the waitresses go in and out,
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啤酒端進端出，服務生進進出出
05:50
and that activates the center of this place and makes it a place that people want to hang out in.
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這樣一個地方有活力，讓人們喜歡沉浸於此
05:55
You know, in these places in other cultures,
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通常在其他的國家，
05:59
people just go there voluntarily because they like them.
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人們會因為喜歡那種生命活力而主動來到這地方
06:03
We don't have to have a craft fair here to get people to come here. (Laughter)
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我們不必去辦一個工藝品博覽會來吸引人潮 （笑聲）
06:06
You know, you don't have to have a Kwanzaa festival.
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我們也不需要一個寬扎節(非洲節日)
06:09
People just go because it's pleasurable to be there.
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人們自然會出現，因為那裡令人愉快
06:13
But this is how we do it in the United States.
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但在美國我們要如何去創造這樣的空間呢？
06:17
Probably the most significant public space failure in America,
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美國最失敗的公共空間我猜應該是
06:20
designed by the leading architects of the day, Harry Cobb and I.M. Pei:
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建築先驅哈利科布與貝聿銘所設計的
06:25
Boston City Hall Plaza.
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波士頓市政廳廣場
06:27
A public place so dismal that the winos don't even want to go there. (Laughter)
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這樣慘澹的地方，連酒鬼都不想去 （笑聲）
06:33
And we can't fix it because I.M. Pei's still alive,
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由於貝聿銘還活著，所以我們很難去修改他的設計
06:36
and every year Harvard and M.I.T. have a joint committee to repair it.
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每年，哈佛和M.I.T.組了一個聯合委員會致力於改善它
06:39
And every year they fail to because they don't want to hurt I.M. Pei's feelings.
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不過為了不傷害貝聿銘的心靈，這項計劃每年都失敗
06:43
This is the other side of the building.
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這是這建築的另一側
06:45
This was the winner of an international design award in, I think, 1966, something like that.
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這是一個國際設計比賽的得獎作品，我想好像是1966年得的
06:50
It wasn't Pei and Cobb, another firm designed this,
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這不是哈利科布與貝聿銘的設計，而是另一間設計公司
06:53
but there's not enough Prozac in the world to make people feel OK about going down this block.
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但想人們走在這條街上，我想再多的百憂解(一種治療精神抑鬱的藥物)都不夠使人心情愉快
07:04
This is the back of Boston City Hall,
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這是波士頓市政廳的背面
07:06
the most important, you know, significant civic building in Albany -- excuse me -- in Boston.
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這對於奧爾巴尼市- 對不起，是波士頓是極為重要且顯著的建築
07:14
And what is the message that is coming,
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這要表達什麼
07:16
what are the vocabularies and grammars that are coming, from this building
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這座大樓傳達了什麼詞句和語言
07:19
and how is it informing us about who we are?
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它要如何提醒人類自我的定位
07:22
This, in fact, would be a better building if we put mosaic portraits
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如果我們在外牆上貼上史達林，波爾布特，海珊
07:26
of Josef Stalin, Pol Pot, Saddam Hussein,
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或是其他20世紀獨裁者的馬賽克肖像
07:31
and all the other great despots of the 20th century on the side of the building,
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這棟建築應該會更好
07:34
because then we'd honestly be saying what the building is really communicating to us.
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因為那樣我們至少可以感覺這建築所要表達的訊息
07:39
You know, that it's a despotic building;
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一棟獨裁者的建築
07:41
it wants us to feel like termites. (Laughter)
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它想讓我們覺得自己是隻做工的小白蟻（笑）
07:49
This is it on a smaller scale:
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這是個規模較小的
07:51
the back of the civic center in my town, Saratoga Springs, New York.
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我的家鄉-紐約的Saratoga Springs文化中心的背面
07:55
By the way, when I showed this slide to a group of Kiwanians in my town,
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順便說一下，當我向我家鄉的 Kiwanians 同濟會志工展示這一組幻燈片時
08:00
they all rose in indignation from their creamed chicken, (Laughter)
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他們都生氣的把注意力從奶油雞轉過來（眾笑）
08:05
and they shouted at me and said,
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他們對我喊說：
08:08
"It was raining that day when you took that picture!"
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你拍這照片的那天一定是下雨了
08:12
Because this was perceived to be a weather problem. (Laughter)
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這被歸認是天氣的問題。 （眾笑）
08:24
You know, this is a building designed like a DVD player. (Laughter)
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你們看，這個建築活像個DVD播放機（眾笑）
08:29
Audio jack, power supply --
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音頻插孔，電源
08:34
and look, you know these things are important architectural jobs for firms, right?
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這個，大家都知道這些東西對建築業非常重要，對吧
08:39
You know, we hire firms to design these things.
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我們聘請公司來設計這些東西
08:41
You can see exactly what went on, three o'clock in the morning at the design meeting.
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來看看發生了什麼事: 凌晨三點的設計會議
08:45
You know, eight hours before deadline,
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離最後期限只剩下八小時
08:47
four architects trying to get this building in on time, right?
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四個建築師希望能在時間內把設計趕完
08:51
And they're sitting there at the long boardroom table
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會議廳裡的長桌
08:54
with all the drawings, and the renderings,
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擺滿了許多圖紙和效果圖
08:56
and all the Chinese food caskets are lying on the table, and --
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還有一些中餐外賣餐盒
09:00
I mean, what was the conversation that was going on there? (Laughter)
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我的意思是，究竟他們的對話是什麼？ （眾笑）
09:04
Because you know what the last word was, what the last sentence was of that meeting.
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你們應該猜得出來，通常在會議要結束的時候會出現的句子
09:09
It was: "Fuck it." (Laughter) (Applause)
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是：“他媽的” （眾笑）（鼓掌）
09:16
That -- that is the message of this form of architecture.
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這就是這個建築傳達的訊息
09:22
The message is: We don't give a fuck! We don't give a fuck.
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該訊息是：“他媽的”！我們管不了那麼多了！
09:28
So I went back on the nicest day of the year, just to --
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我選了一個天氣特別好的一天回去，想要
09:31
you know -- do some reality testing,
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你知道的，做點現狀考察
09:33
and in fact, he will not even go down there because (Laughter)
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事實上，他根本不會去那裡
09:37
it's not interesting enough for his clients,
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因為對他的客戶來說那地方太無聊了
09:39
you know, the burglars, the muggers.
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像小偷、強盜啦
09:42
It's not civically rich enough for them to go down there.
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那裡冷清到連他們都不想去
09:47
OK.
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OK
09:49
The pattern of Main Street USA --
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美國主要大街的模式﹣
09:52
in fact, this pattern of building downtown blocks, all over the world, is fairly universal.
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其實，這種市中心街區的規劃在全世界是相當普遍的
09:57
It's not that complicated:
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這並不是說很複雜
09:59
buildings more than one story high, built out to the sidewalk edge,
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多層的建築，建在人行道邊
10:05
so that people who are, you know, all kinds of people can get into the building.
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這樣的話，不管是誰都可以進入到這大樓裡
10:08
Other activities are allowed to occur upstairs,
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你知道，通常公寓，辦公室等
10:12
you know, apartments, offices, and so on.
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都會在樓上
10:15
You make provision for this activity called shopping on the ground floor.
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一樓就做成商場
10:19
They haven't learned that in Monterey.
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不過在蒙特雷，他們還沒有學會這招
10:21
If you go out to the corner right at the main intersection right in front of this conference center,
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如果你從會議中心走出去的主要路口的街角
10:25
you'll see an intersection with four blank walls on every corner.
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你會看到每一個角落都有面灰白的高牆
10:28
It's really incredible.
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這真是令人難以置信
10:30
Anyway, this is how you compose and assemble a downtown business building,
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無論如何，這就是我們所建造的市中心裡的商業大廈
10:34
and this is what happened when in Glens Falls, New York,
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這也是紐約州格倫斯福爾斯市的做法
10:37
when we tried to do it again, where it was missing, right?
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想複製這種模式，對吧？
10:39
So the first thing they do is they pop up the retail a half a story above grade to make it sporty.
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他們首先做的就是將零售商店都昇高了半層樓，要讓大家多走幾步路
10:45
OK. That completely destroys the relationship between the business and the sidewalk,
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沒錯，這完全破壞了商家與人行道間的關係
10:51
where the theoretical pedestrians are. (Laughter)
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也就拉遠了與行人的關係
10:54
Of course, they'll never be there, as long as this is in that condition.
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當然這樣空間是不會一直存在的
10:58
Then because the relationship between the retail is destroyed,
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由於建築物和行人的關係被破壞掉了
11:02
we pop a handicapped ramp on that,
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我們又建了個這殘障坡道
11:05
and then to make ourselves feel better, we put a nature Band-Aid in front of it.
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好讓自己感覺好點兒，就像在建築的前面貼了個大自然的繃帶，
11:09
And that's how we do it.
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我們是如何做到這一點
11:11
I call them "nature Band-Aids" because there's a general idea in America
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我稱他們為“自然創可貼”，因為這在美國很普遍
11:15
that the remedy for mutilated urbanism is nature.
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補救破碎城市的最好方法就是種植花草
11:20
And in fact, the remedy for wounded and mutilated urbanism is good urbanism, good buildings.
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但事實上，最好的挽救辦法應該是良好的城市規劃以及優質的建築
11:27
Not just flower beds, not just cartoons of the Sierra Nevada Mountains.
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不只是花壇，不只是有內華達山脈的掛圖
11:33
You know, that's not good enough.
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你們知道的，這樣不夠好
11:34
We have to do good buildings.
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我們要好的建築
11:36
The street trees have really four jobs to do and that's it:
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行道樹有很重要的四種作用:
11:39
To spatially denote the pedestrian realm,
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它呈現了整個公共空間和行人的關係
11:42
to protect the pedestrians from the vehicles in the carriageway,
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保護在車道旁的行人
11:47
to filter the sunlight onto the sidewalk,
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為行人建立一個遮陽板
11:50
and to soften the hardscape of the buildings
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柔化生硬冰冷的建築物
11:52
and to create a ceiling -- a vaulted ceiling -- over the street, at its best.
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以及建立了極佳的拱形隧道，就在街道上
11:56
And that's it. Those are the four jobs of the street trees.
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這些是行道樹的四個工作
12:00
They're not supposed to be a cartoon of the North Woods;
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他們不是那種卡通裡出現的北方林木
12:03
they're not supposed to be a set for "The Last of the Mohicans."
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他們不應該是「最後的莫希幹人」的樹林
12:08
You know, one of the problems with the fiasco of suburbia is that it destroyed our understanding
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你知道，先今的郊區發展最失敗的地方
12:16
of the distinction between the country and the town, between the urban and the rural.
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在於破壞了鄉村與城鎮、郊外與城市的界線
12:20
They're not the same thing.
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不該是這樣一回事
12:22
And we're not going to cure the problems of the urban by dragging the country into the city,
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大眾一直試著把鄉村拖進城市裡
12:26
which is what a lot of us are trying to do all the time.
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這也不是問題的解決良方
12:28
Here you see it on a small scale -- the mothership has landed,
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這裡你可以看到一個小規模的母艦降落
12:32
R2-D2 and C-3PO have stepped out to test the bark mulch
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然後R2-D2 和 C-3PO小艇滑出試試看樹皮覆蓋的花床
12:38
to see if they can inhabit this planet. (Laughter)
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然後看看它們能否可以適應這裡星球（眾笑）
12:43
A lot of this comes from the fact that the industrial city in America was such a trauma
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在美國工業化城市有著這樣的創傷:
12:48
that we developed this tremendous aversion for the whole idea of the city,
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我們用著極為厭惡的理念來開發城市、
12:52
city life, and everything connected with it.
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以及城市的生活和一切
12:54
And so what you see fairly early, in the mid-19th century,
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這始於19世紀中葉工業運動的開始
12:59
is this idea that we now have to have an antidote to the industrial city,
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導至今天大家都為了在工業化的城市生活中喘息
13:03
which is going to be life in the country for everybody.
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慢慢地遷移至郊區
13:06
And that starts to be delivered in the form of the railroad suburb:
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隨著火車鐵軌擴散，形成鐵路旁的聚落
13:10
the country villa along the railroad line,
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鄉村別墅沿著鐵路線而起
13:13
which allows people to enjoy the amenity of the city,
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人們白天享受城市裡的便利
13:16
but to return to the countryside every night.
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但晚上則回到鄉村別墅
13:18
And believe me, there were no Wal-Marts or convenience stores out there then,
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相信我，當時還沒有沃爾瑪或便利商店
13:21
so it really was a form of country living.
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是真正道地的鄉村生活
13:23
But what happens is, of course, it mutates over the next 80 years
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但是之後的80年不斷變化
13:27
and it turns into something rather insidious.
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郊區發展變得相當地恐怖
13:29
It becomes a cartoon of a country house, in a cartoon of the country.
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所有的房子都看起來像卡通裡鄉村小屋，位在卡通世界裡的村落
13:34
And that's the great non-articulated agony of suburbia
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這就是郊區主要且無法表達的痛苦
13:39
and one of the reasons that it lends itself to ridicule.
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也是讓一切成為一個笑話的主因
13:41
Because it hasn't delivered what it's been promising for half a century now.
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因為近半世紀來的郊區發展並沒有提供人們所想要的機能
13:46
And these are typically the kind of dwellings we find there, you know.
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這些是我們常見的建築﹣獨門獨院
13:50
Basically, a house with nothing on the side
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沒有其他的房子圍繞在附近
13:53
because this house wants to state, emphatically,
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因為這種房子想要強調他的存在感
13:55
"I'm a little cabin in the woods. There's nothing on either side of me.
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“我是在樹林中的小木屋，四周一片空曠"
13:58
I don't have any eyes on the side of my head. I can't see."
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"我的頭上沒有眼睛，我什麼也看不到"
14:02
So you have this one last facade of the house,
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"所以你們在我的後方加了一扇門"
14:04
the front, which is really a cartoon of a facade of a house.
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這棟房子的前面長的實在很卡通
14:07
Because -- notice the porch here.
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因為-你們注意一下這裡的門廊
14:09
Unless the people that live here are Munchkins, nobody's going to be using that.
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除非住在這裡的人們是孟奇金，否則沒有人會想要去使用©
14:16
This is really, in fact, a television broadcasting a show 24/7 called "We're Normal."
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就好像是有人每天24小時都在播放一個叫“我們很正常”的節目
14:22
We're normal, we're normal, we're normal, we're normal, we're normal.
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我們是正常的，我們是正常的，我們是正常的，我們是正常的，我們是正常的
14:25
Please respect us, we're normal, we're normal, we're normal.
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請尊重我們，我們很正常，我們很正常，我們很正常。
14:27
But we know what's going on in these houses, you know.
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而且我們都知道到這些房子裡會上演哪齣戲碼
14:29
We know that little Skippy is loading his Uzi down here,
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我們知道小斯基正在這裡替他的烏茲槍上膛
14:33
getting ready for homeroom. (Laughter)
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準備來當這裡的老大（笑）
14:37
We know that Heather, his sister Heather, 14 years old,
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我們知道他的姐姐希瑟14歲
14:40
is turning tricks up here to support her drug habit.
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正技巧性的在支持自己的用藥習慣
14:43
Because these places, these habitats,
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因為這些地方，這些棲息地
14:46
are inducing immense amounts of anxiety and depression in children,
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給孩子們帶來極多焦慮和抑鬱
14:51
and they don't have a lot of experience with medication.
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他們沒有很多的對應經驗
14:55
So they take the first one that comes along, often.
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所以他們往往在第一次與人相處時會表現這樣的情緒
14:57
These are not good enough for Americans.
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這些對我們的下一代很不好
14:59
These are the schools we are sending them to:
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我們將孩子們送到這些學校
15:02
The Hannibal Lecter Central School, Las Vegas, Nevada.
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在內華達州拉斯斯維加，漢尼拔鎮中心的學校
15:08
This is a real school!
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這是一個真正的學校！
15:10
You know, but there's obviously a notion that if you let the inmates of this thing out,
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但有個很明顯的問題，如果犯人跑出來了
15:14
that they would snatch a motorist off the street and eat his liver.
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他們會在街上擄拐駕駛者、吃掉他的肝臟
15:18
So every effort is made to keep them within the building.
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因此，我們盡一切努力蓋棟建築把他們關起來
15:23
Notice that nature is present. (Laughter)
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請注意，大自然還是存在的 （笑聲）
15:30
We're going to have to change this behavior whether we like it or not.
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無論我們是否喜歡這樣，我們都須改變
15:32
We are entering an epochal period of change in the world, and -- certainly in America
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我們正在進入一個劃時代的劇變，我指的是美國
15:37
-- the period that will be characterized by the end of the cheap oil era.
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該時期的特點是石油不再便宜
15:42
It is going to change absolutely everything.
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這絕對會改變一切
15:46
Chris asked me not to go on too long about this, and I won't,
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克里斯要求我這點不要講太長，我也不會講太多
15:49
except to say there's not going to be a hydrogen economy.
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只想告訴你，不會有氫經濟的出現
15:52
Forget it. It's not going to happen.
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忘記它。這是不會發生的。
15:54
We're going to have to do something else instead.
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我們應該做點別的努力
15:56
We're going to have to down-scale, re-scale, and re-size
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我們得縮小規模，重新規劃，重新調整
16:01
virtually everything we do in this country and we can't start soon enough to do it.
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基本上是這個國家的所有的一切，而且我們快來不及了
16:05
We're going to have -- (Applause) -- we're going to have to live closer to where we work.
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我們將有 - （鼓掌） - 我們的工作和生活將更貼近
16:09
We're going to have to live closer to each other.
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我們彼此的生活將更接近
16:11
We're going have to grow more food closer to where we live.
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我們需要在我們的生活所在地生產更多的糧食
16:15
The age of the 3,000 mile Caesar salad is coming to an end.
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遠從3000英里以外來的凱撒沙拉時代即將結束
16:20
We're going to have to -- we have a railroad system that the Bulgarians would be ashamed of!
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我們將必須有一個鐵路系統，一個讓保加利亞人會感到羞恥的系統！
16:25
We gotta do better than that!
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我們必須做得更好
16:27
And we should have started two days before yesterday.
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而且應該在大前天就要開始行動
16:30
We are fortunate that the new urbanists were there, for the last 10 years,
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我們很幸運，在過去的10年有新的城市規劃專家出現
16:35
excavating all that information that was thrown in the garbage
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挖掘出那些二次世界大戰後的就被我們的上一代
16:39
by our parents' generation after World War II.
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扔在垃圾堆的資料
16:42
Because we're going to need it if we're going to learn how to reconstruct towns.
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但是如果我們想學會如何重建城鎮，我們將需要這些訊息
16:44
We're going to need to get back this body of methodology and principle and skill
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我們需要其中的方法、原則、技術
16:50
in order to re-learn how to compose meaningful places, places that are integral,
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好重新學習如何營造有意義的生活環境 - 密不可分的生活機能
16:56
that allow -- that are living organisms in the sense that they contain all the organs of our civic life
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這讓 - 地方活起來，擁有公民生活的所有機制、
17:03
and our communal life, deployed in an integral fashion.
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讓人們互利互惠的行為緊緊相連
17:08
So that, you know, the residences make sense
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所以，你知道，住宅有了意義
17:11
deployed in relation to the places of business, of culture and of governance.
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跟在地的業務、文化和治理有密不可分連結
17:16
We're going to have to re-learn what the building blocks of these things are:
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我們將重新學習這些東西的建設基石
17:20
the street, the block, how to compose public space that's both large and small,
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這條街。這區塊。如何組合有大有小的公共空間、
17:26
the courtyard, the civic square
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庭院、市民廣場
17:29
and how to really make use of this property.
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還有如何真正活用這些地方
17:32
We can see some of the first ideas
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我們已經可以看到些前衛思想
17:35
for retro-fitting some of the catastrophic property that we have in America.
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在改造許多在美國如災難般的建築
17:40
The dead malls: what are we going to do with them?
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面對死氣沉沉的商場，我們該怎麼改造
17:43
Well, in point of fact, most of them are not going to make it.
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那麼，事實上，大部分是難以改造的
17:45
They're not going to be retro-fitted;
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他們難以被改造
17:47
they're going to be the salvage yards of the future.
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他們的未來該被拯救
17:49
Some of them we're going to fix, though.
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雖然有些地方我們想要修復
17:51
And we're going to fix them by imposing back on them street and block systems
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我們想要重新利用街道和街區系統來改善
17:55
and returning to the building lot as the normal increment of development.
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並返回到正常的建築用地作為增量發展。©
18:01
And if we're lucky, the result will be revivified town centers and neighborhood centers
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如果我們幸運的話，結果會出現重生的鎮中心和鄰里中心
18:07
in our existing towns and cities.
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在我國現有的城鎮和城市
18:09
And by the way, our towns and cities are where they are, and grew where they were
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順便一提，我們的城鎮和城市一直在那，且在所在地成長
18:14
because they occupy all the important sites.
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因為他們佔據了所有重要地點
18:16
And most of them are still going to be there,
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且大多數的城市仍然會在那裏
18:19
although the scale of them is probably going to be diminished.
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雖然它們的規模可能會受到削弱
18:24
We've got a lot of work to do.
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我們有相當多的工作需要努力
18:26
We're not going to be rescued by the hyper-car; we're not going to be rescued by alternative fuels.
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我們是不會被氫能車和替代燃料所拯救
18:31
No amount or combination of alternative fuels
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沒有大量或其他的替代能源
18:34
is going to allow us to continue running what we're running, the way we're running it.
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能允許我們保持現有的生活水平
18:38
We're going to have to do everything very differently.
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我們必須徹底改變一切
18:41
And America's not prepared.
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而美國還沒準備好
18:43
We are sleepwalking into the future.
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我們像是在夢遊中走到未來
18:46
We're not ready for what's coming at us.
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我們還沒做好接受未來的準備
18:49
So I urge you all to do what you can.
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因此，我呼籲大家做點什麼
18:52
Life in the mid-21st century is going to be about living locally.
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21世紀中的生活應該是緊密的、在地的
18:59
Be prepared to be good neighbors.
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準備做個好鄰居
19:02
Be prepared to find vocations that make you useful
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找個讓自己有用的職業
19:07
to your neighbors and to your fellow citizens.
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對您的鄰居和同胞有貢獻的事
19:09
One final thing -- I've been very disturbed about this for years,
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最後一件事 - 我對此不安了好幾年
19:12
but I think it's particularly important for this audience.
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但我認為這對觀眾是很重要的一點
19:15
Please, please, stop referring to yourselves as "consumers." OK?
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請，請，停止稱自己為“消費者”。好嗎?
19:21
Consumers are different than citizens.
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消費者不同於公民
19:23
Consumers do not have obligations, responsibilities and duties
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消費者對於他們的人類同胞
19:28
to their fellow human beings.
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沒有義務、責任
19:30
And as long as you're using that word consumer in the public discussion,
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而且只在你在群體討論時使用了消費者這詞
19:33
you will be degrading the quality of the discussion we're having.
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你將有辱討論的品質
19:37
And we're going to continue being clueless
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且將毫無章法的繼續活著
19:40
going into this very difficult future that we face.
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我們將面對困難的未來
19:43
So thank you very much.
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所以非常感謝你
19:44
Please go out and do what you can to make this a land full of places that are worth caring about
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請利用您的能力，讓這塊土地被關心
19:50
and a nation that will be worth defending. (Applause)
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讓我們的國家值得被捍衛（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
James Howard Kunstler - Social criticJames Howard Kunstler may be the world’s most outspoken critic of suburban sprawl. He believes the end of the fossil fuels era will soon force a return to smaller-scale, agrarian communities -- and an overhaul of the most destructive features of postwar society.
Why you should listen
James Howard Kunstler calls suburban sprawl "the greatest misallocation of resources the world has ever known." His arguments bring a new lens to urban development, drawing clear connections between physical spaces and cultural vitality.
Geography of Nowhere, published in 1993, presented a grim vision of America in decline -- a nation of cookie-cutter strip malls, vacuous city centers, and dead spaces wrought by what Kunstler calls the ethos of Happy Motoring: our society-wide dependence on the automobile.
The Long Emergency (2005) takes a hard look at energy dependency, arguing that the end of the fossil fuels era will force a return to smaller-scale, agrarian-focused communities and an overhaul of many of the most prominent and destructive features of postwar society.
His confrontational approach and propensity for doomsday scenarios make Kunstler a lightning rod for controversy and critics. But his magnificent rants are underscored with logic and his books are widely read, particularly by architectural critics and urban planners.
James Howard Kunstler | Speaker | TED.com