TEDGlobal 2014
Severine Autesserre: To solve mass violence, look to locals
塞芙琳‧奧托沙爾: 要化解大動亂就要注意地方爭端！
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塞芙琳‧奧托沙爾研究剛果民主共和國，彼正處於二次世界大戰以來死傷最慘重之紛爭，那又被視為全世界正進行中最大規模的人道災難。紛爭看似無望、無解地龐大，不過她從超過二十年的聽聞、介入而發現紛爭經常是肇因於地方性的議題，取代聚焦於國家規模的排解辦法，領導人與援助團體們最好早在紛爭爆發以前排解掉地方的災禍。
Severine Autesserre - Peace and conflict researcher
Severine Autesserre traces civil war and endemic violence to its roots, and its resolution, in local and interpersonal conflicts. Full bio
Severine Autesserre traces civil war and endemic violence to its roots, and its resolution, in local and interpersonal conflicts. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I want to speak about
a forgotten conflict.
a forgotten conflict.
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我想要講一個早已被遺忘的紛爭，
00:15
It's a conflict that rarely
hits the headlines.
hits the headlines.
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那是很少上頭條的紛爭。
00:19
It happens right here,
in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
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就發生在這裡 ─ 剛果民主共和國。
00:24
Now, most people outside of Africa
don't know much about the war in Congo,
don't know much about the war in Congo,
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當今在非洲以外的大部分人
都不太知道在剛果的戰爭，
都不太知道在剛果的戰爭，
00:28
so let me give you a couple of key facts.
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讓我來向你們介紹幾個重大的真相：
00:32
The Congolese conflict is the deadliest
conflict since World War II.
conflict since World War II.
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「剛果紛爭」是二次世界大戰之後
死傷最慘重的紛爭，
死傷最慘重的紛爭，
00:37
It has caused almost four million deaths.
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奪走了將近四百萬條性命，
00:40
It has destabilized most of Central Africa
for the past 18 years.
for the past 18 years.
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讓中非的許多地方在過去18年來不安定，
00:45
It is the largest ongoing
humanitarian crisis in the world.
humanitarian crisis in the world.
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是世界上最大、進行中的人道災難，
00:50
That's why I first went to Congo in 2001.
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那就是我在 2001 年
首次去剛果的原因。
首次去剛果的原因。
00:54
I was a young humanitarian aid worker,
and I met this woman who was my age.
and I met this woman who was my age.
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當時我是個年輕的人道援助人員，
碰到了一位和我同年齡的女士，
碰到了一位和我同年齡的女士，
00:59
She was called Isabelle.
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她的名字是「伊莎貝爾」。
01:02
Local militias
had attacked Isabelle's village.
had attacked Isabelle's village.
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地方民兵攻擊了她的村落，
01:06
They had killed many men,
raped many women.
raped many women.
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他們殺掉許多男人、強姦許多女人，
01:09
They had looted everything.
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他們搜括走所有東西。
01:11
And then they wanted to take Isabelle,
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後來他們還打算帶走伊莎貝爾，
01:13
but her husband stepped in,
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但是她的丈夫出面干涉了，
01:15
and he said, "No,
please don't take Isabelle.
please don't take Isabelle.
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他說：「不行，請不要帶走伊莎貝爾，
用我來頂替吧！」，
用我來頂替吧！」，
01:18
Take me instead."
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01:21
So he had gone to the forest
with the militias,
with the militias,
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為此他就和民兵一起了進入森林裡，
01:24
and Isabelle had never seen him again.
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而伊莎貝爾就不曾再見過他了。
01:28
Well, it's because of people
like Isabelle and her husband
like Isabelle and her husband
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就是因為有像伊莎貝爾
和她丈夫的這些人，
和她丈夫的這些人，
01:32
that I have devoted my career
to studying this war
to studying this war
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我才投入我的生涯來研究這場
我們所知極少的戰爭。
我們所知極少的戰爭。
01:35
that we know so little about.
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01:38
Although there is one story
about Congo that you may have heard.
about Congo that you may have heard.
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有一種對剛果的報導你們可能知道，
01:43
It's a story about minerals and rape.
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乃有關礦產和強暴的報導。
01:47
Policy statements and media reports
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政策聲明以及新聞媒體，
01:49
both usually focus on a primary cause
of violence in Congo --
of violence in Congo --
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通常皆關注於剛果動亂的一個主要原因－
01:54
the illegal exploitation and trafficking
of natural resources --
of natural resources --
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非法盜採和走私天然資源；
01:59
and on a main consequence --
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還有一個重大的不良後果－
02:02
sexual abuse of women and girls
as a weapon of war.
as a weapon of war.
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當作戰爭手段來性侵女人和女孩。
02:07
So, not that these two issues
aren't important and tragic. They are.
aren't important and tragic. They are.
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並非這兩個主題不重要、不悲慘，
它們既重要也悲慘；
它們既重要也悲慘；
02:14
But today I want to tell you
a different story.
a different story.
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不過今天我想要跟你們
講不一樣的故事，
講不一樣的故事，
02:17
I want to tell you a story
that emphasizes a core cause
that emphasizes a core cause
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我的故事側重在進行中之紛爭的核心原因。
02:21
of the ongoing conflict.
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在剛果的動亂大部分是地方
由下而上擴展的紛爭所帶動，
由下而上擴展的紛爭所帶動，
02:24
Violence in Congo is in large part driven
by local bottom-up conflicts
by local bottom-up conflicts
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02:31
that international peace efforts
have failed to help address.
have failed to help address.
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國際建立和平任務
在協助處理這些紛爭上也受到挫敗。
在協助處理這些紛爭上也受到挫敗。
02:37
The story starts from the fact
that not only is Congo notable
that not only is Congo notable
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故事始於剛果在現實中
不但是世界上惡名昭彰、
不但是世界上惡名昭彰、
02:42
for being the world's worst
ongoing humanitarian crisis,
ongoing humanitarian crisis,
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進行中之最惡劣的人道災難，
02:46
but it is also home to some of the largest
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同時還是世界上某些最大規模
02:50
international peacebuilding
efforts in the world.
efforts in the world.
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國際的和平任務建立之據點。
02:54
Congo hosts the largest
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在剛果進行著世界上最大、
02:56
and most expensive United Nations
peacekeeping mission in the world.
peacekeeping mission in the world.
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最耗錢的聯合國維護和平任務，
03:01
It was also the site of the first
European-led peacekeeping mission,
European-led peacekeeping mission,
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它也是第一個由歐洲主導
維護和平任務的地方；
維護和平任務的地方；
03:06
and for its first cases ever,
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國際刑事法庭決定起訴剛果的軍閥，
03:08
the International Criminal Court
chose to prosecute Congolese warlords.
chose to prosecute Congolese warlords.
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這也是剛果有史以來的第一次。
03:15
In 2006, when Congo held the first
free national elections in its history,
free national elections in its history,
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在 2006 年剛果舉辦了
史上第一次的全民選舉，
史上第一次的全民選舉，
03:22
many observers thought that an end to
violence in the region had finally come.
violence in the region had finally come.
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許多觀察家認為此地區的動亂
終於快要結束了；
終於快要結束了；
03:28
The international community lauded the
successful organization of these elections
successful organization of these elections
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國際社會讚揚選舉成功的籌辦，
03:34
as finally an example
of successful international intervention
of successful international intervention
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就像是在破敗的國家裡
終於有成功的國際介入案例。
終於有成功的國際介入案例。
03:38
in a failed state.
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03:41
But the eastern provinces
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不過東部的省份持續面臨著
大量流離失所的人口，
大量流離失所的人口，
03:42
have continued to face
massive population displacements
massive population displacements
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03:46
and horrific human rights violations.
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還有可怕的侵犯人權行為。
03:49
Shortly before I went
back there last summer,
back there last summer,
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去年夏天在我重回那裡的不久前，
03:52
there was a horrible massacre
in the province of South Kivu.
in the province of South Kivu.
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南基伍省發生了恐怖的屠殺案，
03:57
Thirty-three people were killed.
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有33 人被殺害；
03:59
They were mostly women and children,
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大多數是女人跟小孩，
04:01
and many of them were hacked to death.
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許多是被砍殺致死的。
04:06
During the past eight years,
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在過去八年的期間裡，
04:08
fighting in the eastern provinces
has regularly reignited
has regularly reignited
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東部省份的鬥爭經常地激發出
全面性的內戰和跨國戰爭。
全面性的內戰和跨國戰爭。
04:12
full-scale civil and international war.
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基本而言，
每次我們感覺已經走到了和平的邊上，
每次我們感覺已經走到了和平的邊上，
04:15
So basically, every time we feel
that we are on the brink of peace,
that we are on the brink of peace,
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04:20
the conflict explodes again.
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紛爭卻又會再次爆發。
04:22
Why?
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為什麼？
04:24
Why have the massive international efforts
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為什麼有了大量的國際奧援，
04:27
failed to help Congo
achieve lasting peace and security?
achieve lasting peace and security?
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要幫助剛果獲取長久的和平
與安全上卻不管用呢？
與安全上卻不管用呢？
04:34
Well, my answer to this question
revolves around two central observations.
revolves around two central observations.
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我的答案與兩個主要的
觀察脫離不了關係，
觀察脫離不了關係，
04:41
First, one of the main reasons
for the continuation of violence in Congo
for the continuation of violence in Congo
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第一、在剛果動亂持續不斷的主要原因之一，
04:47
is fundamentally local --
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本質上是地方的原因；
04:50
and when I say local,
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我說的「地方」 ─
04:51
I really mean at the level
of the individual, the family,
of the individual, the family,
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其實是指個人、家庭、
04:54
the clan, the municipality,
the community, the district,
the community, the district,
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宗族、自治市、社群、地區的等級，
04:58
sometimes the ethnic group.
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有時候可能是種族之層級。
05:01
For instance, you remember the story
of Isabelle that I told you.
of Isabelle that I told you.
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比如說還記得伊莎貝爾的故事吧，
05:06
Well, the reason why militias
had attacked Isabelle's village
had attacked Isabelle's village
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民兵之所以攻擊伊莎貝爾的村落，
05:10
was because they wanted to take the land
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是因為他們想要取得土地；
05:13
that the villagers needed
to cultivate food and to survive.
to cultivate food and to survive.
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而村民需要這些土地來栽種食物與維持生計。
05:18
The second central observation
is that international peace efforts
is that international peace efforts
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第二個主要觀察、
國際的和平推動在協助處理
地方性紛爭上是不管用的，
地方性紛爭上是不管用的，
05:23
have failed to help
address local conflicts
address local conflicts
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05:27
because of the presence
of a dominant peacebuilding culture.
of a dominant peacebuilding culture.
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因為目前建立和平的主流文化 ─
我指的是大多數致力於化解衝突的
西方與非洲的外交官們、
西方與非洲的外交官們、
05:32
So what I mean is that
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05:35
Western and African diplomats,
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05:38
United Nations peacekeepers, donors,
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聯合國的維護和平人員、贊助者們、
05:40
the staff of most
nongovernmental organizations
nongovernmental organizations
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非政府組織的成員們，
05:43
that work with the resolution of conflict,
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05:46
they all share a specific way
of seeing the world.
of seeing the world.
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他們全都共享著一個看待世界
的獨特方式，
的獨特方式，
05:51
And I was one of these people,
and I shared this culture,
and I shared this culture,
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我也曾是其中的一份子，
我有分享到這種文化，
我有分享到這種文化，
05:55
so I know all too well how powerful it is.
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所以我極其明白它有多強大。
05:59
Throughout the world,
and throughout conflict zones,
and throughout conflict zones,
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遍及整個世界、紛爭區域，
06:03
this common culture shapes
the intervener's understanding
the intervener's understanding
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這個共同的文化影響著國際介入者
對動亂起因的認知，
對動亂起因的認知，
06:07
of the causes of violence
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把它當作是主要定位在國家與國際範疇的東西。
06:09
as something that is primarily located
in the national and international spheres.
in the national and international spheres.
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06:16
It shapes our understanding
of the path toward peace
of the path toward peace
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它影響到我們對和平之路的理解：
06:19
as something again that requires
top-down intervention
top-down intervention
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當做同樣需要從中央往地方
06:23
to address national
and international tensions.
and international tensions.
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去推行的某種介入；
06:27
And it shapes our understanding
of the roles of foreign actors
of the roles of foreign actors
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而且它影響了我們對國際外力
06:31
as engaging in national
and international peace processes.
and international peace processes.
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在參與國內和跨國和平步驟時角色的認知。
06:37
Even more importantly,
this common culture
this common culture
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更重要的是這個共有文化
06:41
enables international peacebuilders
to ignore the micro-level tensions
to ignore the micro-level tensions
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讓國際建立和平的介入者
忽視了細瑣的衝突，
忽視了細瑣的衝突，
06:47
that often jeopardize
the macro-level settlements.
the macro-level settlements.
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但那經常有損於總體面之和平協定。
06:52
So for instance, in Congo,
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舉例來說在剛果，
06:54
because of how they are
socialized and trained,
socialized and trained,
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正因為這樣的社交化和培訓，
06:58
United Nations officials,
donors, diplomats,
donors, diplomats,
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聯合國官員、贊助者、外交人員、
07:01
the staff of most
nongovernmental organizations,
nongovernmental organizations,
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和大多數非政府機構的成員們，
07:04
they interpret continued fighting
and massacres as a top-down problem.
and massacres as a top-down problem.
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他們將持續不斷的鬥爭和屠殺
理解成從中央往地方衍生出來的問題；
理解成從中央往地方衍生出來的問題；
07:11
To them, the violence they see
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對他們而言所見之動亂，
07:13
is the consequence of tensions
between President Kabila
between President Kabila
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乃是卡比拉總統和許多國內對手之間、
07:18
and various national opponents,
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剛果與盧安達和烏干達之間
07:21
and tensions between Congo,
Rwanda and Uganda.
Rwanda and Uganda.
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緊張關係的後果。
07:26
In addition, these international
peacebuilders view local conflicts
peacebuilders view local conflicts
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此外這些國際和平組織視地方紛爭
07:32
as simply the result
of national and international tensions,
of national and international tensions,
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單純是國內和國際之緊張關係、
07:38
insufficient state authority,
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不完善的國家權力所造成的結果，
07:40
and what they call the Congolese people's
so-called inherent penchant for violence.
so-called inherent penchant for violence.
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還有他們指稱所謂的剛果人
對動亂固有的喜好。
對動亂固有的喜好。
07:47
The dominant culture
also constructs intervention
also constructs intervention
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主流文化也構成了
07:51
at the national and international levels
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在國家與國際程度的介入，
07:54
as the only natural and legitimate task
for United Nations staffers and diplomats.
for United Nations staffers and diplomats.
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是聯合國職員和外交官們
唯一合本分與合法的任務；
唯一合本分與合法的任務；
08:01
And it elevates the organization
of general elections,
of general elections,
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還有它拉抬了普選的籌辦，
08:05
which is now a sort of cure-all,
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普選如今有點像是萬靈丹，
08:07
as the most crucial state
reconstruction mechanism
reconstruction mechanism
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變成最為關鍵的國家重建機制，
08:11
over more effective
state-building approaches.
state-building approaches.
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遠勝過其他有效的國家發展手段。
08:15
And that happens not only in Congo
but also in many other conflict zones.
but also in many other conflict zones.
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這不只是剛果，
在許多其他衝突地區也一樣。
在許多其他衝突地區也一樣。
08:21
But let's dig deeper,
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不過就讓我們再看深入一點，
08:23
into the other main sources of violence.
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找出動亂的其他主要根源。
08:27
In Congo, continuing violence
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在剛果持續上演的動亂，
08:29
is motivated not only by the national
and international causes
and international causes
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不只是被國家和國際的因素所驅動，
08:34
but also by longstanding
bottom-up agendas
bottom-up agendas
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更是因為由來已久的
從地方擴及全國的紛爭，
從地方擴及全國的紛爭，
08:39
whose main instigators
are villagers, traditional chiefs,
are villagers, traditional chiefs,
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這些首要的煽動者是村民、傳統頭目、
08:43
community chiefs or ethnic leaders.
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社群頭目或是種族領袖。
08:46
Many conflicts revolve around political,
social and economic stakes
social and economic stakes
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許多紛爭都和政治、社會、
經濟方面脫不了關係，
經濟方面脫不了關係，
08:52
that are distinctively local.
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都是專屬於地方性的議題：
08:54
For instance, there is
a lot of competition
a lot of competition
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比如說在村落或地區的層級
有多不勝數的競爭，
有多不勝數的競爭，
08:57
at the village or district level
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09:00
over who can be chief of village
or chief of territory
or chief of territory
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糾執於根據傳統律法
誰可以成為村落或領地的主事者、
誰可以成為村落或領地的主事者、
09:03
according to traditional law,
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09:06
and who can control
the distribution of land
the distribution of land
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誰可以決定土地的分配、
09:09
and the exploitation
of local mining sites.
of local mining sites.
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誰有地方礦區的開採權等等。
09:13
This competition often results
in localized fighting,
in localized fighting,
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這種競爭經常造成地方性的爭鬥，
09:17
for instance in one village or territory,
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比如說在村落或領地裡，
09:21
and quite frequently,
it escalates into generalized fighting,
it escalates into generalized fighting,
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又很頻繁地擴大成全面性的戰事，
09:25
so across a whole province,
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延燒到整個省份，
09:27
and even at times
into neighboring countries.
into neighboring countries.
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甚至有幾次還打到鄰國裡去。
09:30
Take the conflict between Congolese
of Rwandan descent
of Rwandan descent
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就拿有著盧安達血緣的剛果人
09:35
and the so-called indigenous
communities of the Kivus.
communities of the Kivus.
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以及俗稱「基伍人」的原住民社群
之間的紛爭來說吧，
之間的紛爭來說吧，
09:40
This conflict started in the 1930s
during Belgian colonization,
during Belgian colonization,
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紛爭始於 1930 年代
比利時殖民期間，
比利時殖民期間，
09:45
when both communities competed
over access to land and to local power.
over access to land and to local power.
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當雙邊社群在競逐
土地使用權以及地方權勢時；
土地使用權以及地方權勢時；
09:51
Then, in 1960,
after Congolese independence,
after Congolese independence,
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1960 年剛果獨立後紛爭更嚴重了，
09:54
it escalated because each camp
tried to align with national politicians,
tried to align with national politicians,
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因為每個陣營都企圖
與國內政治人物結盟，
與國內政治人物結盟，
10:00
but still to advance their local agendas.
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但是仍然要推展地方事項。
10:04
And then, at the time
of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda,
of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda,
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之後在 1994 年盧安達的種族大屠殺，
10:08
these local actors allied
with Congolese and Rwandan armed groups,
with Congolese and Rwandan armed groups,
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這些地方人物與剛果、
盧安達的武裝團體結盟，
盧安達的武裝團體結盟，
10:15
but still to advance their local agendas
in the provinces of the Kivus.
in the provinces of the Kivus.
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不過依然要推展基伍
數個省份之地方事項。
數個省份之地方事項。
10:20
And since then, these local disputes
over land and local power
over land and local power
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自此之後，
這些土地和權勢的地方爭議
這些土地和權勢的地方爭議
10:26
have fueled violence,
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一直在助漲動亂，
10:27
and they have regularly jeopardized
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它們也一再地損害
10:29
the national and
international settlements.
international settlements.
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國家與國際的協定。
10:35
So we can wonder why
in these circumstances
in these circumstances
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因此我們可以想一想
為什麼在這些情形下，
為什麼在這些情形下，
10:39
the international peacebuilders
have failed to help implement
have failed to help implement
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國際建立和平者在協助推動
10:44
local peacebuilding programs.
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地方性和平建造計畫上是失敗的。
10:47
And the answer is that
international interveners
international interveners
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答案就是國際介入者
10:52
deem the resolution of grassroots conflict
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認為基層衝突的化解
10:55
an unimportant, unfamiliar,
and illegitimate task.
and illegitimate task.
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是不重要、不熟悉、不合法的任務，
11:02
The very idea of becoming involved
at the local level clashes fundamentally
at the local level clashes fundamentally
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逐漸牽扯進地方層級事務的想法
會重大地牴觸到現存的常規，
11:08
with existing cultural norms,
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11:10
and it threatens
key organizational interests.
key organizational interests.
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而且威脅到重大的組織利益。
11:14
For instance, the very identity
of the United Nations
of the United Nations
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就拿聯合國的身份來說，
11:18
as this macro-level
diplomatic organization
diplomatic organization
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要是它改為關注地方紛爭，
11:22
would be upended
if it were to refocus on local conflicts.
if it were to refocus on local conflicts.
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這個宏觀層面的外交組織將會被顛覆。
11:28
And the result is that
neither the internal resistance
neither the internal resistance
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而結局就是－
11:33
to the dominant ways of working
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既非主流方法之運作的內部排斥，
11:35
nor the external shocks
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亦非外部衝擊，
11:38
have managed to convince international
actors that they should reevaluate
actors that they should reevaluate
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有成功說服國際外力重新評估
11:43
their understanding
of violence and intervention.
of violence and intervention.
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他們對暴亂以及介入的認識。
迄今只發生過非常少的例外情形;
11:47
And so far, there have been
only very few exceptions.
only very few exceptions.
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相對於廣泛的案例來說，
11:51
There have been exceptions,
but only very few exceptions,
but only very few exceptions,
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11:54
to this broad pattern.
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是有例外情形不過極少見。
11:58
So to wrap up,
the story I just told you
the story I just told you
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那麼總結一下，
12:01
is a story about how
a dominant peacebuilding culture
a dominant peacebuilding culture
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我的故事講述了主流的建造和平文化
12:06
shapes the intervener's understanding
of what the causes of violence are,
of what the causes of violence are,
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如何影響到介入者對動亂起因的認知、
12:11
how peace is made,
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如何締造和平、
12:12
and what interventions should accomplish.
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以及介入應該要達成的目標。
12:16
These understandings enable
international peacebuilders
international peacebuilders
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這些理解讓國際建立和平介入者
得以漠視細瑣程度的根本問題，
12:20
to ignore the micro-level foundations
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12:23
that are so necessary
for sustainable peace.
for sustainable peace.
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但那對可持久的和平來說
卻是非常必要。
卻是非常必要。
12:28
The resulting inattention
to local conflicts
to local conflicts
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對地方性紛爭的不看重，
12:31
leads to inadequate peacebuilding
in the short term
in the short term
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會導致短期內不合宜的和平建立計畫，
12:35
and potential war resumption
in the long term.
in the long term.
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以及長期來說可能發生的戰事重啟，
12:39
And what's fascinating
is that this analysis
is that this analysis
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這個分析有意思的地方，
12:42
helps us to better understand
many cases of lasting conflict
many cases of lasting conflict
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是它能幫助我們更了解非洲及他處
許多沒完沒了的紛爭
許多沒完沒了的紛爭
12:46
and international intervention failures,
in Africa and elsewhere.
in Africa and elsewhere.
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以及國際介入失敗的案例。
12:51
Local conflicts fuel violence
in most war and post-war environments,
in most war and post-war environments,
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從阿富汗、蘇丹到東帝汶共和國等地
12:57
from Afghanistan to Sudan
to Timor-Leste,
to Timor-Leste,
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地方紛爭在戰爭最嚴重
或戰後的環境煽起動亂。
或戰後的環境煽起動亂。
13:00
and in the rare cases
where there have been comprehensive,
where there have been comprehensive,
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極少的案例會有完整的、
13:04
bottom-up peacebuilding initiatives,
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從地方往中央進行的建立和平手段，
13:07
these attempts have been successful
at making peace sustainable.
at making peace sustainable.
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而這些做法成功地讓和平得以維持。
13:12
One of the best examples is the contrast
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最佳的案例之一是
13:15
between the relatively peaceful
situation in Somaliland,
situation in Somaliland,
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相對狀況較為和平的索瑪利蘭，
13:20
which benefited from sustained
grassroots peacebuilding initiatives,
grassroots peacebuilding initiatives,
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其受益於可持久、基層的建立和平方法，
相比之下，大多由中央向下推動和平的
13:25
and the violence prevalent
in the rest of Somalia,
in the rest of Somalia,
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13:29
where peacebuilding
has been mostly top-down.
has been mostly top-down.
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索馬利亞其它地區依然動亂猖獗。
13:32
And there are several other cases
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還有其他幾個案例，
13:35
in which local, grassroots
conflict resolution
conflict resolution
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對地方、基層的紛爭排解辦法
13:38
has made a crucial difference.
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已經造成了重大的差異。
13:41
So if we want international
peacebuilding to work,
peacebuilding to work,
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要是我們希望國際建立和平行得通，
13:46
in addition to any top-down intervention,
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除了由中央往地方的介入以外，
13:49
conflicts must be resolved
from the bottom up.
from the bottom up.
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紛爭必定要由地方往中央依序來解決。
13:53
And again, it's not that national
and international tensions don't matter.
and international tensions don't matter.
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不是說國家和國際的緊張情勢不重要，
13:58
They do.
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那是重要的；
13:59
And it's not that national
and international peacebuilding
and international peacebuilding
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不是說國家和國際的建立和平不必要，
14:03
isn't necessary.
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那是必要的。
14:04
It is.
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14:06
Instead, it is that both macro-level
and micro-level peacebuilding are needed
and micro-level peacebuilding are needed
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然而為了讓和平永續長存，
14:13
to make peace sustainable,
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大方向和小細節的
和平建設都是必要的。
和平建設都是必要的。
14:15
and local nongovernmental organizations,
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而且地方型非政府組織、
14:18
local authorities and
civil society representatives
civil society representatives
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治理機關和人民代表
14:21
should be the main actors
in the bottom-up process.
in the bottom-up process.
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應該成為由地方往中央推展的
建立和平之主角。
建立和平之主角。
14:25
So of course, there are obstacles.
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當然了也會碰到屏障：
14:28
Local actors often lack the funding
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地方介入者常常欠缺資金、
14:30
and sometimes the logistical means
and the technical capacity
and the technical capacity
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後勤通路和技術能力，
14:34
to implement effective,
local peacebuilding programs.
local peacebuilding programs.
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以執行有效的地方和平建立計畫。
14:38
So international actors
should expand their funding and support
should expand their funding and support
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國際介入者應該增加資金和援助，
14:43
for local conflict resolution.
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以支持地方之紛爭排解。
14:47
As for Congo, what can be done?
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拿剛果來說可以做些什麼呢？
14:51
After two decades of conflict
and the deaths of millions,
and the deaths of millions,
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歷經 20 年的紛爭、數百萬條性命逝去後，
14:54
it's clear that we need
to change our approach.
to change our approach.
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很明確的是我們必須改變方法。
14:58
Based on my field research,
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根據我的實地研究，
我深信國際和剛果的介入者，
15:00
I believe that international
and Congolese actors
and Congolese actors
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15:03
should pay more attention
to the resolution of land conflict
to the resolution of land conflict
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應該多放些心力來解決土地紛爭、
15:07
and the promotion
of inter-community reconciliation.
of inter-community reconciliation.
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和促進社群內的和解。
15:11
So for instance,
in the province of the Kivus,
in the province of the Kivus,
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例如基伍省，
15:14
the Life and Peace Institute
and its Congolese partners
and its Congolese partners
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「生活與和平機構」與其剛果的同僚
15:17
have set up inter-community forums
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已經建立了社群內部論壇，
15:20
to discuss the specifics
of local conflicts over land,
of local conflicts over land,
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討論針對土地紛爭的細節問題，
15:25
and these forums have found solutions
to help manage the violence.
to help manage the violence.
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而這些論壇已經找到
有助於控制動亂的解決方案，
有助於控制動亂的解決方案，
15:30
That's the kind of program
that is sorely needed
that is sorely needed
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那就是整個東剛果極度需要的計畫。
15:34
throughout eastern Congo.
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15:37
It's with programs like this
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有了像這樣的計畫
15:38
that we can help people
like Isabelle and her husband.
like Isabelle and her husband.
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我們可以用來幫助類似
伊沙貝兒和她丈夫這樣的人。
伊沙貝兒和她丈夫這樣的人。
15:43
So these will not be magic wands,
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這不會成為魔法棒，
15:46
but because they take into account
deeply rooted causes of the violence,
deeply rooted causes of the violence,
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但因為它們考慮到了
深植於動亂的緣由，
深植於動亂的緣由，
15:52
they could definitely be game-changers.
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它們一定可以開創新機 ！
15:54
Thank you.
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謝謝你們！
15:57
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Severine Autesserre - Peace and conflict researcherSeverine Autesserre traces civil war and endemic violence to its roots, and its resolution, in local and interpersonal conflicts.
Why you should listen
For Barnard College, Columbia University political science professor Severine Autesserre, solutions to large-scale instability and widespread violence aren’t devised in the academy or mapped out internationally. They’re negotiated, village by village, with the people affected.
Calling for a far greater attention to a bottom-up approach to peacebuilding, along with more top-down ways, the author of The Trouble with Congo (and the recent Peaceland) shows that resolving local disputes over land, resources and political power is key to securing the long-term stability of countries.
More profile about the speakerCalling for a far greater attention to a bottom-up approach to peacebuilding, along with more top-down ways, the author of The Trouble with Congo (and the recent Peaceland) shows that resolving local disputes over land, resources and political power is key to securing the long-term stability of countries.
Severine Autesserre | Speaker | TED.com