ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Francis de los Reyes - Environmental engineer, sanitation activist
Francis de los Reyes works with cutting-edge microbiological techniques in environmental biotech. But his passion, both professionally and personally, is helping to improve the plight of the world’s 2.5 billion people living without adequate sanitation. Reyes is a TED Fellow.

Why you should listen

Dr. Francis L. de los Reyes III is a Professor of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Associate Faculty of Microbiology, and Training Faculty of Biotechnology at North Carolina State University. His research focuses on biological processes and combines modeling, bioreactor experiments, and molecular microbial ecology tools in addressing fundamental and practical issues in environmental biotechnology and environmental engineering. An important area of his research and teaching is water and sanitation in developing countries.

Current and past research projects (funding of ~ $4.5 M in last 10 years) include: quantitative microbial risk assessment of graywater reuse (WRRI), molecular analysis and modeling of the competition between filaments and floc-formers in activated sludge (NSF), analysis of the ecophysiology of nitrifiers and denitrifiers in microbial floc (NSF), optimization of a swine waste treatment system for nitrogen removal (US Department of Agriculture), analysis of the fate of bioagents in landfills (EPA), microbial characterization of landfills (Waste Management, Inc.), molecular techniques for groundwater remedation sites (US DOE/DOD), investigation of foam control methods (Hazen and Sawyer), development of probes for environmentally versatile Bacillus strains (Novozymes Biochemicals, Inc.), improvement of sludge dewatering (NC WRRI), microbial ecology of grease interceptors (CSPA) and the system-wide optimization of wastewater treatment plants using genetic algorithms. 

More profile about the speaker
Francis de los Reyes | Speaker | TED.com
TED Fellows Retreat 2013

Francis de los Reyes: Sanitation is a basic human right

法蘭西斯.雷耶斯: 公共衛生是基本人權

Filmed:
803,551 views

警告:這則演說提到世界上各種排便的方式可能會比你想知道的還多。但身為公共衛生行動者( 也是 TED 研究會員)的法蘭西斯.雷耶斯提出一個問題:能去安全的環境如廁,不是天經地義的事嗎?
- Environmental engineer, sanitation activist
Francis de los Reyes works with cutting-edge microbiological techniques in environmental biotech. But his passion, both professionally and personally, is helping to improve the plight of the world’s 2.5 billion people living without adequate sanitation. Reyes is a TED Fellow. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
I am an engineering工程 professor教授,
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我是工程學教授,
00:14
and for the past過去 14 years年份
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過去 14 年來,
00:17
I've been teaching教學 crap擲骰子.
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我都在教廢物。
00:18
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
00:20
Not that I'm a bad teacher老師,
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不是因為我是個壞老師,
00:22
but I've been studying研究 and teaching教學
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而是因為一直以來我都在研究、教導
00:24
about human人的 waste浪費
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人類的排泄物,
00:26
and how waste浪費 is conveyed輸送
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以及廢物如何透過廢水處理廠運送,
00:27
through通過 these wastewater廢水 treatment治療 plants植物,
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00:30
and how we engineer工程師 and design設計
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還有我們如何規劃與設計這些處理廠,
00:32
these treatment治療 plants植物 so that we can protect保護
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讓我們能保護地表水,像是河川。
00:34
surface表面 water like rivers河流.
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00:36
I've based基於 my scientific科學 career事業
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我的科學職業生涯奠基在
00:39
on using運用 leading-edge前沿 molecular分子 techniques技術,
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運用頂尖的分子技術、
00:42
DNA-脫氧核糖核酸- and RNA-based基於RNA的方法 methods方法
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應用去氧核糖核酸 (DNA)
與核糖核酸 (RNA) 的技術,
00:45
to look at microbial微生物 populations人群 in biological生物 reactors反應堆,
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並透過生物反應器檢視細菌量,
00:48
and again to optimize優化 these systems系統.
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然後再次優化這些機制。
00:50
And over the years年份,
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經過這些年,
00:52
I have developed發達 an unhealthy不良 obsession困擾 with toilets洗手間,
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我對廁所有種病態的迷戀,
00:56
and I've been known已知 to sneak潛行 into toilets洗手間
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大家都知道我會偷溜進廁所,
00:59
and take my camera相機 phone電話
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還會帶著智慧型手機,
01:01
all over the world世界.
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在世界各地都一樣。
01:03
But along沿 the way, I've learned學到了
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但靠著這個方式,
我發現那不只和科技有關,
01:05
that it's not just the technical技術 side,
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01:08
but there's also this thing called the culture文化 of crap擲骰子.
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也和所謂的廢物文化有關。
01:12
So for example,
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舉例來說,
01:13
how many許多 of you are washers墊圈
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在座有多少人用洗的,
01:16
and how many許多 of you are wipers雨刷?
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有多少人用擦的?
01:18
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
01:22
If, well, I guess猜測 you know what I mean.
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你們應該都知道我在講什麼。
01:26
If you're a washer墊圈, then you use water
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如果你是用洗的,
那你就會用水清洗肛門,這是術語。
01:29
for anal肛門 cleansing淨化. That's the technical技術 term術語.
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01:31
And if you're a wiper雨刮器,
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如果你是用擦的,
01:34
then you use toilet廁所 paper
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那你就會用衛生紙,
01:36
or, in some regions地區 of the world世界
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或是世界上有些地方沒有衛生紙,
01:38
where it's not available可得到, newspaper報紙
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就會用報紙、舊布或玉米穗軸。
01:42
or rags碎布 or corncobs玉米芯.
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01:45
And this is not just a piece of trivia瑣事,
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這不只是件微不足道的事,
01:48
but it's really important重要 to understand理解
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相反的,了解並解決
公共衛生問題是非常重要的事。
01:50
and solve解決 the sanitation衛生 problem問題.
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有個大問題是,
01:52
And it is a big problem問題:
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01:54
There are 2.5 billion十億 people in the world世界
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世界上有 25 億人
01:56
who don't have access訪問 to adequate充足 sanitation衛生.
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沒有適當的衛生設備。
01:59
For them, there's no modern現代 toilet廁所.
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他們沒有現代化的廁所。
02:01
And there are 1.1 billion十億 people
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還有 11 億人的廁所
02:05
whose誰的 toilets洗手間 are the streets街道
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是在大街、河堤,或公共空間,
02:08
or river banks銀行 or open打開 spaces空間,
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02:11
and again, the technical技術 term術語 for that is
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同樣的,術語稱為
02:13
open打開 defecation排便,
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露天排泄,
02:15
but that is really simply只是
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但這真的單純只是
02:18
shitting拉屎 in the open打開.
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公開大便。
02:20
And if you're living活的 in fecal糞便 material材料
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如果你住在排泄物之中,
02:22
and it's surrounding周圍 you, you're going to get sick生病.
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排泄物圍繞著你,你就會生病。
02:24
It's going to get into your drinking water,
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那會進入你的飲用水和食物中,
02:26
into your food餐飲, into your immediate即時 surroundings環境.
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直接進入你的週遭環境裡。
02:28
So the United聯合的 Nations國家 estimates估計
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聯合國估計
02:30
that every一切 year, there are
1.5 million百萬 child兒童 deaths死亡
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每年有 150 萬名孩童死亡
02:35
because of inadequate不足 sanitation衛生.
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是因為缺乏適當的公共衛生。
02:37
That's one preventable預防的 death死亡 every一切 20 seconds,
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這是可避免的,
每 20 秒就能救一個人,
02:41
171 every一切 hour小時,
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每小時就能救 171 人,
02:44
4,100 every一切 day.
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每天就能救 4,100 人。
02:47
And so, to avoid避免 open打開 defecation排便,
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因此,為了避免露天排泄,
02:49
municipalities直轄市 and cities城市
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市政當局會做公共建設,
02:51
build建立 infrastructure基礎設施, for example, like pit latrines廁所,
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像在市區周圍和鄉村裡蓋茅坑。
02:56
in peri-urban城郊 and rural鄉村 areas.
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02:58
For example, in KwaZulu-Natal誇祖魯 - 納塔爾
province in South Africa非洲,
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例如,南非的誇祖魯-納塔爾省
03:01
they've他們已經 built內置 tens of thousands數千 of these pit latrines廁所.
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已經蓋了幾萬個這種茅坑。
03:04
But there's a problem問題 when you scale規模 up
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但還有個問題,
當你增加到幾萬個茅坑,
03:06
to tens of thousands數千, and the problem問題 is,
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問題是那些坑滿了怎麼辦?
03:09
what happens發生 when the pits are full充分?
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03:10
This is what happens發生.
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就會變這樣,
03:13
People defecate大便 around the toilet廁所.
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大家在廁所旁邊排泄。
03:15
In schools學校, children孩子 defecate大便 on the floors地板
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孩童在學校的地板上排泄,
03:18
and then leave離開 a trail落後 outside the building建造
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接著在建築外留下一連串,
03:21
and start開始 defecating排糞 around the building建造,
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然後開始繞著建築排泄,
03:23
and these pits have to be cleaned清洗
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這些茅坑必須清理
03:26
and manually手動 emptied清空.
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和用人力清空。
03:28
And who does the emptying清空?
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但誰去清空?
03:30
You've got these workers工人
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有一些工人會
03:32
who have to sometimes有時 go down into the pits
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不時進到茅坑裡
03:35
and manually手動 remove去掉 the contents內容.
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動手清除內容物。
03:37
It's a dirty and dangerous危險 business商業.
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這是件又髒又危險的工作。
03:41
As you can see, there's no protective保護的 equipment設備,
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如你所見,他們沒有防護設備,
03:43
no protective保護的 clothing服裝.
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也沒有防護服裝。
03:45
There's one worker工人 down there.
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有個工人在那下面。
03:46
I hope希望 you can see him.
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希望你看得見他。
03:48
He's got a face面對 mask面具 on, but no shirt襯衫.
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他戴著面具,但沒穿衣服。
03:50
And in some countries國家, like India印度,
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在某些國家,像是印度,
03:53
the lower降低 castes種姓 are condemned譴責
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種姓階級較低的人被迫要清茅坑,
03:55
to empty the pits,
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03:58
and they're further進一步 condemned譴責 by society社會.
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他們在社會上也被迫害。
04:00
So you ask yourself你自己, how can we solve解決 this
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你可以自問,
我們能怎麼解決這個問題,
04:03
and why don't we just build建立 Western-style洋氣 flush紅暈 toilets洗手間
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以及我們為什麼不能
就蓋個西式的沖水馬桶
04:06
for these two and a half billion十億?
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給這 25 億人用?
04:09
And the answer回答 is, it's just not possible可能.
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答案是,不可能。
04:11
In some of these areas, there's not enough足夠 water,
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某些地區沒有足夠的水,
04:14
there's no energy能源,
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沒有足夠的能源,
04:15
it's going to cost成本 tens of trillions萬億 of dollars美元
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預計要花上兆美元
04:17
to lay鋪設 out the sewer下水道 lines
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來設計管線、
04:19
and to build建立 the facilities設備
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建造廁所、
04:20
and to operate操作 and maintain保持 these systems系統,
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管理和維護那些系統,
04:22
and if you don't build建立 it right,
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而且如果你沒蓋好,
04:24
you're going to have flush紅暈 toilets洗手間
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沖水馬桶就會直接連上河流,
04:25
that basically基本上 go straight直行 into the river,
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04:28
just like what's happening事件 in many許多 cities城市
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就像許多發展中國家的城市一樣。
04:30
in the developing發展 world世界.
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04:32
And is this really the solution?
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但這真的是解決方式嗎?
04:34
Because essentially實質上, what you're doing is
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因為基本上,你就是用乾淨的水,
04:36
you're using運用 clean清潔 water
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04:38
and you're using運用 it to flush紅暈 your toilet廁所,
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你用清水來沖馬桶,
04:40
convey傳達 it to a wastewater廢水 treatment治療 plant
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沖到廢水處理廠,
04:43
which哪一個 then discharges放電 to a river,
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接著就會排到河裡,
04:44
and that river, again, is a drinking water source資源.
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而河流同樣是飲用水來源。
04:47
So we've我們已經 got to rethink反思 sanitation衛生,
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因此,我們得重新思考公共衛生,
04:49
and we've我們已經 got to reinvent重塑 the sanitation衛生 infrastructure基礎設施,
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並重新發明那些公共衛生設施,
04:54
and I'm going to argue爭論 that to do this,
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而我會證明要這麼做,
04:56
you have to employ採用 systems系統 thinking思維.
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就得運用系統思維。
04:58
We have to look at the whole整個 sanitation衛生 chain.
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我們必須檢視整個公共衛生鏈。
05:01
We start開始 with a human人的 interface接口,
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我們從人體使用者介面開始,
05:03
and then we have to think about how feces
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接著要思考排泄物要如何
05:05
are collected and stored存儲,
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收集、儲存、
05:08
transported, treated治療 and reused重用
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運送、處理和再利用,
05:10
and not just disposal處置 but reuse重用.
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不只是丟棄,而是要再利用。
05:13
So let's start開始 with the human人的 user用戶 interface接口.
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因此我們先從人體使用者介面開始。
05:15
I say, it doesn't matter if you're a washer墊圈 or a wiper雨刮器,
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我認為,不論你是用洗的還是用擦的,
05:19
a sitter保姆 or a squatter棚戶區,
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用坐的還是用蹲的,
05:21
the human人的 user用戶 interface接口 should be clean清潔
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人體使用者介面都必須乾淨,
05:23
and easy簡單 to use, because after all,
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而且要容易操作,因為畢竟
05:26
taking服用 a dump傾倒 should be pleasurable愉快的.
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上大號應該要是讓人身心愉快的事。
05:28
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
05:31
And when we open打開 the possibilities可能性
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當我們開始
05:34
to understanding理解 this sanitation衛生 chain,
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了解這個公共衛生鏈,
05:36
then the back-end後端 technology技術,
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接下來就是後端技術,
05:38
the collection採集 to the reuse重用, should not really matter,
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收集來再利用,應該沒那麼麻煩,
05:42
and then we can apply應用
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然後我們可以運用
05:43
locally本地 adoptable可採用 and context-sensitive上下文敏感 solutions解決方案.
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當地可操作與合情合理的解決方式。
05:47
So we can open打開 ourselves我們自己 to possibilities可能性 like,
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因此,我們就更有可能做,
05:50
for example, this urine-diverting尿分流 toilet廁所,
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例如,這個尿糞分離廁所,
05:53
and there's two holes in this toilet廁所.
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裡頭有兩個洞。
05:55
There's the front面前 and the back,
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一前一後,
05:56
and the front面前 collects收集 the urine尿,
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前面的收集尿液,
05:58
and the back collects收集 the fecal糞便 material材料.
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後面的收集糞便。
06:00
And so what you're doing is
you're separating分離 the urine尿,
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這個作法就是分離出尿液,
06:02
which哪一個 has 80 percent百分 of the nitrogen
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尿液有 80% 的氮
06:04
and 50 percent百分 of the phosphorus,
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和 50% 的磷,
06:06
and then that can then be treated治療
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經過處理和沉澱
06:08
and precipitated沉澱 to form形成 things like struvite鳥糞,
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就能形成鳥糞石之類的東西,
06:11
which哪一個 is a high-value高價值 fertilizer肥料,
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那是營養價值很高的肥料;
06:13
and then the fecal糞便 material材料 can then be disinfected消毒
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然後糞便經過消毒,
06:15
and again converted轉換 to high-value高價值 end結束 products製品.
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同樣會轉變成高價值的終產物。
06:19
Or, for example, in some of our research研究,
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例如,我們的某些研究中,
06:21
you can reuse重用 the water by treating治療 it
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水經過處理後就能重覆利用,
06:24
in on-site現場 sanitation衛生 systems系統
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只要運用在地的公衛系統,
06:26
like planter播種機 boxes盒子 or constructed wetlands沼澤地.
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像是花盆或人工濕地。
06:29
So we can open打開 up all these possibilities可能性
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因此我們可以讓一切都成真,
06:31
if we take away the old paradigm範例 of flush紅暈 toilets洗手間
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只要我們拋棄舊式的沖水馬桶
06:35
and treatment治療 plants植物.
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和污水處理廠。
06:37
So you might威力 be asking, who's誰是 going to pay工資?
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你也許會問,誰來買單?
06:40
Well, I'm going to argue爭論 that governments政府
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我認為政府
06:42
should fund基金 sanitation衛生 infrastructure基礎設施.
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應該要提供公共衛生設施的資金。
06:45
NGOs非政府組織 and donor捐贈者 organizations組織,
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非營利團體和贊助單位
06:48
they can do their best最好, but it's not going to be enough足夠.
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可以盡一己之力,但永遠都不夠。
06:51
Governments政府 should fund基金 sanitation衛生
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政府花在公共衛生上的資金應該要
06:53
the same相同 way they fund基金 roads道路
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等同於道路、
06:55
and schools學校 and hospitals醫院
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學校、醫院,
06:58
and other infrastructure基礎設施 like bridges橋樑,
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和其他設施,像是橋樑,
07:00
because we know, and the WHO has doneDONE this study研究,
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因為我們知道,
世界衛生組織的研究指出,
07:03
that for every一切 dollar美元 that we invest投資
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我們每投資一美元
07:05
in sanitation衛生 infrastructure基礎設施,
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在公共衛生設施上,
07:07
we get something like three to 34 dollars美元 back.
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就能得到 3 到 34 美元的回饋。
07:11
Let's go back to the problem問題 of pit emptying清空.
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我們回來談清空茅坑的問題。
07:13
So at North Carolina卡羅來納州 State University大學,
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我們在北卡羅來納州立大學
07:15
we challenged挑戰 our students學生們 to
come up with a simple簡單 solution,
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鼓勵學生想出簡單的方法,
07:18
and this is what they came來了 up with:
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他們想出了
07:19
a simple簡單, modified改性 screw auger
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簡易的改造螺旋鑽,
07:22
that can move移動 the waste浪費 up
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能夠將排泄物
07:24
from the pit and into a collecting蒐集 drum,
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從茅坑移入回收桶,
07:26
and now the pit worker工人
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這樣清潔工就不需要再進入茅坑了。
07:28
doesn't have to go down into the pit.
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07:30
We tested測試 it in South Africa非洲, and it works作品.
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我們在南非的測試成功了。
07:32
We need to make it more robust強大的,
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我們需要讓它更堅固耐用,
07:34
and we're going to do more testing測試
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而且我們會做更多測試,
07:35
in Malawi馬拉維 and South Africa非洲 this coming未來 year.
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預計明年在馬拉威和南非做。
07:37
And our idea理念 is to make this
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我們的想法是讓它變成
07:39
a professionalized專業化 pit-emptying掏糞 service服務
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專業的茅坑清理服務,
07:42
so that we can create創建 a small business商業 out of it,
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如此一來,就能以此建立小型企業,
07:44
create創建 profits利潤 and jobs工作,
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創造營收和工作機會。
07:46
and the hope希望 is that,
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我們期待,
07:47
as we are rethinking重新思考 sanitation衛生,
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在重新思考公共衛生的同時,
07:49
we are extending擴展 the life of these pits
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也能延長這些茅坑的壽命,
07:53
so that we don't have to resort採取
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這樣我們就不需要依靠
07:55
to quick solutions解決方案
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能應急卻沒什意義的解決方式。
07:56
that don't really make sense.
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我相信能使用適當的公共衛生設施
07:58
I believe that access訪問 to adequate充足 sanitation衛生
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08:02
is a basic基本 human人的 right.
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是基本人權。
08:04
We need to stop the practice實踐
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我們應該阻止勞役
08:06
of lower降低 castes種姓 and lower-status地位較低的 people
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種姓階級和社經地位較低的人,
08:08
going down and being存在 condemned譴責 to empty pits.
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讓他們免於被迫進入茅坑清理。
08:12
It is our moral道德, it is our social社會
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這是我們在道德上、我們在社會上,
08:14
and our environmental環境的 obligation義務.
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以及我們在環境上應盡的義務。
08:16
Thank you.
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謝謝!
08:18
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Marssi Draw
Reviewed by Regina Chu

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Francis de los Reyes - Environmental engineer, sanitation activist
Francis de los Reyes works with cutting-edge microbiological techniques in environmental biotech. But his passion, both professionally and personally, is helping to improve the plight of the world’s 2.5 billion people living without adequate sanitation. Reyes is a TED Fellow.

Why you should listen

Dr. Francis L. de los Reyes III is a Professor of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Associate Faculty of Microbiology, and Training Faculty of Biotechnology at North Carolina State University. His research focuses on biological processes and combines modeling, bioreactor experiments, and molecular microbial ecology tools in addressing fundamental and practical issues in environmental biotechnology and environmental engineering. An important area of his research and teaching is water and sanitation in developing countries.

Current and past research projects (funding of ~ $4.5 M in last 10 years) include: quantitative microbial risk assessment of graywater reuse (WRRI), molecular analysis and modeling of the competition between filaments and floc-formers in activated sludge (NSF), analysis of the ecophysiology of nitrifiers and denitrifiers in microbial floc (NSF), optimization of a swine waste treatment system for nitrogen removal (US Department of Agriculture), analysis of the fate of bioagents in landfills (EPA), microbial characterization of landfills (Waste Management, Inc.), molecular techniques for groundwater remedation sites (US DOE/DOD), investigation of foam control methods (Hazen and Sawyer), development of probes for environmentally versatile Bacillus strains (Novozymes Biochemicals, Inc.), improvement of sludge dewatering (NC WRRI), microbial ecology of grease interceptors (CSPA) and the system-wide optimization of wastewater treatment plants using genetic algorithms. 

More profile about the speaker
Francis de los Reyes | Speaker | TED.com