TEDxAmsterdam
Peter van Uhm: Why I chose a gun
Peter van Uhm: 爲何我選擇槍枝
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Peter van Uhm是荷蘭的國防部長，但這不表示他足好戰的。在TEDxAmsterdam中，他解釋了他的事業源於愛好和平而非嗜血 -- 以及為何我們想有和平便需要軍隊。
Peter van Uhm - General
General Peter van Uhm is the Chief of the Netherlands Defence staff. Full bio
General Peter van Uhm is the Chief of the Netherlands Defence staff. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
As the highest military commander
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作為荷蘭的
00:18
of The Netherlands,
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最高軍事統帥，
00:20
with troops stationed around the world,
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擁有駐紮在世界各地駐紮的軍隊，
00:23
I'm really honored
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令天我真的十分榮幸
00:25
to be here today.
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來到這裡。
00:27
When I look around
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我環顧四周
00:29
this TEDxAmsterdam venue,
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在這會場中
00:31
I see a very special audience.
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我看到一群很特別的觀眾。
00:35
You are the reason
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你就是我答應
00:37
why I said yes to the invitation
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這個邀請
00:40
to come here today.
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今天來到這裡的原因。
00:44
When I look around,
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當我環顧一下，
00:46
I see people
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我看到
00:48
who want to make a contribution,
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一群想有所貢獻的人。
00:50
I see people
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我看到
00:52
who want to make a better world,
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一群想把世界變得更美好的人，
00:55
by doing groundbreaking scientific work,
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藉著從事開天闢地的科學研究，
00:58
by creating impressive works of art,
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創作動人的藝術品，
01:02
by writing critical articles
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寫作批判性的文章
01:04
or inspiring books,
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或發人深省的書籍，
01:07
by starting up sustainable businesses.
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或開創可永續經營的生意。
01:10
And you all have chosen
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你們都選了
01:13
your own instruments
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自己的工具
01:15
to fulfill this mission
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去達成讓世界變得更美好
01:17
of creating a better world.
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的理想。
01:20
Some chose the microscope
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有人選了顯微鏡
01:22
as their instrument.
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作為他們的工具。
01:24
Others chose dancing or painting
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其他人選擇舞蹈或繪畫
01:27
or making music like we just heard.
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或譜出像我們剛聽到的音樂。
01:30
Some chose the pen.
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有些人則選擇筆桿。
01:33
Others work through the instrument of money.
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其他則透過金錢工具。
01:37
Ladies and gentlemen,
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先生女仕們，
01:39
I made a different choice.
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我作出了截然不同的選擇。
01:55
Thanks.
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謝謝。
02:00
Ladies and gentlemen --
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先生女仕們 --
02:03
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
02:06
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
02:11
I share your goals.
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我與你們的目標一致。
02:14
I share the goals
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我與剛才你聽到的講者
02:16
of the speakers you heard before.
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的目標一致。
02:20
I did not choose
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我沒有選擇
02:23
to take up the pen,
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拿起筆桿、
02:26
the brush, the camera.
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畫筆或攝影機。
02:30
I chose this instrument.
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我選擇了這種工具。
02:34
I chose the gun.
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我選擇了槍桿子。
02:37
For you, and you heard already,
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對你來說，你也聽過，
02:40
being so close to this gun
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這麼接近這枝槍
02:43
may make you feel uneasy.
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可能會令你感到不安。
02:47
It may even feel scary.
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甚至令你感到害怕。
02:49
A real gun
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一枝真正的槍械
02:51
at a few feet's distance.
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就在咫尺之遙。
02:54
Let us stop for a moment
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讓我停下來一會兒
02:56
and feel this uneasiness.
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去感覺一下這種不安的感覺。
02:59
You could even hear it.
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你甚至能夠聽得出來。
03:02
Let us cherish the fact
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讓我們珍惜這個事實
03:04
that probably most of you
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其實你們大多數
03:07
have never been close to a gun.
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都從未接近過槍械。
03:10
It means
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這意味著
03:12
The Netherlands is a peaceful country.
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荷蘭是一個和平的國家。
03:15
The Netherlands is not at war.
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荷蘭沒有戰爭。
03:18
It means soldiers are not needed
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這表示我們不需要軍隊
03:21
to patrol our streets.
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去巡邏我們的街道。
03:24
Guns are not a part of our lives.
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槍械並非我們生活的一部份。
03:28
In many countries
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在很多國家
03:31
it is a different story.
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那是另一回事。
03:34
In many countries
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在很多國家
03:36
people are confronted with guns.
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民眾面對著槍械。
03:38
They are oppressed.
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他們受到壓迫。
03:40
They are intimidated --
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他們受到
03:43
by warlords,
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軍閥、
03:45
by terrorists,
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恐怖份子、
03:47
by criminals.
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和罪犯的威嚇。
03:49
Weapons can do a lot of harm.
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武器可做成很多的傷害。
03:52
They are the cause
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它們是諸多苦難
03:54
of much distress.
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的原因。
03:56
Why then am I standing before you
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那麼為何我拿著這件武器
03:58
with this weapon?
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站在你面前呢?
04:01
Why did I choose the gun
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為何我選擇槍械
04:03
as my instrument?
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作為我的工具呢?
04:06
Today I want to tell you why.
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今天我想解釋一下。
04:08
Today I want to tell you
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今天我想靠訴你
04:10
why I chose the gun
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為何我選擇槍械
04:12
to create a better world.
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去創造一個更理想的世界。
04:14
And I want to tell you
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我亦想告訴你
04:16
how this gun can help.
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這枝槍怎樣幫我達到目的。
04:20
My story starts
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我的故事
04:23
in the city of Nijmegen
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在荷蘭東面的
04:26
in the east of The Netherlands,
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一個城市 --奈梅亨 --
04:29
the city where I was born.
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我出生的城市開始。
04:33
My father
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我父親是
04:35
was a hardworking baker,
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一位勤勞的麵包匠，
04:39
but when he had finished work in the bakery,
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但當他完成麵包店的工作後，
04:42
he often told me and my brother stories.
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他經常會為我和兄弟說故事。
04:46
And most of the time,
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而很多時候
04:48
he told me this story I'm going to share with you now.
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他都會說我現在與和你分享的這個故事。
04:52
The story of what happened
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一個在二次世界大戰初
04:54
when he was a conscripted soldier
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他被荷蘭軍隊
04:57
in the Dutch armed forces
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徵召入伍
04:59
at the beginning of the Second World War.
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發生的故事。
05:02
The Nazis invaded The Netherlands.
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納粹入侵荷蘭。
05:05
Their grim plans were evident.
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他們冷酷的計劃人盡皆知
05:08
They meant to rule
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他們要進行
05:10
by means of repression.
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高壓統治。
05:13
Diplomacy had failed to stop the Germans.
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外交途徑無法阻止德軍。
05:17
Only brute force remained.
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我們最後逼不得己
05:21
It was our last resort.
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訴諸殘忍的武力。
05:24
My father was there
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我爸爸
05:26
to provide it.
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正是其中一員。
05:28
As the son of a farmer
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作為農民的兒子
05:30
who knew how to hunt,
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他懂得打獵，
05:32
my father was an excellent marksman.
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我爸爸是位優秀的神槍手。
05:35
When he aimed,
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當他瞄準目標，
05:37
he never missed.
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他永不失手。
05:39
At this decisive moment in Dutch history
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在荷蘭歷史上這關鍵時刻
05:42
my father was positioned
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我爸爸部署於
05:45
on the bank of the river Waal
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奈梅亨城附近
05:47
near the city of Nijmegen.
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的瓦爾河岸邊。
05:50
He had a clear shot at the German soldiers
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他能毫無障地瞄準
05:53
who came to occupy a free country,
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來侵佔一個自由自國家，他的袓國，
05:56
his country,
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我們的袓國，
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our country.
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的德軍。
06:00
He fired. Nothing happened.
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他開了槍。沒事發生。
06:03
He fired again.
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他再開槍。
06:05
No German soldier fell to the ground.
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並沒有德軍倒下。
06:09
My father had been given
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我爸爸獲配的
06:11
an old gun
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是一把舊式槍枝，
06:13
that could not even reach
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它的射程
06:15
the opposite riverbank.
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連對面河岸都去不到。
06:18
Hitler's troops marched on,
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希特拉的軍隊繼續邁進，
06:21
and there was nothing my father could do about it.
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而我爸爸則無法可施。
06:26
Until the day my father died,
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直至我爸爸離開人世，
06:29
he was frustrated about missing these shots.
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他還為此耿耿於懷。
06:33
He could have done something.
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他應能有些作為。
06:36
But with an old gun,
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但只得一把舊式的槍枝，
06:38
not even the best marksman in the armed forces
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連軍隊中最好的神槍手
06:41
could have hit the mark.
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也無法命中目標。
06:44
So this story stayed with me.
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這個故事一直存在我心中。
06:47
Then in high school,
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上高中時，
06:49
I was gripped by the stories
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我深深受到盟軍故事
06:51
of the Allied soldiers --
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的感染 --
06:54
soldiers who left the safety of their own homes
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關於那些離開自己安全的家
06:58
and risked their lives
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冒上生命危險
07:00
to liberate a country and a people
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去解放他們並不認識的
07:03
that they didn't know.
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人民和國家。
07:06
They liberated my birth town.
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他們解放了我出生的家鄉。
07:09
It was then that I decided
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就在那一刻我決定
07:12
I would take up the gun --
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要拿起槍桿子 --
07:15
out of respect and gratitude
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出自對那些
07:18
for those men and women
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來解放我們的男士和女士
07:20
who came to liberate us --
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的尊敬和感激 --
07:23
from the awareness
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了解到
07:25
that sometimes only the gun
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有時只有槍械
07:28
can stand
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才能分隔開
07:30
between good and evil.
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善和惡。
07:33
And that is why
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這就是我拿起槍桿子
07:35
I took up the gun --
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的原因 --
07:37
not to shoot,
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並非要去射擊，
07:39
not to kill,
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並非要去殺戳，
07:41
not to destroy,
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並非要去破壞，
07:43
but to stop those who would do evil,
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而是要去阻止做壞事的人，
07:47
to protect the vulnerable,
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去保護弱小，
07:50
to defend democratic values,
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去捍衛民主價值，
07:53
to stand up for the freedom we have
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去維護我們所擁有
07:56
to talk here today
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今天在阿姆斯特丹
07:58
in Amsterdam
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這裡討論
08:00
about how we can make the world a better place.
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如何令世界變得更美好的自由。
08:03
Ladies and gentlemen,
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先生、女士門，
08:05
I do not stand here today
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我今天站在這裡並不是要
08:08
to tell you about the glory of weapons.
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告訴你武器的光輝。
08:11
I do not like guns.
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我並不喜歡槍械。
08:15
And once you have been under fire yourself,
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當你曾經受襲，
08:19
it brings home even more clearly
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你會更明瞭
08:22
that a gun is not some macho instrument
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槍械並非某些值得吹噓
08:25
to brag about.
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具男子氣概的工具。
08:28
I stand here today
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我今天站在這裡
08:30
to tell you about the use of the gun
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跟你談論利用槍械
08:32
as an instrument of peace and stability.
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作為維持和平穩定的工具。
08:38
The gun may be one of the most important instruments
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槍械可能是我們在這世界上所擁有的
08:40
of peace and stability
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維持和平穩定的
08:42
that we have in this world.
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最重要工具之一。
08:44
Now this may sound contradictory to you.
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現在這聽起來好像是矛盾的。
08:48
But not only have I seen with my own eyes
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但在作為荷蘭國防部長
08:53
during my deployments in Lebanon,
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派駐黎巴嫩
08:55
Sarajevo and [unclear] national
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薩拉熱窩和其他國家時
08:57
as The Netherlands' chief of defense,
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我就親眼目睹，
09:00
this is also supported
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這亦得到充份和確實旳
09:02
by cold, hard statistics.
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統計數字的支持。
09:06
Violence has declined dramatically
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暴力在過去五百年
09:09
over the last 500 years.
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顯著減少了。
09:12
Despite the pictures
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儘管每日在新聞上
09:14
we are shown daily in the news,
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我們看到的照片，
09:17
wars between developed countries
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已開發國家間的戰事
09:19
are no longer commonplace.
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並不常見。
09:22
The murder rate in Europe
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自中世紀以來
09:24
has dropped by a factor of 30
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歐洲的謀殺率
09:26
since the Middle Ages.
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跌至過去的三十分之一。
09:28
And occurrences of civil war and repression
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內戰和壓迫的出現
09:31
have declined since the end of the Cold War.
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在冷戰結束後亦減少了。
09:34
Statistics show
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統計數字顯示
09:36
that we are living
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我們正活在
09:38
in a relatively peaceful era.
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一個相對和平的時期。
09:40
Why?
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什麼原因呢?
09:42
Why has violence decreased?
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為何暴力減少了呢?
09:45
Has the human mind changed?
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是否人類的思維改變了呢?
09:48
Well we were talking on the human mind this morning.
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我們早上談論過人類思維。
09:51
Did we simply lose our beastly impulses
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是否我們簡單的失去了
09:54
for revenge,
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報復，
09:56
for violent rituals,
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暴力儀式，
09:58
for pure rage?
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統粹憤怒的獸性衝動?
10:01
Or is there something else?
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或者還有其他東西呢?
10:04
In his latest book,
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在他的新書裡，
10:06
Harvard professor Steven Pinker --
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哈彿大學教授 Steve Pinker --
10:08
and many other thinkers before him --
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以及很多在他之前的思想家 --
10:10
concludes that one of the main drivers
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總結出現較少武力社會
10:15
behind less violent societies
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背後的一個主要驅動力
10:18
is the spread of the constitutional state
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是憲法國家的流行
10:21
and the introduction on a large scale
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以及大規模引入
10:24
of the state monopoly
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國家對合法使用武力
10:26
on the legitimized use of violence --
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的壟斷 --
10:29
legitimized by a democratically elected government,
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由民選政府，
10:35
legitimized by checks and balances
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存有制衡，
10:38
and an independent judicial system.
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和獨立司法制度去決定是否合法。
10:42
In other words, a state monopoly
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換句話說，國家壟斷
10:45
that has the use of violence
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令使用武力
10:48
well under control.
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受到充份的控制。
10:51
Such a state monopoly on violence,
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這種國家對武力的壟斷，
10:54
first of all, serves
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首先，成了
10:56
as a reassurance.
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一顆定心丸。
10:58
It removes the incentive
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消除了社會上
11:00
for an arms race
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潛在不友善團體之間
11:02
between potentially hostile groups
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軍事競賽
11:04
in our societies.
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的誘因。
11:06
Secondly, the presence of penalties
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其次，使用武力得到的懲罰
11:09
that outweigh the benefits of using violence
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遠超武力的好處
11:12
tips the balance even further.
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令平衡更傾向一邊。
11:15
Abstaining from violence
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放棄武力
11:17
becomes more profitable
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較發動戰爭
11:19
than starting a war.
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變得更為有利。
11:22
Now nonviolence starts to work
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現在，非武力開始
11:25
like a flywheel.
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如飛輪運作。
11:28
It enhances peace even further.
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進一步促進和平。
11:31
Where there is no conflict,
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沒有衝突
11:33
trade flourishes.
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貿易蓬勃發展。
11:36
And trade is another important incentive
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貿易又是另一個
11:38
against violence.
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減少武力的誘因。
11:41
With trade, there's mutual interdependency
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貿易帶來互相依賴
11:44
and mutual gain between parties.
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和互利互惠。
11:48
And when there is mutual gain,
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當出現互利的情況，
11:50
both sides stand to lose more
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雙方開戰
11:52
than they would gain
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帶來的損失
11:54
if they started a war.
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會高於得到的好處。
11:57
War is simply
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戰爭簡單來說
11:59
no longer the best option,
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不再是最佳選擇，
12:02
and that is why violence has decreased.
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武力因而減少。
12:07
This, ladies and gentlemen,
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先生，女仕們，這
12:09
is the rationale behind the existence
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就是我的軍隊
12:12
of my armed forces.
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存在的理由。
12:15
The armed forces
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軍隊
12:17
implement the state monopoly on violence.
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對武力進行國家壟斷。
12:20
We do this in a legitimized way
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我們合法地執行
12:23
only after our democracy has asked us
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只應民主的要求
12:27
to do so.
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去做。
12:29
It is this legitimate,
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就是這個合法的
12:32
controlled use of the gun
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受控制下使用槍械
12:35
that has contributed greatly
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對減低全球戰爭、
12:37
to the statistics of war,
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衝突和武力
12:39
conflict and violence
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的統計數字
12:41
around the globe.
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帶來重大的貢獻。
12:43
It is this participation in peacekeeping missions
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就是這些參與維持和平的任務
12:46
that has led to the resolution
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得以解決
12:48
of many civil wars.
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很多內戰。
12:51
My soldiers use the gun
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我的戰士使用槍械
12:54
as an instrument of peace.
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作為和平的工具。
12:58
And this is exactly why failed states
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這亦正是非正常運作國家
13:01
are so dangerous.
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為何會是那麼危險。
13:03
Failed states
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非正常運作國家
13:05
have no legitimized, democratically controlled use of force.
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在使用軍事力量上沒有合法和民主的控制。
13:09
Failed states do not know of the gun
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非正常運作的國家不知道槍械
13:12
as an instrument of peace and stability.
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是和平穩定的工具。
13:16
That is why failed states
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這是為何非正常運作的國家
13:18
can drag down a whole region
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可令整個地區
13:20
into chaos and conflict.
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陷入混亂和衝突中。
13:23
That is why spreading the concept
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這是宣揚
13:25
of the constitutional state
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憲法國家這個概念
13:27
is such an important aspect
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是我們在國外的任務中
13:29
of our foreign missions.
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那麼重要的一環。
13:32
That is why
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這是為何
13:34
we are trying to build a judicial system
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我們正嘗試在阿富汗
13:36
right now in Afghanistan.
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建立司法制度的原因。
13:39
That is why we train police officers,
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這是為何我們在世界各地培訓警官，
13:42
we train judges,
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我們培訓法官，
13:44
we train public prosecutors around the world.
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我們培訓檢察官的原因。
13:47
And that is why --
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這是為何 --
13:49
and in The Netherlands, we are very unique in that --
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在荷蘭，我們是獨一無二的 --
13:52
that is why the Dutch constitution states
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這是為何荷蘭憲法聲明
13:55
that one of the main tasks
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軍隊其中一個
13:57
of the armed forces
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主要任務
13:59
is to uphold and promote
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是維持和促進
14:01
the international rule of law.
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國際上的法治。
14:05
Ladies and gentlemen,
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先生，女仕們，
14:07
looking at this gun,
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看著這枝槍
14:09
we are confronted
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我們面對著
14:11
with the ugly side of the human mind.
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人類思想的陰暗面。
14:15
Every day I hope
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每一天我都希望
14:17
that politicians, diplomats,
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政治家、外交家、
14:19
development workers
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發展人員
14:21
can turn conflict
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可把衝突
14:23
into peace
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化為和平，
14:25
and threat
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把威脅
14:27
into hope.
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化為希望。
14:29
And I hope that one day
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我希望最終有一天
14:31
armies can be disbanded
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可把軍隊解散
14:33
and humans will find a way of living together
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而人類找到方法
14:36
without violence and oppression.
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在沒有暴力或壓迫下一起生活。
14:40
But until that day comes,
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然而，直至那一天到來，
14:43
we will have to make ideals
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我們還是要在理想
14:46
and human failure
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和人類錯敗
14:49
meet somewhere in the middle.
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之間取得妥協。
14:51
Until that day comes,
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直至那一天到來，
14:54
I stand for my father
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我支持我爸爸
14:56
who tried to shoot the Nazis
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試圖用舊式的槍枝
14:59
with an old gun.
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射擊納粹軍隊。
15:01
I stand for my men and women
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我支持我的男女戰士
15:04
who are prepared to risk their lives
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他們為了一個少些武力的世界
15:07
for a less violent world for all of us.
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準備好犧牲他們的性命。
15:11
I stand for this soldier
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我支持這位戰士
15:14
who suffered partial hearing loss
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她在阿富汗執行任務時
15:17
and sustained permanent injuries to her leg,
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被火箭炮攻擊而
15:20
which was hit by a rocket
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喪失了部份聽覺
15:23
on a mission in Afghanistan.
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和導致一條腿部永久傷殘。
15:27
Ladies and gentlemen,
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先生，女仕們，
15:29
until the day comes
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直至那一天到來
15:31
when we can do away with the gun,
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我們可以拋棄槍械時
15:34
I hope we all agree
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我希望大家都同意
15:37
that peace and stability
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和平穩定
15:39
do not come free of charge.
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必須付出代價。
15:42
It takes hard work,
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它須要努力，
15:45
often behind the scenes.
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經常是幕後看不見的努力。
15:48
It takes good equipment
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它需要良好的器材
15:50
and well-trained, dedicated soldiers.
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以及熟練和投入的戰士。
15:54
I hope you will support the efforts
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我希望你支持
15:56
of our armed forces
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我們軍隊
15:58
to train soldiers
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訓練像這位年輕隊長一樣
16:00
like this young captain
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的戰士
16:02
and provide her with a good gun,
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提供她一枝良好的槍枝
16:05
instead of the bad gun my father was given.
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而不要像給我爸爸那樣差勁的槍械。
16:08
I hope you will support our soldiers
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我希望你們支持我們的戰士
16:11
when they are out there,
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無論他們駐紮外地，
16:14
when they come home
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回到家裡
16:16
and when they are injured
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或者受了傷
16:18
and need our care.
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而需要我們的照顧。
16:20
They put their lives on the line,
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他們為我們，為你們
16:22
for us, for you,
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冒上生命危險，
16:25
and we cannot let them down.
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我們不可令他們失望。
16:29
I hope you will respect my soldiers,
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我希望你們尊敬我的戰士，
16:33
this soldier with this gun.
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這位拿著這枝槍的戰士。
16:36
Because she wants a better world.
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因為她想要一個更美好的世界。
16:40
Because she makes an active contribution
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因為她對更美好的世界
16:42
to the better world,
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作出積極的貢獻，
16:45
just like all of us here today.
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就像我們今天在這裡一樣。
16:48
Thank you very much.
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十分多謝大家。
16:50
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Peter van Uhm - GeneralGeneral Peter van Uhm is the Chief of the Netherlands Defence staff.
Why you should listen
General Petrus J.M. "Peter" van Uhm is a four-star general in the Royal Netherlands Army and the current Chief of the Netherlands Defence Staff. He has had an outstanding carrer over four decades in the Dutch military.
In the Netherlands, he is know from his personal tragedy. On 18 April 2008, one day after Van Uhm was appointed Chief Defence Staff, his son First Lieutenant Dennis van Uhm was killed in a roadside bombing in Uruzgan. Van Uhm’s incredibly dignified and human response has astounded many.
Peter van Uhm | Speaker | TED.com