TEDxThessaloniki
Paul Lewis: How mobile phones helped solve two murders
Paul Lewis: Crowdsourcing the news
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When every cellphone can record video and take pictures, everyone is a potential news source. Reporter Paul Lewis tells two stories that show us the future of investigative journalism.
(Filmed at TEDxThessaloniki.)
Paul Lewis - Journalist
Reporter Paul Lewis harnesses the power of mobile phones and social media -- innovations that are making every person a potential journalist. Full bio
Reporter Paul Lewis harnesses the power of mobile phones and social media -- innovations that are making every person a potential journalist. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I'm here to talk to you about
a new way of doing journalism.
a new way of doing journalism.
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今天我來和大家談的，
是一種新聞的新方式。
是一種新聞的新方式。
00:21
Some people call this
"citizen journalism,"
"citizen journalism,"
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有人稱之為「公民新聞」，
00:23
other people call it
"collaborative journalism."
"collaborative journalism."
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其他人稱之為「協作新聞」。
00:26
But really, it kind of means this:
for the journalists, people like me,
for the journalists, people like me,
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但其實它的意思就是：
對於像我這樣的新聞記者，
對於像我這樣的新聞記者，
00:31
it means accepting
that you can't know everything,
that you can't know everything,
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它意味著要接受
你不可能知道一切，
你不可能知道一切，
00:34
and allowing other people,
through technology,
through technology,
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並讓其他人透過科技
00:37
to be your eyes and your ears.
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成為你的眼睛和耳朵。
00:39
And for people like you,
for other members of the public,
for other members of the public,
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而對你們，其他的大眾成員，
00:43
it can mean not just being
the passive consumers of news,
the passive consumers of news,
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它可能意味著，不要只當
被動的新聞消費者，
被動的新聞消費者，
00:46
but also coproducing news.
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還要共同製作新聞。
00:49
And I believe this can be
a really empowering process.
a really empowering process.
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我相信這可以成為
一個賦權的過程。
一個賦權的過程。
00:52
It can enable ordinary people
to hold powerful organizations to account.
to hold powerful organizations to account.
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它讓一般人有能力，
能夠讓強大的組織承擔責任。
能夠讓強大的組織承擔責任。
00:58
So I'm going to explain this
to you today with two cases,
to you today with two cases,
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所以，今天我要用兩個案例
來向大家解釋這個主題，
來向大家解釋這個主題，
01:01
two stories that I've investigated.
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這兩個案例是我調查過的故事。
01:03
And they both involve
controversial deaths.
controversial deaths.
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它們都涉及了有爭議性的死亡。
01:07
And in both cases, the authorities
put out an official version of events,
put out an official version of events,
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在兩個案例中，當權機關
都針對事件發佈了一個官方版本，
都針對事件發佈了一個官方版本，
01:12
which was somewhat misleading.
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這個版本造成了誤導。
01:14
We were able to tell an alternative truth
utilizing new technology,
utilizing new technology,
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我們之所以能夠發現
另一種真相，靠的是新技術，
另一種真相，靠的是新技術，
01:19
utilizing social media,
particularly Twitter.
particularly Twitter.
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靠的是社交媒體，特別是推特。
01:22
Essentially, what I'm talking about here
is, as I said, citizen journalism.
is, as I said, citizen journalism.
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基本上，我在這裡談的，
如我剛才提過的，是公民新聞。
如我剛才提過的，是公民新聞。
01:25
So, to take the first case:
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所以，先來談第一個案例：
01:27
this is Ian Tomlinson,
the man in the foreground.
the man in the foreground.
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在最明顯位置的這位，
是伊安湯姆林森。
是伊安湯姆林森。
01:30
He was a newspaper vendor from London,
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他是倫敦的報攤小販，
01:34
and on the 1st of April 2009,
he died at the G20 protests in London.
he died at the G20 protests in London.
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2009 年 4 月 1 日，他在倫敦
G20（二十國集團）抗議中喪命。
G20（二十國集團）抗議中喪命。
01:40
Now, he had been -- he wasn't a protester,
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他本來──他並不是抗議人士，
01:43
he'd been trying to find
his way home from work
his way home from work
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他本來是工作完要回家，在找路
01:45
through the demonstrations.
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穿過示威抗議。
01:47
But he didn't get home.
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但他沒回到家。
01:48
He had an encounter with a man behind him,
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他遇到了他身後的那個人，
01:50
and as you can see, the man behind him
has covered his face with a balaclava.
has covered his face with a balaclava.
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你們可以看見，他身後的那個人
用巴拉克拉法帽把臉蒙住。
用巴拉克拉法帽把臉蒙住。
01:55
And, in fact, he wasn't showing
his badge numbers.
his badge numbers.
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事實上，他的警員編號也看不見。
01:57
But I can tell you now,
he was PC Simon Harwood,
he was PC Simon Harwood,
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但我現在可以告訴各位，
他就是 P.C. 賽門哈伍德，
他就是 P.C. 賽門哈伍德，
02:00
a police officer with London's
Metropolitan Police Force.
Metropolitan Police Force.
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他是倫敦警察廳的一位警員。
02:04
In fact, he belonged
to the elite territorial support group.
to the elite territorial support group.
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事實上，他隸屬
菁英級的地區支援課。
菁英級的地區支援課。
02:07
Now, moments after this image was shot,
Harwood struck Tomlinson with a baton,
Harwood struck Tomlinson with a baton,
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在這張照片被拍攝之後沒多久，
哈伍德用警棍攻擊湯姆林森，
哈伍德用警棍攻擊湯姆林森，
02:13
and he pushed him to ground,
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把他推倒在地，
02:15
and Tomlinson died moments later.
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沒多久湯姆林森就死亡了。
02:18
But that wasn't the story
the police wanted us to tell.
the police wanted us to tell.
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但警方要我們說的故事
並不是這樣的，
並不是這樣的，
02:21
Initially, through official statements
and off-the-record briefings,
and off-the-record briefings,
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一開始，透過官方聲明
和非正式的簡報，
和非正式的簡報，
02:24
they said that Ian Tomlinson
had died of natural causes.
had died of natural causes.
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他們說伊安湯姆林森是自然死因。
02:29
They said that there had been
no contact with the police,
no contact with the police,
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他們說他和警方沒有接觸，
02:33
that there were no marks on his body.
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他的身體上沒有傷痕。
02:35
In fact, they said that when police
tried to resuscitate him,
tried to resuscitate him,
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事實上，他們說當警方
打算他進行復甦術時，
打算他進行復甦術時，
02:38
the police medics
were impeded from doing so,
were impeded from doing so,
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警方醫療人員卻被阻礙了，
02:42
because protesters were throwing missiles,
believed to be bottles, at police.
believed to be bottles, at police.
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因為抗議者在對警方丟擲東西，
據報丟的是瓶子。
據報丟的是瓶子。
02:47
And the result of that
were stories like this.
were stories like this.
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結果就是產生出這樣的故事。
02:50
I show you this slide,
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我讓大家看一張投影片，
02:52
because this was the newspaper
that Ian Tomlinson had been selling
that Ian Tomlinson had been selling
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因為這就是伊安湯姆林森二十年來
02:55
for 20 years of his life.
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一直在販售的報紙。
02:57
And if any news organization
had an obligation
had an obligation
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如果有任何一間新聞組織有義務
03:00
to properly forensically analyze
what had been going on,
what had been going on,
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要妥善地對於
發生的狀況做法醫分析，
發生的狀況做法醫分析，
03:03
it was the Evening Standard newspaper.
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那就應該是「倫敦標準晚報」。
03:05
But they, like everyone else --
including my news organization --
including my news organization --
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但他們和所有其他人一樣──
包括我自己的新聞組織──
包括我自己的新聞組織──
03:08
were misled by the official
version of events put out by police.
version of events put out by police.
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都被警方發佈的
官方版本證據給誤導。
官方版本證據給誤導。
03:12
But you can see here,
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但在這裡你們可以看到，
03:13
the bottles that were supposedly
being thrown at police
being thrown at police
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應該是被丟向警方的瓶子，
03:16
were turned into bricks
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變成了磚塊，
03:17
by the time they reached
this edition of the newspaper.
this edition of the newspaper.
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這是報紙的這個版本
所刊出的資訊。
所刊出的資訊。
03:20
So we were suspicious,
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所以我們起疑了，
03:21
and we wanted to see if there
was more to the story.
was more to the story.
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我們想要知道這故事
是否還有其他內幕。
是否還有其他內幕。
03:24
We needed to find those protesters
you see in the image,
you see in the image,
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我們得要找到
圖片中的那些抗議者，
圖片中的那些抗議者，
03:26
but, of course, they had vanished
by the time we started investigating.
by the time we started investigating.
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但，當然，當我們開始
調查時，他們都消失了。
調查時，他們都消失了。
03:30
So how do you find the witnesses?
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所以，要如何找到證人？
03:31
This is, for me,
where it got really interesting.
where it got really interesting.
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對我來說，從這裡
就開始變得很有趣了。
就開始變得很有趣了。
03:34
We turned to the internet.
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我們轉向網際網路。
03:35
This is Twitter;
you've heard a lot about it today.
you've heard a lot about it today.
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這是推特；現在大家都對它很熟知。
03:37
Essentially, for me,
when I began investigating this case,
when I began investigating this case,
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基本上，對我來說，
當我開始調查這個案件時，
當我開始調查這個案件時，
03:40
I was completely new to this;
I'd signed up two days earlier.
I'd signed up two days earlier.
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我完全是新手；
我是兩天前才註冊的。
我是兩天前才註冊的。
03:43
I discovered that Twitter
was a microblogging site.
was a microblogging site.
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我發現推特是個微型網誌網站。
03:47
It enabled me to send out
short, 140-character messages.
short, 140-character messages.
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它讓我能發送出 140 字元的短訊息，
03:51
Also, an amazing search facility.
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另外，是種很驚人的搜尋工具。
03:54
But it was a social arena
in which other people were gathering
in which other people were gathering
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但它是個社交場所，
其他人因為一個共同的動機
其他人因為一個共同的動機
03:58
with a common motive.
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而聚集在這裡。
04:00
And in this case,
independently of journalists,
independently of journalists,
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在這個案例中，和新聞記者無關，
04:03
people themselves were interrogating
exactly what had happened to Ian Tomlinson
exactly what had happened to Ian Tomlinson
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人們自己開始質問，
伊安湯姆林森在他的人生
伊安湯姆林森在他的人生
04:08
in his last 30 minutes of life.
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最後三十分鐘到底發生了什麼事。
04:12
Individuals like these two guys.
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就像這兩個人一樣。
04:14
They went to Ian Tomlinson's aid
after he collapsed.
after he collapsed.
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當伊安湯姆林森倒下時，
他們兩人去幫助他。
他們兩人去幫助他。
04:19
They phoned the ambulance.
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他們打電話叫救護車。
04:21
They didn't see any bottles,
they didn't see any bricks.
they didn't see any bricks.
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他們沒有看見任何瓶子，
他們沒有看見任何磚塊。
他們沒有看見任何磚塊。
04:24
So they were concerned
that the stories weren't quite as accurate
that the stories weren't quite as accurate
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所以他們很擔心，
這些故事並沒有警方
這些故事並沒有警方
04:28
as police were claiming them to be.
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所聲稱的那麼正確。
04:29
And again, through social media,
we started encountering
we started encountering
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再一次，透過社交媒體，
我們開始遇到
我們開始遇到
04:32
individuals with material like this:
photographs, evidence.
photographs, evidence.
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有這類素材的人：照片，證據。
04:36
Now, this does not show the attack
on Ian Tomlinson,
on Ian Tomlinson,
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這並沒有呈現出
對伊安湯姆林森的攻擊，
對伊安湯姆林森的攻擊，
04:40
but he appears to be in some distress.
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但他顯然是在痛苦當中。
04:42
Was he drunk? Did he fall over?
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他喝醉了嗎？他摔倒了嗎？
04:44
Did this have anything to do
with the police officers next to him?
with the police officers next to him?
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這和他旁邊的警員有關嗎？
04:48
Here he appears to be talking to them.
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這裡，他似乎在和他們說話。
04:49
For us, this was enough
to investigate further, to dig deeper.
to investigate further, to dig deeper.
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對我們來說，光這樣就夠讓我們
更進一步去調查，探究得更深。
更進一步去調查，探究得更深。
04:56
The result was putting out
stories ourselves.
stories ourselves.
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結果是我們自己來發佈故事。
05:00
One of the most amazing things
about the internet is:
about the internet is:
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網路很了不起的其中一點就是：
05:03
the information that people put out
is freely available to anyone,
is freely available to anyone,
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大家發佈出來的資訊，
是任何人都可以免費取得的，
是任何人都可以免費取得的，
05:06
as we all know.
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這我們都知道。
05:07
That doesn't just go
for citizen journalists,
for citizen journalists,
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那不僅適用於公民記者，
05:09
or for people putting out messages
on Facebook or Twitter.
on Facebook or Twitter.
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或是在臉書或推特上發佈訊息的人。
05:12
That goes for journalists themselves,
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那也適用於新聞記者本身，
05:14
people like me.
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像我這樣的人。
05:15
As long as your news is the right side
of a paywall, i.e, it's free,
of a paywall, i.e, it's free,
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只要你的新聞是在付費牆
對的那一邊，即，它是免費的，
對的那一邊，即，它是免費的，
05:20
anybody can access it.
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任何人都可以取得它。
05:21
And stories like these,
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像這樣的故事，
05:22
which were questioning
the official version of events,
the official version of events,
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質疑官方對於事件之說詞的故事，
05:25
which were skeptical in tone,
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在調性上就是懷疑論的故事，
05:27
allowed people to realize
that we had questions ourselves.
that we had questions ourselves.
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讓大家能了解到，
我們得要質疑我們自己。
我們得要質疑我們自己。
05:30
They were online magnets.
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它們是線上的磁鐵。
05:32
Individuals with material that could
help us were drawn toward us
help us were drawn toward us
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握有素材能協助我們的人，
被某種重力場吸引到我們這裡來。
05:36
by some kind of gravitational force.
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05:39
And after six days, we had managed
to track down around 20 witnesses.
to track down around 20 witnesses.
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在六天之後，我們得以
追蹤到大約 20 名目擊證人。
追蹤到大約 20 名目擊證人。
05:45
We've plotted them here on the map.
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我們把他們畫在地圖上。
05:47
This is the scene
of Ian Tomlinson's death,
of Ian Tomlinson's death,
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這是伊安湯姆林森死亡的現場，
05:49
the Bank of England in London.
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倫敦的英格蘭銀行。
05:50
And each of these witnesses
that we plotted on the map,
that we plotted on the map,
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我們在地圖上所畫的
每一位目擊證人，
每一位目擊證人，
05:53
you could click on these
small bullet points,
small bullet points,
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你都可以點選這些小小的圓點，
05:56
and you could hear what they had to say,
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就可以聽到他們的說詞，
05:58
see their photographic image
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看到他們的照片，
06:00
and at times,
see their videographic images as well.
see their videographic images as well.
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如果有的話，還可以看到影片。
06:03
But still, at this stage,
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但，仍然，在這個階段，
06:05
with witnesses telling us that they'd seen
police attack Ian Tomlinson
police attack Ian Tomlinson
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目擊證人告訴我們，
他們看到警方在伊安湯姆林森
他們看到警方在伊安湯姆林森
06:09
before his death,
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死前攻擊他，
06:10
still, police refused to accept that.
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但警方仍然拒絕接受這一點。
06:14
There was no official
investigation into his death.
investigation into his death.
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他的死亡，沒有受到正式的調查。
06:17
And then something changed.
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接著，改變發生了。
06:19
I got an email from an investment fund
manager in New York.
manager in New York.
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紐約的一位投資基金經理寫信給我。
06:24
On the day of Ian Tomlinson's death,
he'd been in London on business,
he'd been in London on business,
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伊安湯姆林森死亡的那一天，
他在倫敦出差，
他在倫敦出差，
06:27
and he'd taken out his digital camera,
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他拿出了他的數位相機，
06:31
and he'd recorded this.
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拍下了這一段影片。
06:38
(Video) Narrator:
This is the crowd at G20 protest
This is the crowd at G20 protest
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（影片）旁白：
這是 G20 抗議的群眾，
這是 G20 抗議的群眾，
06:40
on April the 1st, around 7:20pm.
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時間是 4 月 1 日，大約 7:20pm。
06:43
They were on Cornhill,
near the Bank of England.
near the Bank of England.
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他們在科恩希爾，
鄰近英格蘭銀行的地方。
鄰近英格蘭銀行的地方。
06:46
This footage will form the basis
of a police investigation
of a police investigation
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這支影片將會成為警方調查的基礎，
06:48
into the death of this man.
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查出這名男子的死因。
06:51
Ian Tomlinson was walking
through this area,
through this area,
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伊安湯姆林森走過這個區域，
06:53
attempting to get home from work.
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他工作完打算要回家。
06:55
(People yelling)
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（人吶喊）
07:10
We've slowed down the footage
to show how it poses serious questions
to show how it poses serious questions
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我們把這段影片的速度放慢，
來呈現出警方行為出現了嚴重的問題。
07:13
about police conduct.
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07:15
Ian Tomlinson had his back
to riot officers and dog handlers
to riot officers and dog handlers
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伊安湯姆林森背對著
陣暴警察和帶警犬的警員，
陣暴警察和帶警犬的警員，
07:18
and was walking away from them.
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他走的方向是遠離他們。
07:20
He had his hands in his pockets.
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他的雙手插在口袋裡。
07:22
Here the riot officer appears to strike
Tomlinson's leg area with a baton.
Tomlinson's leg area with a baton.
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這名陣暴警察顯然用警棍
攻擊了伊安湯姆林森的腿部。
攻擊了伊安湯姆林森的腿部。
07:26
He then lunges at Tomlinson from behind.
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接著他從湯姆林森的背後撲上去。
07:30
Tomlinson is propelled forward
and hits the floor.
and hits the floor.
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湯姆林森被推向前，撞到地板。
07:39
(People yelling)
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（人群吶喊）
07:48
Paul Lewis: OK. So, shocking stuff.
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保羅路易斯：
好。所以，很震驚的內容。
好。所以，很震驚的內容。
07:50
That video wasn't playing too well,
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那支影片的品質沒有很好，
07:52
but I remember when I first watched
the video for myself,
the video for myself,
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但我記得當我自己
初次看這支影片時，
初次看這支影片時，
07:54
I'd been in touch with
this investment fund manager in New York,
this investment fund manager in New York,
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我一直和這位紐約的
投資基金經理保持聯絡，
投資基金經理保持聯絡，
07:58
and I had become obsessed with this story.
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我一直對這個故事很著迷。
08:00
I had spoken to so many people
who said they had seen this happen,
who said they had seen this happen,
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我和好多聲稱自己
看到這段經過的人談過，
看到這段經過的人談過，
08:04
and the guy on the other end
of the phone was saying,
of the phone was saying,
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而在電話另一端的這個人說：
08:06
"Look, the video shows it."
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「影片有拍出經過。」
08:08
I didn't want to believe him
until I saw it for myself.
until I saw it for myself.
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我不想相信他，直到我自己看了。
08:10
It was two o'clock in the morning,
I was there with an IT guy --
I was there with an IT guy --
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那時是半夜兩點，
我和一名資訊人員在那裡──
我和一名資訊人員在那裡──
08:13
the video wasn't coming.
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影片沒有進來。
08:15
Finally, it landed, and I clicked on it.
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終於，影片到了，我點擊它。
08:17
And I realized: this is really
something quite significant.
something quite significant.
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我了解到：這真的是很重大的事。
08:20
Within 15 hours, we put it on our website.
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在十五小時之內，
我們就把它發佈到我們的網站上。
我們就把它發佈到我們的網站上。
08:22
The first thing police did
was they came to our office --
was they came to our office --
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警方做的第一件事情是，
他們到我們的辦公室來──
他們到我們的辦公室來──
08:25
senior officers came to our office --
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資深警官到我們的辦公室──
08:27
and asked us to take the video down.
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要求我們把影片拿下來。
08:28
We said no.
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我們說不。
08:30
It would have been too late, anyway,
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反正也太遲了，
08:31
because it had traveled around the world.
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它已經傳到全世界。
08:33
And the officer in that film,
in two days' time,
in two days' time,
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而影片中的那位警員，在兩天後，
08:36
will appear before
an inquest jury in London,
an inquest jury in London,
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就要面對倫敦陪審團的審訊，
08:38
and they have the power to decide
that Ian Tomlinson was unlawfully killed.
that Ian Tomlinson was unlawfully killed.
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他們有權力判定伊安湯姆林森
是被不合法的方式殺害。
是被不合法的方式殺害。
08:42
So that's the first case;
I said two cases today.
I said two cases today.
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這是第一個案例；
我說過今天有兩個案例。
我說過今天有兩個案例。
08:45
The second case is this man.
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第二個案例是這名男子。
08:46
Now, like Ian Tomlinson,
he was a father, he lived in London.
he was a father, he lived in London.
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和伊安湯姆林森一樣，
他是位住在倫敦的父親。
他是位住在倫敦的父親。
08:51
But he was a political
refugee from Angola.
refugee from Angola.
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但他是來自安哥拉的政治難民。
08:54
And six months ago,
the British government decided
the British government decided
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六個月前，英國政府決定
08:57
they wanted to return him to Angola;
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要把他送回安哥拉；
08:59
he was a failed asylum seeker.
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他是位失敗的尋求政治避難者。
09:01
So they booked him a seat on an airline,
a flight from Heathrow.
a flight from Heathrow.
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所以他們為他訂了一張機票，
從希斯洛機場起飛。
從希斯洛機場起飛。
09:06
Now, the official version of events,
the official explanation,
the official explanation,
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對於吉米穆班戈之死的
官方說法……官方解釋，
09:09
of Jimmy Mubenga's death
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09:11
was simply that he'd taken ill.
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很簡單，就說他生病了。
09:13
He'd become unwell on the flight,
the plane had returned to Heathrow,
the plane had returned to Heathrow,
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他在飛機上不舒服，
飛機返回希斯洛機場，
飛機返回希斯洛機場，
09:16
and then he was transferred to hospital
and pronounced dead.
and pronounced dead.
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接著他被送往醫院，並宣佈死亡。
09:19
Now, what actually happened
to Jimmy Mubenga,
to Jimmy Mubenga,
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吉米穆班戈真正發生的狀況，
09:22
the story we were able to tell,
my colleague Mathew Taylor and I,
my colleague Mathew Taylor and I,
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我的同事馬修泰勒和我，
我們能夠說出來的故事，
我們能夠說出來的故事，
09:25
was that, actually, three security guards
began trying to restrain him
began trying to restrain him
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是他其實被三名安全人員強迫限制
09:28
in his seat;
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不得離開座位；
09:29
when was resisting his deportation,
they were restraining him in his seat.
they were restraining him in his seat.
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他抗拒，不願被驅逐出境，
所以他們把他壓在座位上。
所以他們把他壓在座位上。
09:33
They placed him in a dangerous hold.
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他們用一種危險的擒拿法壓制住他。
09:36
It keeps detainees quiet,
and he was making a lot of noise.
and he was making a lot of noise.
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那種方式能讓被拘留者安靜，
而他製造了許多噪音。
而他製造了許多噪音。
09:40
But it can also lead
to positional asphyxia,
to positional asphyxia,
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但那也可能會造成體位性窒息，
09:42
a form of suffocation.
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那是一種窒息的形式。
09:44
So you have to imagine:
there were other passengers on the plane,
there were other passengers on the plane,
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所以，各位可以想像：
機上還有其他乘客，
機上還有其他乘客，
09:47
and they could hear him saying,
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他們可以聽見他說：
09:48
"I can't breathe! I can't breathe!
They're killing me!"
They're killing me!"
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「我不能呼吸！我不能呼吸！
他們要殺了我！」
他們要殺了我！」
09:51
And then he stopped breathing.
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接著他就停止呼吸了。
09:52
So how did we find these passengers?
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我們是怎麼找到這些乘客的？
09:54
In the case of Ian Tomlinson,
the witnesses were still in London.
the witnesses were still in London.
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在伊安湯姆林森的案例中，
目擊證人還在倫敦。
目擊證人還在倫敦。
09:57
But these passengers,
many of them, had returned to Angola.
many of them, had returned to Angola.
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但這些乘客當中
有許多已經返回安哥拉。
有許多已經返回安哥拉。
10:00
How were we going to find them?
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我們要如何找到他們？
10:02
Again, we turned to the internet.
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我們又再一次轉向網際網路。
10:03
We wrote, as I said before,
stories -- they're online magnets.
stories -- they're online magnets.
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我們寫故事，我之前說過──
它們就像磁鐵。
它們就像磁鐵。
10:07
The tone of some these stories,
journalism professors might frown upon
journalism professors might frown upon
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新聞教授看到
這些故事的論調可能會皺眉，
這些故事的論調可能會皺眉，
10:10
because they were skeptical;
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因為都是懷疑論的；
10:12
they were asking questions,
perhaps speculative,
perhaps speculative,
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這些故事在問問題，也許還有揣測，
10:14
maybe the kind of things
journalists shouldn't do.
journalists shouldn't do.
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這些也許是新聞記者不該做的事。
10:16
But we needed to do it,
and we needed to use Twitter also.
and we needed to use Twitter also.
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但我們得要這麼做，
我們也得要用推特。
我們也得要用推特。
10:19
Here I'm saying an Angolan man
dies on a flight.
dies on a flight.
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在這裡，我寫說
有名安哥拉男子死在飛機上。
有名安哥拉男子死在飛機上。
10:22
This story could be big;
a level of speculation.
a level of speculation.
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故事可能會很大；
這是某種程度的推測。
這是某種程度的推測。
10:24
This next tweet says, "Please RT."
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下一則推特寫說：「請 RT。」
10:27
That means "please retweet,"
please pass down the chain.
please pass down the chain.
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意思就是「請轉發」，
請繼續傳下去。
請繼續傳下去。
10:31
And one of the fascinating
things about Twitter
things about Twitter
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推特很棒的一點就是
10:34
is that the pattern of flow of information
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資訊流的模式
10:36
is unlike anything we've ever seen before.
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完全是前所未見的。
10:38
We don't really understand it,
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我們其實不了解它，
10:40
but once you let go
of a piece of information,
of a piece of information,
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但一旦你釋出了一則資訊，
10:42
it travels like wind.
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它就會像風一樣散出去。
10:44
You can't determine where it ends up.
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你無法決定它最後會到哪兒。
10:46
But strangely,
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但，很奇怪的是，
10:48
tweets have an uncanny ability
to reach their intended destination.
to reach their intended destination.
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推特推文有種神奇的能力，
可以到達到它們該去的目的地。
可以到達到它們該去的目的地。
10:52
And in this case, it was this man.
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在這個案例中，就是這名男子。
10:55
He says, "I was also there on the BA77" --
that's the flight number --
that's the flight number --
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他說：「我也在 BA77 上」──
那是班機號碼──
那是班機號碼──
10:59
"And the man was begging for help,
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「而那名男子在求救，
11:01
and I now feel so guilty
that I did nothing."
that I did nothing."
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我現在很有罪惡感，
我當時什麼都沒做。」
我當時什麼都沒做。」
11:04
This was Michael.
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那是麥可。
11:05
He was on an Angolan oil field
when he sent me this tweet.
when he sent me this tweet.
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他發這則推文給我的時候，
人正在安哥拉的油田中。
人正在安哥拉的油田中。
11:10
I was in my office in London.
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我則在倫敦的辦公室裡。
11:12
He had concerns about
what happened on the flight.
what happened on the flight.
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他很關心那班機上發生了什麼事。
11:15
He'd gone onto his laptop,
he typed in the flight number.
he typed in the flight number.
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所以他打開筆電，
輸入了航班號碼。
輸入了航班號碼。
11:18
He had encountered that tweet,
he had encountered our stories.
he had encountered our stories.
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他看到了那則推文，
他看到了我們的故事。
他看到了我們的故事。
11:21
He realized we had an intention
to tell a different version of events;
to tell a different version of events;
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他了解到我們有打算
要說出不同版本的真相；
要說出不同版本的真相；
11:27
we were skeptical.
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我們抱持懷疑。
11:28
And he contacted me.
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他就聯絡了我。
11:30
And this is what Michael said.
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以下是麥可說的。
11:32
(Audio) Michael: I'm pretty sure
it'll turn out to be asphyxiation.
it'll turn out to be asphyxiation.
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（聲音）麥可：
我很確定結果是窒息。
我很確定結果是窒息。
11:36
The last thing we heard the man saying
was he couldn't breathe.
was he couldn't breathe.
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我們聽到那名男子說的
最後一句話是他無法呼吸。
最後一句話是他無法呼吸。
11:40
And you've got three security guards,
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且有三名安全人員，
11:44
each one of them looked
like 100-kilo plus,
like 100-kilo plus,
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每一個看起來體重
都有一百公斤以上，
都有一百公斤以上，
11:48
bearing down on him, holding him
down -- from what I could see,
down -- from what I could see,
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壓住他、按住他──
這是我能看到的，
這是我能看到的，
11:51
below the seats.
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從座位底下看到。
11:52
What I saw was the three men trying
to pull him down below the seats.
to pull him down below the seats.
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我看到的是，三名男子
試著把他從座位上拉下來。
試著把他從座位上拉下來。
11:58
And all I could see was his head
sticking up above the seats,
sticking up above the seats,
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我只能看到他的頭
在椅背以上的高度，
在椅背以上的高度，
12:01
and he was hollering out,
you know, "Help me!"
you know, "Help me!"
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他在叫喊：『救我！』
12:04
He just kept saying, "Help me! Help me!"
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他只是不斷地說：
『救我！救我！』
『救我！救我！』
12:07
And then he disappeared below the seats.
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接著他就消失在椅背之下了。
12:11
And you could see the three security
guards sitting on top of him from there.
guards sitting on top of him from there.
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從那裡可以看見
三名安全人員坐在他上面。
三名安全人員坐在他上面。
12:17
For the rest of my life,
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我在我的餘生，
12:19
I'm always going to have that
in the back of my mind.
in the back of my mind.
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都永遠不會忘記這件事。
12:22
Could I have done something?
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我本來有沒有可能做什麼？
12:24
That's going to bother me
every time I lay down to go to sleep now.
every time I lay down to go to sleep now.
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現在每當我要躺下睡覺時，
這個問題就會煩擾著我。
這個問題就會煩擾著我。
12:27
Wow; I didn't get involved
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哇；我沒有插手，
12:29
because I was scared I might get
kicked off the flight and lose my job.
kicked off the flight and lose my job.
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因為我很怕我可能會被
趕下飛機，丟了我的工作。
趕下飛機，丟了我的工作。
12:33
If it takes three men to hold a man down,
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如果需要三個男人
才能壓制住一個男人，
才能壓制住一個男人，
12:37
to put him on a flight,
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讓他上飛機，
12:40
one the public is on,
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且是有一般民眾的飛機，
12:42
that's excessive.
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那是很過份了。
12:44
OK?
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好嗎？
12:45
If the man died,
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如果這個人死了，
12:49
that right there is excessive.
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那真的是太過份了。
12:53
PL: So that was his interpretation
of what had happened on the flight.
of what had happened on the flight.
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保羅：所以，這是他對於
班機上所發生的事情的詮釋。
班機上所發生的事情的詮釋。
12:57
And Michael was actually
one of five witnesses
one of five witnesses
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麥可是我們最後成功追蹤到
五名目擊證人之一，
五名目擊證人之一，
12:59
that we eventually managed to track down,
most of them, as I said,
most of them, as I said,
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如我先前提過的，大部分這些人，
13:03
through the internet,
through social media.
through social media.
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都是透過網際網路、
透過社交媒體找到的。
透過社交媒體找到的。
13:06
We could actually place them on the plane,
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我們可以把他們放在飛機上，
13:08
so you could see
exactly where they were sat.
exactly where they were sat.
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這樣你們就能看到他們當時的座位。
13:11
And I should say at this stage
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在這個階段，
13:12
that one really important
dimension to all of this
dimension to all of this
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這一切有一個非常重要的面向，
13:15
for journalists who utilize social media
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就是新聞記者如果要使用社交媒體
13:17
and who utilize citizen journalism
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以及使用公民新聞，
13:19
is making sure we get our facts correct.
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就要能夠確保取得的事實是正確的。
13:21
Verification is absolutely essential.
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驗證絕對是很必要的。
13:24
So in the case
of the Ian Tomlinson witnesses,
of the Ian Tomlinson witnesses,
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在伊安湯姆林森的案例中，
13:27
I got them to return
to the scene of the death
to the scene of the death
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我讓目擊證人回到死亡現場，
13:29
and physically walk me through
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實體帶我走過一遍事發經過，
13:32
and tell me exactly what they had seen.
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並明確告訴我他們看到了什麼。
13:34
That was absolutely essential.
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那是絕對必要的。
13:36
In the case of Mubenga,
we couldn't do that,
we couldn't do that,
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在穆班戈的案例中，
我們無法這麼做，
我們無法這麼做，
13:38
but they could send us
their boarding passes.
their boarding passes.
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但他們可以把登機證寄給我們。
13:40
And we could interrogate
what they were saying
what they were saying
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我們可以訊問他們說的內容，
13:42
and ensure it was consistent with what
other passengers were saying, too.
other passengers were saying, too.
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確保他們的說詞和其他乘客一樣。
13:46
The danger in all of this
for journalists -- for all of us --
for journalists -- for all of us --
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這一切當中，對新聞記者──
對我們所有人──危險在於，
對我們所有人──危險在於，
13:49
is that we're victims of hoaxes,
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我們是騙局的受害者，
13:51
or that there's deliberate misinformation
fed into the public domain.
fed into the public domain.
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或者，誤導的資訊
被故意釋放出來給大眾。
被故意釋放出來給大眾。
13:56
So we have to be careful.
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所以我們得要很小心。
13:58
But nobody can deny
the power of citizen journalism.
the power of citizen journalism.
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但沒有人能否認公民新聞的力量。
14:01
When a plane crashes
into the Hudson two years ago,
into the Hudson two years ago,
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當兩年前，一架飛機
墜毀在休士頓時，
墜毀在休士頓時，
14:05
and the world finds out about this
because a man is on a nearby ferry,
because a man is on a nearby ferry,
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全世界會知道這件事，是因為
有一名男子在附近的渡輪上，
有一名男子在附近的渡輪上，
14:08
and he takes out his iPhone
and photographs the image of the plane
and photographs the image of the plane
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他拿出他的 iPhone，
拍下了飛機的影像，
拍下了飛機的影像，
14:12
and sends it around the world --
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發送到全世界──
14:13
that's how most people
found out initially,
found out initially,
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在這架飛機墜入
休士頓河中的前幾分鐘、
休士頓河中的前幾分鐘、
14:16
in the early minutes and hours,
about the plane in the Hudson River.
about the plane in the Hudson River.
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幾小時，大部分人最初
是以這種方式知道這件事的。
是以這種方式知道這件事的。
14:20
Now, think of the two biggest
news stories of the year.
news stories of the year.
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想想今年最大的兩則新聞。
14:23
We had the Japanese earthquake
and the tsunami.
and the tsunami.
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我們有日本地震和海嘯。
14:27
Cast your mind's eye
back to the images that you saw
back to the images that you saw
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回憶一下，當時你們在電視螢幕上
14:30
on your television screens.
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看到的影像。
14:32
They were boats left five miles inland.
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有船隻跑到陸地上五英哩的地方。
14:36
They were houses being moved along,
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有房子被移動了，
14:39
as if in the sea.
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好像在海裡一樣。
14:41
Water lifting up inside people's
living rooms, supermarkets shaking --
living rooms, supermarkets shaking --
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水升起，灌入居民的客廳，
超市在晃動──
超市在晃動──
14:45
these were images
shot by citizen journalists
shot by citizen journalists
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這些都是公民新聞記者
所拍下的影像，
所拍下的影像，
14:48
and instantly shared on the internet.
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馬上就在網際網路上分享。
14:50
And the other big story of the year:
the political crisis,
the political crisis,
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另一則年度大新聞：政治危機，
14:54
the political earthquake
in the Middle East.
in the Middle East.
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中東的政治地震。
14:57
And it doesn't matter if it was
Egypt or Libya or Syria or Yemen.
Egypt or Libya or Syria or Yemen.
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不論是埃及、利比亞、
敘利亞，或葉門，都無所謂，
敘利亞，或葉門，都無所謂，
15:02
Individuals have managed to overcome
the repressive restrictions
the repressive restrictions
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在那些政權之下，
許多個人都仍然想辦法
許多個人都仍然想辦法
克服了壓迫性的限制，
15:07
in those regimes
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15:09
by recording their environment
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記錄下他們的環境，
15:11
and telling their own stories
on the internet.
on the internet.
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在網路上說出他們自己的故事。
15:13
Again, always very difficult to verify,
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同樣地，這也非常難驗證，
15:15
but potentially,
a huge layer of accountability.
a huge layer of accountability.
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但潛在地來說，
有很大一層的責任在其中。
有很大一層的責任在其中。
15:19
This image -- and I could have
shown you any, actually;
shown you any, actually;
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這張影像──我其實可以
給各位看任何一張影像；
給各位看任何一張影像；
15:22
YouTube is full of them --
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YouTube 上到處都是──
15:23
This image is of an apparently
unarmed protester in Bahrain.
unarmed protester in Bahrain.
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這張影像是巴林
一位明顯沒有武裝的抗議者。
一位明顯沒有武裝的抗議者。
15:28
And he's being shot by security forces.
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他被保安部隊射殺。
15:31
It doesn't matter
if the individual being mistreated,
if the individual being mistreated,
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不論這個人是受到不當的對待，
15:35
possibly even killed,
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可能還被殺害，
15:37
is in Bahrain or in London.
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不論是在巴林或在倫敦。
15:39
But citizen journalism and this
technology has inserted
technology has inserted
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但，公民新聞和這項技術已經
15:43
a new layer of accountability
into our world,
into our world,
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在我們的世界中插入了
一層新的責任層面，
一層新的責任層面，
15:46
and I think that's a good thing.
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我認為這是好事。
15:48
So to conclude: the theme
of the conference, "Why not?" --
of the conference, "Why not?" --
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所以，結論是：大會的
主題「為什麼不？」──
主題「為什麼不？」──
15:52
I think for journalists,
it's quite simple, really.
it's quite simple, really.
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我認為，對於新聞記者來說，
其實是很容易的。
其實是很容易的。
15:54
I mean, why not utilize this technology,
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我是指，為什麼不用這項技術，
15:57
which massively broadens
the boundaries of what's possible,
the boundaries of what's possible,
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它能大大地拓展可能性的界限，
16:01
accept that many of the things
that happen in our world now go recorded,
that happen in our world now go recorded,
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為什麼不接受現在我們的世界中
很多發生的事情都被記錄下來了，
很多發生的事情都被記錄下來了，
16:04
and we can obtain that information
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而我們可以透過社交媒體
16:07
through social media?
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取得那些資訊？
對新聞記者來說，那是新的。
16:08
That's new for journalists.
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16:10
The stories I showed you, I don't think
we would have been able to investigate
we would have been able to investigate
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我剛剛跟各位分享的故事，
我想如果是十年前，
我想如果是十年前，
我們不可能做這樣的調查，
可能連五年前都不能。
可能連五年前都不能。
16:13
10 years ago, possibly even
five years ago.
five years ago.
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16:16
I think there's a very good argument
to say that the two deaths,
to say that the two deaths,
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我想，有很好的理由可以說，
這兩起死亡案件，
這兩起死亡案件，
16:20
the death of Ian Tomlinson
and the death of Jimmy Mubenga,
and the death of Jimmy Mubenga,
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964110
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伊安湯姆林森之死
以及吉米穆班戈之死，
以及吉米穆班戈之死，
16:22
we still today wouldn't know
exactly what had happened in those cases.
exactly what had happened in those cases.
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至今我們仍然無法知道
確實發生了什麼事。
確實發生了什麼事。
16:26
And "Why not?" for people like yourselves?
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對於像各位這樣的人，
「為什麼不呢？」
「為什麼不呢？」
16:28
Well, I think that's very simple, too.
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我想那也非常簡單。
16:31
If you encounter something
that you believe is problematic,
that you believe is problematic,
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如果你遇到了某件事，
是你覺得有問題的，
是你覺得有問題的，
16:35
that disturbs you, that concerns you,
an injustice of some kind,
an injustice of some kind,
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且它讓你煩心，讓你在意，
比如某種不公正的事，
比如某種不公正的事，
16:39
something that just
doesn't feel quite right,
doesn't feel quite right,
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感覺就是不太對勁的事，
16:42
then why not witness it,
record it and share it?
record it and share it?
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那麼，為什麼不見證它、
記錄它，並分享它？
記錄它，並分享它？
16:47
That process of witnessing,
recording and sharing is journalism.
recording and sharing is journalism.
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那種見證、記錄，
並分享的過程就是新聞。
並分享的過程就是新聞。
16:53
And we can all do it. Thank you.
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那是我們都可以做的。謝謝。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Paul Lewis - JournalistReporter Paul Lewis harnesses the power of mobile phones and social media -- innovations that are making every person a potential journalist.
Why you should listen
Paul Lewis uses social media and cellphone video and photos to build hard-hitting stories. He first gained notice for his reporting on the death of Ian Tomlinson, when he used a witness’ cellphone video to prove that the police attacked Tomlinson at the 2009 G-20 protests. The international story led to an internal police investigation and changed the way we think about self-policing in a digital era.
He leads a team of journalists at The Guardian who specialize in using the very reporting methods he helped popularize. He reflects on citizen journalism as part of the book Investigative Journalism: Dead or Alive?
Paul Lewis | Speaker | TED.com