Serious Play 2008
George Smoot: The design of the universe
George Smoot : 宇宙的設計
Filmed:
Readability: 3.6
2,187,714 views
在Serious Play 2008年的系列中，天文物理學家George Smoot 展示了最新探測得到外太空影像，讓我們好奇這個宇宙 -- 有著龐大黑暗物體網絡與空曠的間隙 -- 是怎麼變成這樣的.
George Smoot - Astrophysicist
Astrophysicist, cosmologist and Nobel Prize winner George Smoot studies the cosmic microwave background radiation -- the afterglow of the Big Bang. His pioneering research into deep space and time is uncovering the structure of the universe itself. Full bio
Astrophysicist, cosmologist and Nobel Prize winner George Smoot studies the cosmic microwave background radiation -- the afterglow of the Big Bang. His pioneering research into deep space and time is uncovering the structure of the universe itself. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I thought I would think about changing your perspective on the world a bit,
0
0
4000
我想要對大家的世界觀做一點點改變
00:20
and showing you some of the designs that we have in nature.
1
4000
3000
也帶你看看自然的設計
00:23
And so, I have my first slide to talk about
2
7000
4000
由此, 第一頁 是為了說明
00:27
the dawning of the universe and what I call
3
11000
3000
我所謂的 宇宙的曙光
00:30
the cosmic scene investigation, that is, looking at
4
14000
2000
宇宙學的偵查現場 也就是 觀察
00:32
the relics of creation and inferring what happened at the beginning,
5
16000
4000
創世後的物體 來推論宇宙之生成與發展
00:36
and then following it up and trying to understand it.
6
20000
3000
跟隨現象 再試圖了解
00:39
And so one of the questions that I asked you is,
7
23000
2000
所以 第一個想問的問題就是
00:41
when you look around, what do you see?
8
25000
2000
你的四週 你看到什麼?
00:43
Well, you see this space that's created by designers
9
27000
4000
你可能見到這個充滿設計的空間
00:47
and by the work of people, but what you actually see
10
31000
4000
都是人工作成 但你真的見到的是
00:51
is a lot of material that was already here,
11
35000
2000
都是早就存在的物質
00:53
being reshaped in a certain form.
12
37000
2000
只不過是被重組成不同型態
00:55
And so the question is: how did that material get here?
13
39000
3000
所以問題是 這些物質是哪來的?
00:58
How did it get into the form that it had before it got reshaped, and so forth?
14
42000
3000
這些物質的前身 又是如何呢?
01:01
It's a question of what's the continuity?
15
45000
3000
這就是什麼是連續性?
01:04
So one of the things I look at is,
16
48000
2000
所以我研究的其中之一
01:06
how did the universe begin and shape?
17
50000
2000
就是宇宙是如何誕生 以及如何形塑到今?
01:08
What was the whole process in the creation and the evolution of the universe
18
52000
4000
到底什麼是誕生的過程，以及如何演化到
01:12
to getting to the point that we have these kinds of materials?
19
56000
2000
現在的物質狀態?
01:14
So that's sort of the part, and let me move on then and show you
20
58000
4000
這就是部分簡介 就讓我繼續告訴你們有關
01:18
the Hubble Ultra Deep Field.
21
62000
2000
哈柏超深景太空望遠鏡
01:20
If you look at this picture,
22
64000
2000
這張照片
01:22
what you will see is a lot of dark with some light objects in it.
23
66000
4000
顯示大部分的黑暗 與 一些明亮物體
01:26
And everything but -- four of these light objects are stars,
24
70000
2000
其中四個是恆星
01:28
and you can see them there -- little pluses.
25
72000
2000
也可以看到那小小的光芒
01:30
This is a star, this is a star, everything else is a galaxy, OK?
26
74000
5000
這是恆星，這也是，其他都是銀河
01:35
So there's a couple of thousand galaxies
27
79000
2000
所以有數以千計的銀河
01:37
you can see easily with your eye in here.
28
81000
3000
可以很明顯的看到
01:40
And when I look out at particularly this galaxy,
29
84000
2000
就讓我選個.. 這個銀河
01:42
which looks a lot like ours, I wonder if there's
30
86000
2000
看起來很像我們的，我便好奇
01:44
an art design college conference going on,
31
88000
3000
那裡是否也有個藝術設計學院的會議正在進行?
01:47
and intelligent beings there are thinking about, you know,
32
91000
3000
是否有高等智慧生命在想事情
01:50
what designs they might do, and there might be a few cosmologists
33
94000
3000
他們在做怎樣的設計 或許也有一些宇宙論家
01:53
trying to understand where the universe itself came from,
34
97000
2000
在探討這個宇宙是如何產生的
01:55
and there might even be some in that galaxy looking at ours
35
99000
2000
甚至可能有生命從這銀河 觀望我們
01:57
trying to figure out what's going on over here.
36
101000
2000
也想知道我們在做什麼
01:59
But there's a lot of other galaxies, and some are nearby,
37
103000
3000
但是 還有著其他許多的銀河 有些在附近
02:02
and they're kind of the color of the Sun,
38
106000
1000
有著太陽般的光色
02:03
and some are further away and they're a little bluer, and so forth.
39
107000
3000
有的較遠些的就帶著較藍的光色
02:06
But one of the questions is -- this should be, to you --
40
110000
4000
那你們應該就有著一個問題
02:10
how come there are so many galaxies?
41
114000
2000
怎麼會有這麼多的銀河呢?
02:12
Because this represents a very clean fraction of the sky.
42
116000
2000
這張代表的是一部分相當清楚的天空
02:14
This is only 1,000 galaxies.
43
118000
2000
就有著1000個銀河
02:16
We think there's on the order -- visible to the Hubble Space Telescope,
44
120000
3000
我們估算 假設以哈柏太空望遠鏡的解析度
02:19
if you had the time to scan it around --
45
123000
2000
做全方位角的掃描
02:21
about 100 billion galaxies. Right?
46
125000
2000
會有1000億個銀河
02:23
It's a very large number of galaxies.
47
127000
2000
是個非常大的數字
02:25
And that's roughly how many stars there are in our own galaxy.
48
129000
3000
也約等於我們這個銀河有的星球數量
02:28
But when you look at some of these regions like this, you'll see
49
132000
2000
但再看到一些像這樣的區域
02:30
more galaxies than stars, which is kind of a conundrum.
50
134000
3000
銀河數量卻多於星星數目，這倒是個謎題
02:33
So the question should come to your mind is, what kind of design, you know,
51
137000
6000
所以冒出來的問題就是，到底是怎樣的設計?
02:39
what kind of creative process and what kind of design
52
143000
2000
怎樣的創造過程和設計
02:41
produced the world like that?
53
145000
2000
造成現今的世界?
02:43
And then I'm going to show you it's actually a lot more complicated.
54
147000
2000
所以我得告訴各位 這些是更更複雜的
02:45
We're going to try and follow it up.
55
149000
2000
就讓我們一起繼續
02:47
We have a tool that actually helps us out in this study,
56
151000
3000
我們有一工具幫助我們研究
02:50
and that's the fact that the universe is so incredibly big
57
154000
3000
也是因為這個宇宙是如此的龐大
02:53
that it's a time machine, in a certain sense.
58
157000
3000
就某種意義而言，就好像是個時光機器
02:56
We draw this set of nested spheres cut away so you see it.
59
160000
3000
我們以這剖開的星球網圖做說明
02:59
Put the Earth at the center of the nested spheres,
60
163000
2000
以地球為星球網絡的中心
03:01
just because that's where we're making observations.
61
165000
2000
就只是這裡是我們的觀察點
03:03
And the moon is only two seconds away, so if you take a picture of the moon
62
167000
3000
所以月球離我們2秒遠, 意思是當你對月球照相
03:06
using ordinary light, it's the moon two seconds ago, and who cares.
63
170000
3000
你得到的是2秒前的月球 沒差嘛!
03:09
Two seconds is like the present.
64
173000
2000
2秒的差異幾乎就算是同時吧
03:11
The Sun is eight minutes ago. That's not such a big deal, right,
65
175000
3000
太陽是8秒遠 也沒什麼不同 不是嗎?
03:14
unless there's solar flares coming then you want to get out the way.
66
178000
2000
除非 太陽輻射風暴發生 我們想躲避
03:16
You'd like to have a little advance warning.
67
180000
2000
就需要有足夠時間的警告
03:18
But you get out to Jupiter and it's 40 minutes away. It's a problem.
68
182000
3000
那木星呢 是40分鐘之遠 開始知道問題了
03:21
You hear about Mars, it's a problem communicating to Mars
69
185000
2000
就連對火星的通訊都可以是個問題
03:23
because it takes light long enough to go there.
70
187000
3000
因為就連光速傳遞也要好一會兒
03:26
But if you look out to the nearest set of stars,
71
190000
3000
在看到那些附近的星團
03:29
to the nearest 40 or 50 stars, it's about 10 years.
72
193000
3000
最近的40 50 顆 也要10年傳遞
03:32
So if you take a picture of what's going on, it's 10 years ago.
73
196000
3000
現在照張相 得到的是10年前的鄰近星球
03:35
But you go and look to the center of the galaxy,
74
199000
2000
再到我們銀河的中央部份
03:37
it's thousands of years ago.
75
201000
1000
那是好幾百光年之遙
03:38
If you look at Andromeda, which is the nearest big galaxy,
76
202000
3000
看看最近的仙女座銀河
03:41
and it's two million years ago.
77
205000
1000
也要200萬光年
03:42
If you took a picture of the Earth two million years ago,
78
206000
2000
想像你照張200萬年前的地球
03:44
there'd be no evidence of humans at all,
79
208000
2000
根本就還沒有人類
03:46
because we don't think there were humans yet.
80
210000
2000
是因為我們人類尚未出現
03:48
I mean, it just gives you the scale.
81
212000
2000
我只想給各位這樣的空間與時間概念
03:50
With the Hubble Space Telescope, we're looking at
82
214000
2000
哈柏太空望遠鏡所看到的
03:52
hundreds of millions of years to a billion years.
83
216000
2000
都是1~10億光年之遙的空間與時間
03:54
But if we were capable to come up with an idea of how to look even further --
84
218000
5000
如果我們能想出個方法 看到更遙遠的空間
03:59
there's some things even further,
85
223000
1000
而且總是有更遙遠的
04:00
and that was what I did in a lot of my work,
86
224000
2000
那就是我大部分的工作
04:02
was to develop the techniques -- we could look out back to even earlier
87
226000
4000
發展這樣的技術--我們甚至能看到更早
04:06
epochs before there were stars and before there were galaxies,
88
230000
2000
且早於星星與銀河生成前
04:08
back to when the universe was hot and dense and very different.
89
232000
4000
能回到宇宙還是又熱又稠密，與現在大不相同的時候
04:12
And so that's the sort of sequence,
90
236000
2000
這就是宇宙的故事
04:14
and so I have a more artistic impression of this.
91
238000
2000
我也有個更具藝術表達的呈現
04:16
There's the galaxy in the middle, which is the Milky Way,
92
240000
3000
中央是個銀河 就是我們的銀河系
04:19
and around that are the Hubble -- you know, nearby kind of galaxies,
93
243000
3000
再來是附近的銀河
04:22
and there's a sphere that marks the different times.
94
246000
2000
用球面刻畫著不同的時間距離
04:24
And behind that are some more modern galaxies.
95
248000
2000
在那之後是更現代的銀河
04:26
You see the whole big picture?
96
250000
2000
能了解這整個概念嗎?
04:28
The beginning of time is funny -- it's on the outside, right?
97
252000
3000
有趣的是 最早的時間是在外面
04:31
And then there's a part of the universe we can't see
98
255000
2000
另外是 有部分的宇宙是我們看不到的
04:33
because it's so dense and so hot, light can't escape.
99
257000
3000
因為它們是如此的高密度與高能量, 光線不能脫離其重力場
04:36
It's like you can't see to the center of the Sun;
100
260000
2000
打類比是 你不能看到太陽的中心
04:38
you have to use other techniques to know what's going on inside the Sun.
101
262000
3000
要用其他的技術來明白太陽中心是什麼
04:41
But you can see the edge of the Sun,
102
265000
1000
所以 只能看到太陽表面
04:42
and the universe gets that way, and you can see that.
103
266000
2000
宇宙觀測 也是類似道理
04:44
And then you see this sort of model area around the outside,
104
268000
4000
也能以模型理論推論出外面的情況
04:48
and that is the radiation coming from the Big Bang,
105
272000
3000
這是 來自於 宇宙初生成的大爆炸 的輻射線
04:51
which is actually incredibly uniform.
106
275000
2000
是相當的整齊
04:53
The universe is almost a perfect sphere,
107
277000
2000
宇宙是個相當完美的球體
04:55
but there are these very tiny variations
108
279000
2000
但也有著一些小小的變化
04:57
which we show here in great exaggeration.
109
281000
3000
我們將之誇大處理
05:00
And from them in the time sequence we're going to have to go
110
284000
4000
從時間序列 我們會
05:04
from these tiny variations to these irregular galaxies and first stars
111
288000
4000
經由這些小小變化到不規則星系，還有最初的星球
05:08
to these more advanced galaxies, and eventually the solar system, and so forth.
112
292000
4000
到更進化的星系 最後帶到像太陽系統 等等
05:12
So it's a big design job,
113
296000
3000
所以是一個 設計鉅作
05:15
but we'll see about how things are going on.
114
299000
2000
但讓我們是著了解看看
05:17
So the way these measurements were done,
115
301000
2000
所以這就是時空的測量的方法
05:19
there's been a set of satellites, and this is where you get to see.
116
303000
3000
利用好幾個人造衛星 看這裡
05:22
So there was the COBE satellite, which was launched in 1989,
117
306000
4000
這是 COBE人造衛星 1989年升空
05:26
and we discovered these variations.
118
310000
2000
由它 我們找到這些變異
05:28
And then in 2000, the MAP satellite was launched -- the WMAP --
119
312000
3000
2000年 MAP人造衛星升空 就是 WMAP
05:31
and it made somewhat better pictures.
120
315000
2000
得到較清晰的照片
05:33
And later this year -- this is the cool stealth version,
121
317000
4000
那年尾 有這極棒的隱形版本
05:37
the one that actually has some beautiful design features to it,
122
321000
4000
它其實有極佳的設計概念
05:41
and you should look -- the Planck satellite will be launched,
123
325000
2000
可再進一步了解 接著 Planck 人造衛星即將升空
05:43
and it will make very high-resolution maps.
124
327000
2000
它能擷取高解析度的星空地圖
05:45
And that will be the sequence of understanding
125
329000
3000
會帶來後續深入
05:48
the very beginning of the universe.
126
332000
1000
對宇宙生成的了解
05:49
And what we saw was, we saw these variations, and then they told us
127
333000
4000
所以 我們藉由觀察這些變異 而顯示些秘密
05:53
the secrets, both about the structure of space-time,
128
337000
3000
關於時空架構的秘密
05:56
and about the contents of the universe,
129
340000
2000
也揭露了宇宙的組成物
05:58
and about how the universe started in its original motions.
130
342000
3000
以及宇宙是如何開始最初的運動
06:01
So we have this picture, which is quite a spectacular picture,
131
345000
3000
所以我們有了這想像，是個令人驚歎的想像
06:04
and I'll come back to the beginning, where we're going to have
132
348000
2000
待會再回到宇宙之最初 我們會有
06:06
some mysterious process that kicks the universe off at the beginning.
133
350000
4000
些神秘的程序 讓宇宙開始運轉
06:10
And we go through a period of accelerating expansion, and the universe
134
354000
4000
宇宙經過了一段 加速膨脹過程
06:14
expands and cools until it gets to the point where it becomes transparent,
135
358000
4000
因膨脹而逐漸冷卻 直到它變成透明
06:18
then to the Dark Ages, and then the first stars turn on,
136
362000
2000
就是黑暗期 接著最初的星球誕生
06:20
and they evolve into galaxies, and then later they get to the more expansive galaxies.
137
364000
5000
這些星球再演化成星系 之後再聚集成重量級星系
06:25
And somewhere around this period is when our solar system started forming.
138
369000
3000
就差不多是此階段 我們的太陽系也開始形成
06:28
And it's maturing up to the present time.
139
372000
3000
成熟發展到如今
06:31
And there's some spectacular things.
140
375000
2000
其中有些奇妙的事情
06:33
And this wastebasket part, that's to represent
141
377000
3000
用這垃圾桶型來說明
06:36
what the structure of space-time itself is doing during this period.
142
380000
2000
時空的架構 以及 時空自己各階段的變化
06:38
And so this is a pretty weird model, right?
143
382000
4000
所以這看起來是個怪異的模型, 嗯?
06:42
What kind of evidence do we have for that?
144
386000
2000
我們又有哪些證據顯示這樣的作法呢?
06:44
So let me show you some of nature's patterns
145
388000
3000
容我解說 一些自然的法則
06:47
that are the result of this.
146
391000
1000
以及所導致的結果
06:48
I always think of space-time as being the real substance of space,
147
392000
4000
我總認為 時空 才是太空的基本組成
06:52
and the galaxies and the stars just like the foam on the ocean.
148
396000
5000
而星系與星球 就像是海洋漂浮的泡沫
06:57
It's a marker of where the interesting waves are and whatever went on.
149
401000
4000
是有趣的波前記號 也串出進行方式
07:01
So here is the Sloan Digital Sky Survey showing the location of a million galaxies.
150
405000
6000
這是Sloan數位天空調查 顯示了100萬個星系的座標
07:07
So there's a dot on here for every galaxy.
151
411000
2000
每個星系以一個點代表
07:09
They go out and point a telescope at the sky, take a picture,
152
413000
3000
他們到野外用望遠鏡指向天空 照張相
07:12
identify what are stars and throw them away, look at the galaxies,
153
416000
3000
確認是恆星 就忽略 只關注星系
07:15
estimate how far away they are, and plot them up.
154
419000
3000
估計它們的距離 畫下它們
07:18
And just put radially they're going out that way.
155
422000
2000
所以是以放射狀的進行
07:20
And you see these structures, this thing we call the Great Wall,
156
424000
3000
這些結構 我們稱之為 "長城"
07:23
but there are voids and those kinds of stuff, and they kind of fade out
157
427000
3000
也看到一些空缺 有些結構似乎於邊緣消失
07:26
because the telescope isn't sensitive enough to do it.
158
430000
2000
是因為 望遠鏡不夠靈敏完成判斷
07:28
Now I'm going to show you this in 3D.
159
432000
3000
現在 我要將之轉成 3-D呈現
07:31
What happens is, you take pictures
160
435000
1000
結果是 照相時
07:32
as the Earth rotates, you get a fan across the sky.
161
436000
3000
隨著地球自轉 可以做扇型的涵蓋天空
07:35
There are some places you can't look because of our own galaxy,
162
439000
2000
但有些立體角是無效的 因為被自己的銀河系所干擾與阻擋
07:37
or because there are no telescopes available to do it.
163
441000
4000
或因為沒有望遠鏡能偵測
07:41
So the next picture shows you the three-dimensional version of this rotating around.
164
445000
4000
所以下張圖 就是旋轉呈現3-D星系地圖
07:45
Do you see the fan-like scans made across the sky?
165
449000
3000
有看到橫跨天空的扇型掃描嗎?
07:48
Remember, every spot on here is a galaxy, and you see the galaxies,
166
452000
6000
請記得 每一點代表一個銀河
07:54
you know, sort of in our neighborhood, and you sort of see the structure.
167
458000
4000
由銀河點 可約略看出結構
07:58
And you see this thing we call the Great Wall,
168
462000
2000
所以還是可以看到 這些被稱為"長城"的
08:00
and you see the complicated structure, and you see these voids.
169
464000
3000
也看到 複雜處 也看到空缺處
08:03
There are places where there are no galaxies and there are places
170
467000
2000
看到 有些部分沒有任何星系
08:05
where there are thousands of galaxies clumped together, right.
171
469000
3000
也有些部分聚集過多星系 對吧!
08:08
So there's an interesting pattern,
172
472000
2000
所以是個有趣的結構
08:10
but we don't have enough data here to actually see the pattern.
173
474000
2000
還沒有足夠的資料可看出全貌
08:12
We only have a million galaxies, right?
174
476000
2000
這裡只是100萬個星系 不是嗎?
08:14
So we're keeping, like, a million balls in the air
175
478000
2000
好像我們在空中有100萬個球
08:16
but, what's going on?
176
480000
2000
到底發生了什麼?
08:18
There's another survey which is very similar to this,
177
482000
2000
另有一個類似的調查
08:20
called the Two-degree Field of View Galaxy Redshift Survey.
178
484000
6000
叫做 2維星系紅位移調查
08:26
Now we're going to fly through it at warp a million.
179
490000
3000
現在要飛過這些星系
08:29
And every time there's a galaxy -- at its location there's a galaxy --
180
493000
4000
每經過一個星系 便標出個星系
08:33
and if we know anything about the galaxy, which we do,
181
497000
2000
我們真的能確定它是個星系
08:35
because there's a redshift measurement and everything,
182
499000
2000
因為紅位移光譜測量 及其他事證
08:37
you put in the type of galaxy and the color,
183
501000
2000
標出星系種類及其顏色
08:39
so this is the real representation.
184
503000
2000
這就是這樣的呈現
08:41
And when you're in the middle of the galaxies
185
505000
1000
當你在星系中
08:42
it's hard to see the pattern; it's like being in the middle of life.
186
506000
3000
是很難察覺結構 就像處於生活中
08:45
It's hard to see the pattern in the middle of the audience,
187
509000
1000
身處於觀眾中 是非常難看出結構
08:46
it's hard to see the pattern of this.
188
510000
2000
這樣是很難看出結構的
08:48
So we're going to go out and swing around and look back at this.
189
512000
3000
我們得利用模型 讓我們飛出之外 再 遠觀
08:53
And you'll see, first, the structure of the survey,
190
517000
4000
會看出這樣調查的結構
08:57
and then you'll start seeing the structure of the galaxies
191
521000
3000
會看出星系的結構
09:00
that we see out there.
192
524000
3000
要從遠處看
09:06
So again, you can see the extension of this Great Wall of galaxies showing up here.
193
530000
3000
再一次 你可以看到 星系"長城"的延伸 到這裡
09:09
But you can see the voids,
194
533000
2000
但你也可以看到空缺
09:11
you can see the complicated structure, and you say,
195
535000
4000
也看到複雜結構
09:15
well, how did this happen?
196
539000
2000
你接著問 是怎們形成的?
09:17
Suppose you're the cosmic designer.
197
541000
2000
假設你是宇宙的設計者
09:19
How are you going to put galaxies out there in a pattern like that?
198
543000
2000
是怎麼讓星系做成這樣的結構?
09:21
It's not just throwing them out at random.
199
545000
2000
是隨機扔出去嗎?
09:23
There's a more complicated process going on here.
200
547000
2000
其實是有個更複雜的過程的
09:25
How are you going to end up doing that?
201
549000
2000
你要如何做到呢?
09:27
And so now we're in for some serious play.
202
551000
3000
這就是"認真發揮" 的過程了
09:30
That is, we have to seriously play God,
203
554000
2000
就是 我們要 認真地扮演是 神
09:32
not just change people's lives, but make the universe, right.
204
556000
3000
不只是改變人們的生與死 也要創造宇宙
09:35
So if that's your responsibility, how are you going to do that?
205
559000
3000
若那是你的責任 你要怎麼做?
09:38
What's the kind of technique?
206
562000
1000
又是怎麼的技巧呢?
09:39
What's the kind of thing you're going to do?
207
563000
2000
又是哪些事你想去做?
09:41
So I'm going to show you the results of a very large-scale simulation
208
565000
4000
我要展示的是一個非常大尺度的模擬
09:45
of what we think the universe might be like, using, essentially,
209
569000
4000
驗證我們假設的宇宙演化 利用的
09:49
some of the play principles and some of the design principles that,
210
573000
3000
只是一些 簡單原理 與 設計原理
09:52
you know, humans have labored so hard to pick up,
211
576000
3000
都是過去人類共同得到的原理
09:55
but apparently nature knew how to do at the beginning.
212
579000
3000
只是宇宙一開始就順著這些原理
09:58
And that is, you start out with very simple ingredients
213
582000
4000
模擬就是一些簡單的組成
10:02
and some simple rules,
214
586000
1000
與一些簡單的原理
10:04
but you have to have enough ingredients to make it complicated.
215
588000
3000
但你得有足夠的組成物 來複雜化
10:07
And then you put in some randomness,
216
591000
4000
再放進些隨機特性
10:11
some fluctuations and some randomness,
217
595000
2000
一些擾動 再一些隨機亂數
10:13
and realize a whole bunch of different representations.
218
597000
3000
再試著理解這整組所代表的結果
10:16
So what I'm going to do is show you
219
600000
2000
接下來就是要讓你們看
10:18
the distribution of matter as a function of scales.
220
602000
2000
物體的分佈 是尺度的函數
10:20
We're going to zoom in, but this is a plot of what it is.
221
604000
3000
我們來放大拉近 這就是其中的一個圖示
10:23
And we had to add one more thing to make the universe come out right.
222
607000
4000
我們必須加一樣東西 才能得出較正常的結果
10:27
It's called dark matter.
223
611000
2000
就是黑暗物質
10:29
That is matter that doesn't interact with light
224
613000
1000
這種物體不與光反應
10:30
the typical way that ordinary matter does,
225
614000
2000
通常一般物體都會
10:32
the way the light's shining on me or on the stage.
226
616000
3000
反射光線 就像現在舞台上與我身上的反射光
10:35
It's transparent to light, but in order for you to see it,
227
619000
2000
黑暗物質對光而言是透明的 為了讓大家了解
10:37
we're going to make it white. OK?
228
621000
2000
我們將它們暫設為白色顯示
10:39
So the stuff that's in this picture that's white, that is the dark matter.
229
623000
3000
所以模擬中白色物體 就是黑暗物體
10:42
It should be called invisible matter,
230
626000
2000
應該被稱為 隱形物體
10:44
but the dark matter we've made visible.
231
628000
2000
只是在模型顯示上 我們將它們設成可見
10:46
And the stuff that is in the yellow color,
232
630000
3000
而黃色部分
10:49
that is the ordinary kind of matter that's turned into stars and galaxies.
233
633000
4000
就代表一般的物體 可以是恆星與星系
10:53
So I'll show you the next movie.
234
637000
2000
我會展示一動畫電影
10:55
So this -- we're going to zoom in.
235
639000
3000
這樣 -- 我們會拉近放大
10:58
Notice this pattern and pay attention to this pattern.
236
642000
2000
注意結構變化
11:00
We're going to zoom in and zoom in.
237
644000
3000
放大再放大
11:04
And you'll see there are all these filaments and structures and voids.
238
648000
4000
你可以看到這些長絲 結構 與 空缺
11:08
And when a number of filaments come together in a knot,
239
652000
3000
當數個長絲 纏成 結
11:11
that makes a supercluster of galaxies.
240
655000
2000
就成了 超大巨集的星系
11:13
This one we're zooming in on
241
657000
2000
這個再繼續拉近
11:15
is somewhere between 100,000 and a million galaxies in that small region.
242
659000
3000
在畫面中那小區域內 有著 10~100萬 的星系
11:18
So we live in the boonies.
243
662000
1000
我們存在某個角落
11:19
We don't live in the center of the solar system,
244
663000
3000
並不是太陽系的中央
11:22
we don't live in the center of the galaxy
245
666000
1000
也不是銀河系的中央
11:23
and our galaxy's not in the center of the cluster.
246
667000
3000
而銀河系 也不是在所有星系的中央
11:26
So we're zooming in.
247
670000
2000
所以我們再拉近
11:28
This is a region which probably has more than 100,000,
248
672000
2000
這是個有著10~100萬個
11:30
on the order of a million galaxies in that region.
249
674000
3000
星系的小區域
11:33
We're going to keep zooming in. OK.
250
677000
3000
我們會持續放大拉近
11:36
And so I forgot to tell you the scale.
251
680000
2000
我忘了說明這個尺度
11:38
A parsec is 3.26 light years.
252
682000
3000
每一秒差是 3.26光年
11:41
So a gigaparsec is three billion light years -- that's the scale.
253
685000
3000
每一百萬秒差 就是30億光年 --- 這就是模擬尺度
11:44
So it takes light three billion years to travel over that distance.
254
688000
3000
就是光線要用30億年才能穿過那距離
11:47
Now we're into a distance sort of between here and here.
255
691000
3000
我們現在的距離 大約是這裡和這裡之間
11:50
That's the distance between us and Andromeda, right?
256
694000
3000
也就是我們距離仙女座星系的距離
11:53
These little specks that you're seeing in here, they're galaxies.
257
697000
3000
這些小小的雜點 都是星系
11:58
Now we're going to zoom back out,
258
702000
1000
目前是退出拉遠
12:02
and you can see this structure that,
259
706000
3000
便能看出個結構
12:05
when we get very far out, looks very regular,
260
709000
2000
當我們非常遠觀時 看起來是非常規則
12:07
but it's made up of a lot of irregular variations.
261
711000
3000
但這是由許多的不規則變異所構成
12:10
So they're simple building blocks.
262
714000
2000
所以 這些就是簡單的模型組件
12:12
There's a very simple fluid to begin with.
263
716000
2000
都是些簡單的成份開始
12:14
It's got dark matter, it's got ordinary matter,
264
718000
4000
要有黑暗物體 一般物體
12:18
it's got photons and it's got neutrinos,
265
722000
3000
要有光子 微中子
12:21
which don't play much role in the later part of the universe.
266
725000
3000
微中子 是沒有太多角色在後期宇宙發展中
12:24
And it's just a simple fluid and it, over time,
267
728000
4000
就是個簡單的流動 隨時間
12:28
develops into this complicated structure.
268
732000
3000
而發展成複雜的結構
12:31
And so you know when you first saw this picture,
269
735000
4000
當第一次看到這景象
12:35
it didn't mean quite so much to you.
270
739000
2000
對你們而言 可能沒有太多道理
12:37
Here you're looking across one percent of the volume of the visible universe
271
741000
5000
這裡顯示的只是1%的可見宇宙
12:42
and you're seeing billions of galaxies, right, and nodes,
272
746000
3000
有著10億個星系
12:45
but you realize they're not even the main structure.
273
749000
2000
但我們還不在主要結構
12:47
There's a framework, which is the dark matter, the invisible matter,
274
751000
3000
模擬架構 顯示 需要這種黑暗隱形物體
12:50
that's out there that's actually holding it all together.
275
754000
3000
才能將一切保持住這樣發展
12:53
So let's fly through it, and you can see how much harder it is
276
757000
4000
再飛入其中 就會明白
12:57
when you're in the middle of something to figure this out.
277
761000
2000
身處其中是如何難理解整個狀況
12:59
So here's that same end result.
278
763000
2000
所以這是相同結果
13:01
You see a filament,
279
765000
2000
有細絲
13:03
you see the light is the invisible matter,
280
767000
3000
白色代表是黑暗物體
13:06
and the yellow is the stars or the galaxies showing up.
281
770000
4000
黃色是恆星與星系
13:10
And we're going to fly around, and we'll fly around,
282
774000
2000
再飛繞過四周
13:12
and you'll see occasionally a couple of filaments intersect,
283
776000
3000
會看到一些細絲相交錯
13:15
and you get a large cluster of galaxies.
284
779000
2000
那是大巨集的星系
13:17
And then we'll fly in to where the very large cluster is,
285
781000
3000
再進入這些巨集星系
13:20
and you can see what it looks like.
286
784000
3000
看看是什麼樣子
13:23
And so from inside, it doesn't look very complicated, right?
287
787000
3000
所以從裡面 一點也不複雜 對吧?
13:26
It's only when you look at it at a very large scale,
288
790000
3000
唯有當你 以大尺度觀看時
13:29
and explore it and so forth, you realize it's a very intricate,
289
793000
3000
才能明白它的複雜
13:32
complicated kind of a design, right?
290
796000
3000
是種複雜的設計 對吧?
13:35
And it's grown up in some kind of way.
291
799000
4000
某種的長成方式
13:39
So the question is,
292
803000
2000
所以問題是
13:41
how hard would it be to assemble this, right?
293
805000
5000
是多麼困難來組合成這個?
13:46
How big a contractor team would you need
294
810000
2000
需要多大的能力
13:48
to put this universe together, right?
295
812000
2000
才能做出這樣的宇宙?
13:50
That's the issue, right?
296
814000
3000
這是問題吧!
13:53
And so here we are.
297
817000
2000
就來試試
13:55
You see how the filament --
298
819000
2000
可以看到細絲
13:57
you see how several filaments are coming together,
299
821000
2000
與好幾個細絲是如何連在一起
13:59
therefore making this supercluster of galaxies.
300
823000
4000
才做出這樣的超巨集星系
14:03
And you have to understand, this is not how it would actually look
301
827000
3000
但是得指出 這並非真的是所見到的
14:06
if you -- first, you can't travel this fast,
302
830000
2000
.
14:08
everything would be distorted,
303
832000
1000
所有東西會被扭曲
14:09
but this is using simple rendering and graphic arts kind of stuff.
304
833000
6000
這裡只是用繪圖工具做視覺呈現
14:15
This is how, if you took billions of years to go around,
305
839000
3000
這是利用時間快轉的模擬
14:18
it might look to you, right?
306
842000
1000
才能察覺
14:19
And if you could see invisible matter, too.
307
843000
3000
也是要能看見這些黑暗物體
14:22
And so the idea is, you know, how would you put together the universe
308
846000
6000
概念是要問 怎麼將宇宙放在一起
14:28
in a very simple way?
309
852000
1000
又是有一簡單的原理呢?
14:29
We're going to start and realize that the entire visible universe,
310
853000
5000
我們就即將能明白這整個可見宇宙
14:34
everything we can see in every direction with the Hubble Space Telescope
311
858000
3000
驗證哈柏太空望遠鏡及其他儀器
14:37
plus our other instruments,
312
861000
1000
所見的所有角度
14:38
was once in a region that was smaller than an atom.
313
862000
5000
最先的開始只是小於 一個小小的原子
14:43
It started with tiny quantum mechanical fluctuations,
314
867000
2000
來自於量子力學的擾動
14:45
but expanding at a tremendous rate.
315
869000
2000
卻是以極速的膨脹
14:47
And those fluctuations
316
871000
2000
這些擾動
14:49
were stretched to astronomical sizes, and those fluctuations
317
873000
3000
擴展到天文級的尺寸大小 這些擾動
14:52
eventually are the things we see in the cosmic microwave background.
318
876000
4000
最終成為我們所見的宇宙背景輻射
14:56
And then we needed some way to turn those fluctuations into galaxies
319
880000
3000
我們需要能把擾動的輻射能量變成星系
14:59
and clusters of galaxies and make these kinds of structures go on.
320
883000
3000
與巨集星系 並使這些結構繼續
15:02
So I'm going to show you a smaller simulation.
321
886000
2000
所以我將呈現一個小模擬
15:04
This simulation was run on 1,000 processors for a month
322
888000
4000
這樣看似簡單的模擬 使用了1000個處理器
15:08
in order to make just this simple visible one.
323
892000
2000
還是需要耗時一個月
15:10
So I'm going to show you one
324
894000
1000
現在呈現的是
15:11
that can be run on a desktop in two days in the next picture.
325
895000
4000
用桌上型電腦跑了兩天的結果
15:15
So you start out with teeny fluctuations
326
899000
2000
開始小小擾動
15:17
when the universe was at this point,
327
901000
1000
使得宇宙變小了
15:18
now four times smaller, and so forth.
328
902000
3000
四倍 等等
15:21
And you start seeing these networks, this cosmic web of structure forming.
329
905000
4000
便可以見到這些網絡 宇宙的網絡結構開始成型
15:25
And this is a simple one, because it doesn't have the ordinary matter
330
909000
3000
這是個簡易版本 並沒有一般物體
15:28
and it just has the dark matter in it.
331
912000
2000
只用了較重的黑暗物體
15:30
And you see how the dark matter lumps up,
332
914000
2000
可以看到黑暗物體開始結團成塊
15:32
and the ordinary matter just trails along behind.
333
916000
3000
一般物體就也會緊隨著之後開展
15:35
So there it is.
334
919000
2000
就是這樣
15:37
At the beginning it's very uniform.
335
921000
2000
一開始是非常的均勻
15:39
The fluctuations are a part in 100,000.
336
923000
2000
十萬分之一的擾動
15:41
There are a few peaks that are a part in 10,000,
337
925000
2000
也有些是萬分之一的擾動
15:43
and then over billions of years, gravity just pulls in.
338
927000
5000
過了數十億年 重力吸引力才有作用顯現
15:48
This is light over density, pulls the material around in.
339
932000
3000
這是因密度夠大 而能將物體拉入
15:51
That pulls in more material and pulls in more material.
340
935000
3000
因吸引力集結 再集結
15:54
But the distances on the universe are so large
341
938000
2000
宇宙之間的距離是如此之大
15:56
and the time scales are so large that it takes a long time for this to form.
342
940000
4000
時間是如此之長 所以是需要非常長的時間才能形成
16:00
And it keeps forming until the universe is roughly about half the size it is now,
343
944000
6000
宇宙持續發展 就膨脹進行而言
16:06
in terms of its expansion.
344
950000
2000
直到是目前½的大小的時候
16:08
And at that point, the universe mysteriously starts accelerating
345
952000
4000
宇宙神奇的開始了加速膨脹
16:12
its expansion and cuts off the formation of larger-scale structure.
346
956000
3000
這樣的膨脹 破開了較大的結構
16:15
So we're just seeing as large a scale structure as we can see,
347
959000
3000
看到目前的能看到的最大結構
16:18
and then only things that have started forming already
348
962000
3000
就只有那些已經開始形成的
16:21
are going to form, and then from then on it's going to go on.
349
965000
3000
會再從那時間點 繼續發展
16:24
So we're able to do the simulation, but this is two days on a desktop.
350
968000
6000
這只是兩天的電腦簡化版運算
16:30
We need, you know, 30 days on 1,000 processors
351
974000
3000
我們需要1000 個CPU的30天運算
16:33
to do the kind of simulation that I showed you before.
352
977000
3000
才能展現先前的結果
16:36
So we have an idea of how to play seriously, creating the universe
353
980000
6000
所以我們真的懂得如何"認真玩耍" 來建構宇宙
16:42
by starting with essentially less than an eyedrop full of material,
354
986000
5000
只用了小於一小滴淚水的物質開始
16:47
and we create everything we can see in any direction, right,
355
991000
5000
建構出目前所見到各方向的物體
16:52
from almost nothing -- that is, something extremely tiny,
356
996000
5000
從幾乎零開始
16:57
extremely small -- and it is almost perfect,
357
1001000
5000
如此的小 近乎完美
17:02
except it has these tiny fluctuations at a part in 100,000 level,
358
1006000
4000
除了有十萬分之一等級的細微擾動
17:06
which turn out to produce the interesting patterns and designs we see,
359
1010000
3000
才造就了我們所看到的結構與設計
17:09
that is, galaxies and stars and so forth.
360
1013000
3000
就是這些星系與恆星
17:12
So we have a model, and we can calculate it, and we can use it
361
1016000
5000
因此 我們有一個模型 能計算 能操弄
17:17
to make designs of what we think the universe really looks like.
362
1021000
3000
來模擬與驗證 我們以為的宇宙
17:20
And that design is sort of way beyond
363
1024000
3000
也由此學到
17:23
what our original imagination ever was.
364
1027000
2000
超過我們過去的想像
17:25
So this is what we started with 15 years ago,
365
1029000
4000
這些模擬開始於15年前
17:29
with the Cosmic Background Explorer -- made the map on the upper right,
366
1033000
4000
利用宇宙背景探測 建構右上角的地圖
17:33
which basically showed us that there were large-scale fluctuations,
367
1037000
4000
顯示了大規模的擾動
17:37
and actually fluctuations on several scales. You can kind of see that.
368
1041000
3000
實際上 有著多波段的擾動 這都可由觀測所得
17:40
Since then we've had WMAP,
369
1044000
2000
從有WMAP之觀測儀器後
17:42
which just gives us higher angular resolution.
370
1046000
2000
提高了三角幾何角度的解析度
17:44
We see the same large-scale structure,
371
1048000
1000
除了看到大尺度結構
17:45
but we see additional small-scale structure.
372
1049000
3000
更看到額外的小尺度結構
17:48
And on the bottom right is if the satellite had flipped upside down
373
1052000
4000
右下角 是衛星上下顛倒的影像
17:52
and mapped the Earth, what kind of a map we would have got of the Earth.
374
1056000
3000
對應到地球改有的影像
17:55
You can see, well, you can, kind of pick out
375
1059000
2000
就能大略看到
17:57
all the major continents, but that's about it.
376
1061000
3000
所有主要的大陸 目前只能這麼清晰了
18:00
But what we're hoping when we get to Planck, we'll have resolution
377
1064000
2000
希望當Planck 上線時 希望解析度
18:02
about equivalent to the resolution you see of the Earth there,
378
1066000
4000
能有像那地球影像一般清晰
18:06
where you can really see the complicated pattern that exists on the Earth.
379
1070000
5000
能夠清晰看出地球上的形狀
18:11
And you can also tell, because of the sharp edges
380
1075000
2000
由於清晰後 便能夠分辨出版塊間
18:13
and the way things fit together, there are some non-linear processes.
381
1077000
4000
他們是有關聯的 因為其中有些非線性的演進
18:17
Geology has these effects,
382
1081000
2000
地理就是有這樣的效應
18:19
which is moving the plates around and so forth.
383
1083000
3000
版塊的移動等等
18:22
You can see that just from the map alone.
384
1086000
2000
能只從清晰地球地圖看出
18:24
We want to get to the point in our maps of the early universe
385
1088000
2000
我們也希望能如此 得到宇宙早期歷史的清晰
18:26
we can see whether there are any non-linear effects
386
1090000
3000
便能分辨出是否有其他的非線性效應
18:29
that are starting to move, to modify, and are giving us a hint about how
387
1093000
5000
是否要移動了? 要改變了? 也能給我們些提示:
18:34
space-time itself was actually created at the beginning moments.
388
1098000
2000
時空當初是如何被創造的在最初的當下
18:36
So that's where we are today,
389
1100000
2000
所以這些就是我們目前的狀況
18:38
and that's what I wanted to give you
a flavor of.
a flavor of.
390
1102000
3000
也我想為大家分享的
18:41
Give you a different view about what the design
391
1105000
2000
給大家對設計的 一個不同觀點
18:43
and what everything else looks like.
392
1107000
2000
以及宇宙所有事物的介紹
18:47
Thank you.
393
1111000
1000
謝謝
18:48
(Applause)
394
1112000
2000
(掌聲)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
George Smoot - AstrophysicistAstrophysicist, cosmologist and Nobel Prize winner George Smoot studies the cosmic microwave background radiation -- the afterglow of the Big Bang. His pioneering research into deep space and time is uncovering the structure of the universe itself.
Why you should listen
George Smoot looks into the farthest reaches of space to the oldest objects in the known universe: fluctuations in the remnants of creation. Using data collected from satellites such as COBE and WMAP, scanning the cosmic microwave background radiation (a relic of the heat unleashed after the Big Bang), he probes the shape of the universe. In 1992 he and his Berkeley team discovered that the universe, once thought to be smooth and uniform at the largest scale, is actually anisotropic -- or varied and lumpy.
Smoot continues to investigate of the structure of the universe at the University of California at Berkeley, mapping billions of galaxies and filaments of dark matter in hope of uncovering the secrets of the universe's origins.
George Smoot | Speaker | TED.com