TEDxBoulder 2011
Leslie Dodson: Don't misrepresent Africa
Filmed:
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Real narratives are complicated: Africa isn’t a country, and it's not a disaster zone, says reporter and researcher Leslie Dodson. In her talk, she calls for journalists, researchers and NGOs to stop representing entire continents as one big tragedy.
(Filmed at TEDxBoulder.)
Leslie Dodson - Reporter
Leslie Dodson’s work has taken her from Latin America to Indonesia covering international finance, economics, and politics. Full bio
Leslie Dodson’s work has taken her from Latin America to Indonesia covering international finance, economics, and politics. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:08
I just want to start with a little bit
of a word of warning, and that is:
of a word of warning, and that is:
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我想在開始前，
先警告各位一件事：
先警告各位一件事：
00:11
my job here tonight is to be
a little bit of a "doctor bring-me-down."
a little bit of a "doctor bring-me-down."
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今晚我在這裡的工作，有點像是
要做「讓我失望的醫生」。
要做「讓我失望的醫生」。
00:15
So bear with me for a few minutes,
and know that after this,
and know that after this,
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所以，忍耐我幾分鐘，
並且記得，在這之後，
並且記得，在這之後，
00:20
things will get lighter and brighter.
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一切就會越來越輕鬆、明亮。
00:22
So let's start.
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咱們開始吧。
00:23
I know that many of you have heard
the traveler's adage,
the traveler's adage,
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我知道有很多人都聽過
這句旅人的格言：
這句旅人的格言：
00:26
"Take nothing but pictures,
leave nothing but footprints."
leave nothing but footprints."
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「什麼都別帶走，只帶走照片；
什麼都別留下，只留下足跡。」
什麼都別留下，只留下足跡。」
00:30
Well, I'm going to say
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嗯，我得要說，
00:31
I don't think that's either as benign
nor as simple as it sounds,
nor as simple as it sounds,
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我認為那句話並沒有
聽起來那麼簡單、無害，
聽起來那麼簡單、無害，
00:35
particularly for those of us in industries
who are portraying people
who are portraying people
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特別是對於我們這種人，
我們所屬的產業
我們所屬的產業
是在描繪貧窮國家的人、
00:39
in poor countries,
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00:40
in developing countries
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開發中國家的人，
00:42
and portraying the poor.
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在描繪窮人。
00:43
And those of us in those industries
are reporters, researchers
are reporters, researchers
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做這的包括記者、研究者，
及為非政府組織工作的人；
00:46
and people working for NGOs;
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00:48
I suspect there are a lot of us
in those industries in the audience.
in those industries in the audience.
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我猜在觀眾席上也有
很多人來自這些產業。
很多人來自這些產業。
00:51
We're going overseas
and bringing back pictures like this:
and bringing back pictures like this:
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我們去到海外，帶回像這樣的照片：
00:55
of the utterly distressed
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內容是非常窮苦的人、
00:57
or the displaced
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被迫離家的人、
00:58
or the hungry
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飢餓的人、
01:00
or the child laborers
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童工，
01:02
or the exotic.
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或異國情調。
01:04
Now, Susan Sontag reminds us
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蘇珊桑塔格提醒我們，
01:06
that photographs, in part, help define
what we have the right to observe,
what we have the right to observe,
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照片有一部分是在協助定義
我們有權觀察什麼，
我們有權觀察什麼，
01:11
but more importantly,
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但，更重要的是，
01:12
they are an ethics of seeing.
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照片是「看的倫理」。
01:14
And I think right now is a good time
to review our ethics of seeing,
to review our ethics of seeing,
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我認為現在就是很好的時機，
可以檢討我們「看的倫理」，
可以檢討我們「看的倫理」，
01:18
as our industries of reporting
and research and NGO work
and research and NGO work
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因為新聞報導、研究，
以及非政府組織工作的產業
以及非政府組織工作的產業
01:22
are collapsing and changing,
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正在崩壞和改變，
01:24
in part, by what's being driven by
what's happening in the economy.
what's happening in the economy.
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部分原因是受到經濟的影響。
01:27
But it's making us forge
new relationships.
new relationships.
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它促使我們打造新的關係，
01:31
And those new relationships
have some fuzzy boundaries.
have some fuzzy boundaries.
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而那些新關係的界線模糊不清。
01:34
I worked at the edge
of some of these fuzzy boundaries,
of some of these fuzzy boundaries,
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我就是在這類模糊不清的
界線邊緣工作，
界線邊緣工作，
01:37
and I want to share with you
some of my observations.
some of my observations.
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我想和大家分享我的一些觀察。
01:40
My ethics of seeing is informed
by 25 years as a reporter
by 25 years as a reporter
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我當了二十五年的記者，
報導新興經濟體以及國際關係，
報導新興經濟體以及國際關係，
這些經驗讓我有很多
「看的倫理」的資訊。
「看的倫理」的資訊。
01:45
covering emerging economies
and international relations.
and international relations.
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01:48
And I believe in a free
and independent press.
and independent press.
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我相信自由且獨立的新聞界，
01:51
I believe that journalism
is a public good.
is a public good.
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我相信，新聞業是一種公共財。
01:54
But it's getting harder to do that job,
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但那工作越來越難做了。
01:57
in part, because of the massive layoffs,
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有部分原因是因為大量裁員，
01:59
because the budgets for international
reporting aren't there anymore,
reporting aren't there anymore,
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因為不再有國際報導的預算了，
02:03
new technologies and new platforms
begging new content,
begging new content,
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新技術和新平台需求新的內容，
02:06
and there are a lot of new journalisms.
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有很多新的新聞業出現。
02:09
There's activist journalism,
humanitarian journalism, peace journalism,
humanitarian journalism, peace journalism,
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有行動主義新聞業、
人道主義新聞業、和平新聞業，
人道主義新聞業、和平新聞業，
02:13
and we are all looking to cover
the important stories of our time.
the important stories of our time.
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我們都要報導當代發生的重要故事。
02:17
So we're going to NGOs and asking them
if we can embed in their projects.
if we can embed in their projects.
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所以我們找非政府組織，
詢問是否能加入他們的專案。
詢問是否能加入他們的專案。
02:24
This is in part because they're doing
important work in interesting places.
important work in interesting places.
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部分原因是因為他們
在有趣的地方做重要的工作。
在有趣的地方做重要的工作。
02:29
That's one example here:
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這裡有個例子：
02:30
this is a project I worked on
in the Blue Nile in Ethiopia.
in the Blue Nile in Ethiopia.
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這是我在衣索比亞的
藍色尼羅河進行的專案。
藍色尼羅河進行的專案。
02:34
NGOs understand the benefits
of having reporters tag along
of having reporters tag along
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非政府組織了解讓記者
與他們的團隊同行
與他們的團隊同行
02:38
on their team.
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有什麼益處。
02:40
They need the publicity,
they are under tremendous pressure,
they are under tremendous pressure,
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他們需要宣傳，
他們受到很大的壓力，
他們受到很大的壓力，
02:43
they're competing in a very crowded
market for compassion.
market for compassion.
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他們在一個非常擁擠的
市場中爭取同情。
市場中爭取同情。
02:48
So they're also looking to reporters
and to hire freelance reporters
and to hire freelance reporters
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所以他們也在找記者，
想僱用自由工作記者，
想僱用自由工作記者，
02:51
to help them develop
their public relations material
their public relations material
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協助他們發展公關素材
02:54
and their media material.
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和媒體素材。
02:56
Now, researchers are also under pressure.
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而研究者也受到了壓力。
02:58
They're under pressure to communicate
their science outside of the academy.
their science outside of the academy.
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他們的壓力來自於要在學術圈
以外的地方溝通他們的科學。
以外的地方溝通他們的科學。
03:04
So they're collaborating with reporters,
because for many researchers,
because for many researchers,
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所以他們和記者合作，
因為對許多研究者來說，
因為對許多研究者來說，
03:07
it's difficult for them
to write a simple story or a clear story.
to write a simple story or a clear story.
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他們很難寫出簡單或清楚的故事。
03:12
And the benefit for reporters
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記者能得到的益處
03:14
is that covering field research
is some of the best work out there.
is some of the best work out there.
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就是能在外頭最棒的
一些事件中報導實地研究。
一些事件中報導實地研究。
03:19
You not only get to cover science,
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你不只能報導科學，
03:21
but you get to meet
interesting scientists,
interesting scientists,
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你也能遇見有趣的科學家，
03:23
like my PhD advisor Revi Sterling,
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就像我的博士論文
指導教授雷維史德林，
指導教授雷維史德林，
03:26
she, of the magic research
high tops there.
high tops there.
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她就是照片中穿著
魔術研究高幫鞋的那位。
魔術研究高幫鞋的那位。
03:30
And it was a discussion with Revi
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和雷維所進行的討論
03:32
that brought us to the edge
of the researcher and reporter,
of the researcher and reporter,
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帶我們到了研究者和記者的邊緣，
03:36
that fuzzy boundary.
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那模糊的界線。
03:37
And I said to her,
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我對她說：
03:39
"I was looking forward
to going to developing countries
to going to developing countries
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「我很期待前往開發中的國家，
03:42
and doing research and covering stories
at the same time."
at the same time."
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同時做研究以及做報導。」
03:47
She said, "I don't think so, girlfriend."
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她說：「女孩，恐怕不行。」
03:50
And that confusion, that mutual confusion,
drove us to publish a paper
drove us to publish a paper
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那種困惑，那種相互的困惑，
驅使我們出版了一篇論文，
驅使我們出版了一篇論文，
03:55
on the conflicting ethics
and the contradictory practices
and the contradictory practices
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內容是關於研究和報導
之間的倫理衝突
之間的倫理衝突
03:58
of research and reporting.
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以及做法矛盾。
04:00
We started with the understanding
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我們的切入點是先了解
04:02
that researchers and reporters
are distant cousins,
are distant cousins,
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研究者和記者是遠房表親，
04:05
equally storytellers and social analysts.
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同樣都是說故事的人和做分析的人。
04:08
But we don't see nor portray
developing communities the same way.
developing communities the same way.
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但我們看待或是描寫
開發中社區的方式並不相同。
開發中社區的方式並不相同。
04:14
Here's a very classic example.
This is Somalia, 1992.
This is Somalia, 1992.
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舉一個非常經典的例子。
這是 1992 年的索馬利亞。
這是 1992 年的索馬利亞。
04:18
It could be Somalia today.
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也可能是現今的索馬利亞。
04:20
And this is a standard operating procedure
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這是一個標準作業程序，
04:22
for much of the news video
and the news pictures that you see,
and the news pictures that you see,
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各位平常看到的新聞影片和圖片
大部分都要這個程序，
大部分都要這個程序，
04:26
where a group of reporters
will be trucked in,
will be trucked in,
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這個程序就是，
一群記者會被用卡車載進來，
一群記者會被用卡車載進來，
04:29
escorted to the site of a disaster,
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被護送到災難發生的地點，
在這裡他們會
在這裡他們會
04:31
they'll produce their material,
take their pictures, get their interviews,
take their pictures, get their interviews,
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製作他們要的素材，拍他們要的
照片，取得他們的要的訪談，
照片，取得他們的要的訪談，
04:35
and then they'll be escorted out.
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接著他們會被護送出去。
04:36
This is decidedly not a research setting.
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這很明顯不是個做研究的環境。
04:40
Now, sometimes, we're working
on feature stories.
on feature stories.
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有時我們會做專題報導。
04:43
This is an image I took of a woman
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這是我拍的照片，照片上的女子
04:45
in Bhongir Village
in Andhra Pradesh in India.
in Andhra Pradesh in India.
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在印度安得拉邦的邦格伊爾村。
04:48
She's at a microfinance meeting.
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她去參加一場微額貸款會議。
04:50
It's a terrific story.
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這是個很棒的故事。
04:51
What's important here
is that she is identifiable.
is that she is identifiable.
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這裡重要的是：她是可識別的。
04:54
You can see her face.
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你們可以看見她的臉。
04:56
This also is not a research picture.
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這也不是一張研究照片。
04:59
This is much more representative
of a research picture.
of a research picture.
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這張才比較是研究照片的代表作。
05:02
It's a research site: you see young women
accessing new technologies.
accessing new technologies.
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這是一個研究場所：你們可以
看見年輕女子在使用新科技。
看見年輕女子在使用新科技。
05:08
It's more of a time stamp,
it's a documentation of research.
it's a documentation of research.
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它比較是個時間戳記，
它是研究的記錄文件。
它是研究的記錄文件。
05:12
I couldn't use this for news.
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我沒辦法把它用在新聞上。
05:15
It doesn't tell enough,
and it wouldn't sell.
and it wouldn't sell.
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它說的不夠多，沒有賣點。
05:18
But then, the differences
are even deeper than that.
are even deeper than that.
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但，差異不只如此，還要更深許多。
05:20
Revi and I analyzed some of the mandates
that researchers are under.
that researchers are under.
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雷維和我分析了研究者
在哪些授權之下進行研究。
在哪些授權之下進行研究。
05:25
They are under some very strict rules
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他們在一些非常嚴格的
規則下做研究，
規則下做研究，
05:28
governed by their university
research review boards
research review boards
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這些規則是由他們的
大學研究審查委員會來管理，
大學研究審查委員會來管理，
05:31
when it comes to content
and confidentiality.
and confidentiality.
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管理的範圍包括研究內容和機密性。
05:34
Researchers are mandated to acquire
document-informed consent.
document-informed consent.
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研究者被要求需取得知情同意書。
05:40
Well, as a reporter, if I hang
a microphone on someone,
a microphone on someone,
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身為記者，我只要在
某人身上掛個麥克風，
某人身上掛個麥克風，
05:42
that is consent.
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那就是同意了。
05:44
And when it comes to creating the story,
I'll fact-check as a reporter,
I'll fact-check as a reporter,
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身為記者，如果要寫報導
我就會去查證事實，
我就會去查證事實，
05:48
but I don't invite company
to create that story,
to create that story,
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但我不會邀請伙伴來寫那篇報導，
05:51
whereas social scientists, researchers,
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可是社會科學家、研究者，
05:54
and particularly
participatory researchers,
participatory researchers,
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特別是參與的研究者，
05:56
will often work on constructing
the narrative with the community.
the narrative with the community.
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他們通常會和共同體一起書寫。
06:00
And when it comes
to paying for information,
to paying for information,
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至於要花錢買資訊的情況，
06:03
"checkbook journalism"
is roundly discouraged,
is roundly discouraged,
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「支票簿新聞」受到嚴厲勸阻，
06:06
in part, because of the bias it introduces
in the kind of information you get.
in the kind of information you get.
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有部分原因是因為你用這種方式
取得的資訊中會有偏見。
取得的資訊中會有偏見。
06:10
But social scientists understand
that people's time is valuable
that people's time is valuable
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但社會科學家知道人的時間很寶貴，
06:14
so they pay them for that time.
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所以他們會付錢買人的時間。
06:17
So while journalists are well-placed
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所以，雖然新聞記者很適合
06:19
to convey the beauty
of the scientific process --
of the scientific process --
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負責傳遞科學過程之美——
06:22
and I would add, the NGO process --
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我補充一下，非政府組織過程——
06:24
what about the warts?
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那缺陷呢？
06:26
What happens if a research project
is not particularly well-designed,
is not particularly well-designed,
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設計不特別良好的研究計畫會怎樣？
06:30
or an NGO project
doesn't fulfill its goals?
doesn't fulfill its goals?
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無法達標的非政府組織計畫會怎樣？
06:34
Or the other kind of warts,
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或是其他類型的缺陷，
06:36
you know, what happens after dark
when the drinks happen.
when the drinks happen.
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天黑之後開始喝酒，會發生什麼事？
06:40
Research environments
and reporting trips and NGO projects
and reporting trips and NGO projects
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研究環境、報導行程，
以及非政府組織計畫
以及非政府組織計畫
06:46
are very intimate environments;
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是非常親密的環境；
06:48
you make good friends
while you're doing good work.
while you're doing good work.
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當你在做很棒的工作時，
你還能交到很棒的朋友。
你還能交到很棒的朋友。
06:52
But there's a little bit
of Johnnie Walker journalism after dark,
of Johnnie Walker journalism after dark,
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但在天黑之後，會有一點
「約翰走路新聞學」出現，
「約翰走路新聞學」出現，
06:55
and what happens to that line
between embedded
between embedded
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在「參與」和「上床」
（英文發音相似）之間的
（英文發音相似）之間的
06:59
and in-bedded?
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那條線會怎麼樣呢？
07:00
Or what do you do with the odd
and odious behavior?
and odious behavior?
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要如何處理奇怪和令人討厭的行為？
07:03
The point is that you'll want
to negotiate in advance
to negotiate in advance
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重點是，你會希望能在事先就協調好
07:07
what is on the record
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什麼要列入記錄，
07:08
and off the record.
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什麼不要列入。
07:10
I'm going to turn now to some NGO imagery
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現在我要轉來談一些
非政府組織的意象，
非政府組織的意象，
07:13
which will be familiar
to some of you in this audience.
to some of you in this audience.
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在座可能有些人會感到很熟悉。
07:17
(Video) Narrator: For about 70 cents,
you can buy a can of soda,
you can buy a can of soda,
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（影片）旁白：花大約七十分錢，
就能買到一罐汽水，
就能買到一罐汽水，
07:21
regular or diet.
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一般的或無糖的。
07:24
In Ethiopia, for just 70 cents a day,
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在衣索比亞，一天若有七十分錢，
07:27
you can feed a child like Jamal
nourishing meals.
nourishing meals.
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就可以讓賈墨爾這樣的孩子
吃到營養的餐點。
吃到營養的餐點。
07:32
For about 70 cents,
you can also buy a cup of coffee.
you can also buy a cup of coffee.
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有大約七十分錢，
你還可以買一杯咖啡。
你還可以買一杯咖啡。
07:36
In Guatemala, for 70 cents a day,
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在瓜地馬拉，一天若有七十分錢，
07:39
you can help a child like Vilma get
the clothes she needs to attend school.
the clothes she needs to attend school.
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就能協助像維爾瑪這樣的孩子
買到上學需要穿的衣服。
買到上學需要穿的衣服。
07:44
Leslie Dodson: Now, there's
some very common imagery
some very common imagery
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講者：這是很常見的意象，
07:47
that's been around for 40 years.
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已經存在了四十年。
07:48
That's part of Sally Struthers's
famine campaign.
famine campaign.
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那是莎莉史特魯瑟斯的
女性運動的一部分。
女性運動的一部分。
07:53
Some of it is very familiar;
it's the Madonna and child.
it's the Madonna and child.
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有些部分大家很熟悉；這是聖母子。
07:55
Women and children are very effective
in terms of NGO campaigns.
in terms of NGO campaigns.
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在非政府組織的活動中，
女性和孩童是非常有效果的。
女性和孩童是非常有效果的。
08:01
We've been looking at this imagery
for a long time,
for a long time,
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我們已經看著這種意象
很長一段時間了，
很長一段時間了，
08:03
for hundreds and hundreds of years;
the Madonna and child.
the Madonna and child.
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有數百年的時間；聖母子。
08:07
Here is [Duccio],
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這是杜喬的作品，
08:10
and here is Michelangelo.
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這是米開朗基羅的作品。
08:13
My concern is: Are we
one-noting the genders
one-noting the genders
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我關心的問題是：我們在訴說關於
08:16
in our narratives of poverty
in developing communities?
in developing communities?
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貧困開發中社區的故事時，
對性別是否太侷限了？
對性別是否太侷限了？
08:21
Do we have women as victims,
and are men only the perpetrators?
and are men only the perpetrators?
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我們是否把女性當受害者，
只把男性當行兇者？
只把男性當行兇者？
08:25
Are they the guys with the AK-47s
or the boy soldiers?
or the boy soldiers?
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他們是拿著 AK-47
步槍的人，或是童兵？
步槍的人，或是童兵？
08:28
Because that doesn't leave
room for stories
room for stories
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因為這樣就沒有空間容納其他故事，
08:31
like the man who's selling ice cream
at the refuge camp in Southern Sudan,
at the refuge camp in Southern Sudan,
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比如有位男子在我們
實行計畫的南蘇丹難民營中
實行計畫的南蘇丹難民營中
販售冰淇淋的故事，
08:36
where we did a project,
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08:37
or the stories of the men who are working
on the bridge over the Blue Nile.
on the bridge over the Blue Nile.
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或是有些男人協助建造
藍色尼羅河上的橋樑的故事。
藍色尼羅河上的橋樑的故事。
08:43
So I wonder:
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所以，我納悶：
08:44
Are these stories inconvenient
to our narratives?
to our narratives?
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難道，這些故事
會讓我們不方便講述嗎？
會讓我們不方便講述嗎？
08:48
And what about this narrative?
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那這種講述方式呢？
08:51
This is a for-profit game,
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這是一個營利遊戲，
08:55
and its aim is to make development fun.
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它的目標是要讓發展變得很好玩。
08:58
One question is: Did they
inadvertently make fun of?
inadvertently make fun of?
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有一個問題是：他們
是否不經意做了嘲弄？
是否不經意做了嘲弄？
09:03
Another set of questions is:
What are the rights of these children?
What are the rights of these children?
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另一組問題是：
這些孩子有什麼權利？
這些孩子有什麼權利？
09:06
What rights of publicity
or privacy do they have?
or privacy do they have?
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他們有什麼曝光或隱私的權利？
09:09
Did they get paid?
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他們有拿錢嗎？
09:11
Should they get paid?
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他們應該拿錢嗎？
09:12
Should they share in the profit?
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他們應該分享收益嗎？
09:14
This is a for-profit game.
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這是個營利遊戲。
09:16
Did they sign talent waivers?
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他們有簽署放棄聲明嗎？
09:18
I have to use these
when I'm working with NGOs
when I'm working with NGOs
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當我在和非政府組織
及美國這裡的紀錄片導演
及美國這裡的紀錄片導演
09:21
and documentary filmmakers
here in the States.
here in the States.
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合作的時候，我得用到這些。
09:24
In the States, we take our right
to privacy and publicity
to privacy and publicity
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在美國，我們非常嚴肅看待隱私
09:27
very seriously.
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和曝光的權利。
09:29
So what is it about getting
on a long-haul flight
on a long-haul flight
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而搭一趟漫長艱苦的飛行之後，
這些權利就蒸發了，是怎麼回事？
09:32
that makes these rights vaporize?
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09:35
I don't want to just pick on our friends
in the gaming arts;
in the gaming arts;
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我不想要只是針對我們
在遊戲藝術的朋友們找碴；
在遊戲藝術的朋友們找碴；
09:38
I'll turn to the graphic arts,
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讓我轉來談談平面藝術，
09:39
where we often see these monolithic,
homogeneous stories
homogeneous stories
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在平面藝術，我們常常會
看到這些單獨、同質的故事，
看到這些單獨、同質的故事，
09:45
about the great country of Africa.
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內容是偉大的非洲國家。
09:49
But Africa is not a country,
it's a continent.
it's a continent.
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但非洲不是個國家，它是塊大陸。
09:53
It's 54 countries and thousands
and thousands of languages.
and thousands of languages.
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它有 54 個國家和數千種語言。
09:57
So my question is:
Is this imagery productive,
Is this imagery productive,
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所以我的問題是：這種意象有成效
10:01
or is it reductive?
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還是正好相反？
10:03
I know that it's popular.
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我知道這很普遍。
10:05
USAID just launched
their campaign "Forward" --
their campaign "Forward" --
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美國國際開發援助署剛展開了
「向前（Foward）」計畫——
「向前（Foward）」計畫——
10:09
FWD: Famine, War and Drought.
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縮寫 FWD：女性（F）、
戰爭（W），與乾旱（D）。
戰爭（W），與乾旱（D）。
10:13
And by looking at it, you would think
that was happening all the time,
that was happening all the time,
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單看它，你會以為
在非洲各地這些問題
在非洲各地這些問題
一直在發生。
10:16
all over Africa.
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但這計畫是針對在非洲之角
所發生的狀況。
所發生的狀況。
10:17
But this is about what's happening
in the Horn of Africa.
in the Horn of Africa.
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10:20
And I'm still trying to make sense
of Africa in a piece of Wonder Bread.
of Africa in a piece of Wonder Bread.
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我還在試著搞懂在一則
Wonder Bread 牌麵包的廣告中
Wonder Bread 牌麵包的廣告中
非洲有什麼意義。
10:26
I'm wondering about that.
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我對那點很納悶。
10:28
Germaine Greer has wondered
about the same things and she says,
about the same things and she says,
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吉曼基爾也曾納悶過
同樣的事，她說：
同樣的事，她說：
「我們能在早餐和晚餐時磨利胃口，
10:31
"At breakfast and at dinner,
we can sharpen our own appetites
we can sharpen our own appetites
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10:34
with a plentiful dose
of the pornography of war, genocide,
of the pornography of war, genocide,
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用的是包含戰爭、
大屠殺、貧困，和疾病的
大屠殺、貧困，和疾病的
10:39
destitution and disease."
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大量色情作品。」
10:41
She's right. We have
sharpened our appetites.
sharpened our appetites.
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她是對的。我們已經
磨利了我們的胃口。
磨利了我們的胃口。
10:44
But we can also sharpen our insights.
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但我們也能夠磨利我們的洞見。
10:46
It is not always war,
insurrection and disease.
insurrection and disease.
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不見得永遠都是
戰爭、起義，和疾病。
戰爭、起義，和疾病。
10:51
This is a picture out of South Sudan,
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這是一張南蘇丹的照片，
10:53
just a couple of months
before the new country was born.
before the new country was born.
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拍攝時間是在這個新國家
誕生之前的幾個月。
誕生之前的幾個月。
10:56
I will continue to work as a researcher
and a reporter in developing countries,
and a reporter in developing countries,
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我會持續以研究者和記者的身份
在開發中國家努力，
在開發中國家努力，
11:02
but I do it with an altered
ethic of seeing.
ethic of seeing.
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但我這麼做時，我的
「看的倫理」已經轉變了。
「看的倫理」已經轉變了。
11:05
I ask myself whether
my pictures are pandering,
my pictures are pandering,
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我自問，我的照片是否是在迎合、
11:09
whether they contribute to stereotypes,
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助長刻板印象？
11:11
whether the images match the message,
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影像是否符合要傳達的訊息？
11:15
am I complacent or am I complicit?
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我是在自滿還是在同謀？
11:19
Thank you.
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謝謝。
11:20
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Leslie Dodson - ReporterLeslie Dodson’s work has taken her from Latin America to Indonesia covering international finance, economics, and politics.
Why you should listen
Leslie Dodson has reported throughout the world for Reuters, NBC and CNN, among others. She has worked extensively in South America covering politics, economics, and international finance organizations. She has also covered Asian finance and politics for NHK Japan, and the Sandinista and Contra conflicts.
Leslie Dodson | Speaker | TED.com