Serious Play 2008
George Smoot: The design of the universe
George Smoot o ustroju svemira
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Na Serious Play 2008, astrofizičar George Smoot prikazuje zapanjujuće nove slike istraživanja dubokog svemira, i izaziva nas da duboko razmislimo kako se svemir -- sa svojom ogromnom mrežom tamne tvari i misterioznih praznih prostora -- uspio izgraditi na ovaj način.
George Smoot - Astrophysicist
Astrophysicist, cosmologist and Nobel Prize winner George Smoot studies the cosmic microwave background radiation -- the afterglow of the Big Bang. His pioneering research into deep space and time is uncovering the structure of the universe itself. Full bio
Astrophysicist, cosmologist and Nobel Prize winner George Smoot studies the cosmic microwave background radiation -- the afterglow of the Big Bang. His pioneering research into deep space and time is uncovering the structure of the universe itself. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I thought I would think about changing your perspective on the world a bit,
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Mislio sam da bih mogao razmisliti o promjeni vašeg pogleda na svijet,
00:20
and showing you some of the designs that we have in nature.
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pokazujući vam neka ustrojstva koja nalazimo u prirodi.
00:23
And so, I have my first slide to talk about
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I tako, imam prvi dijapozitiv koji govori o
00:27
the dawning of the universe and what I call
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zori nastanka svemira, a što ja zovem
00:30
the cosmic scene investigation, that is, looking at
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istraživanje kozmičke scene, to jest, promatranje
00:32
the relics of creation and inferring what happened at the beginning,
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ostataka stvaranja i zaključivanje što se dogodilo na početku,
00:36
and then following it up and trying to understand it.
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a zatim praćenje toga i pokušavanje razumijevanja istog.
00:39
And so one of the questions that I asked you is,
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Dakle, jedno od pitanja koje vam upućujem je,
00:41
when you look around, what do you see?
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kada pogledate oko vas, što vidite?
00:43
Well, you see this space that's created by designers
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Pa, vidite prostor kojega su arhitekti stvorili
00:47
and by the work of people, but what you actually see
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a ljudi izgradili, no ono što uistinu vidite
00:51
is a lot of material that was already here,
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je mnogo materijala koji je već i prije bio ovdje,
00:53
being reshaped in a certain form.
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koji je preoblikovan u određeni oblik.
00:55
And so the question is: how did that material get here?
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Zatim slijedi pitanje: kako je taj materijal dospio ovdje?
00:58
How did it get into the form that it had before it got reshaped, and so forth?
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Kako je dospio u oblik kojega je imao prije preoblikovanja, i tako dalje?
01:01
It's a question of what's the continuity?
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To je pitanje što je kontinuitet?
01:04
So one of the things I look at is,
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Jedna od stvari koje promatram je
01:06
how did the universe begin and shape?
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kako je svemir nastao i kako se oblikovao?
01:08
What was the whole process in the creation and the evolution of the universe
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Kakav je bio cjelokupan proces stvaranja i evolucije svemira
01:12
to getting to the point that we have these kinds of materials?
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da je uspio doći do ove točke, te imamo ovu vrstu tvari?
01:14
So that's sort of the part, and let me move on then and show you
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Znači takve stvari, pa onda dopustite da krenemo dalje i da vam pokažem
01:18
the Hubble Ultra Deep Field.
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Hubble-ovo Ultra Duboko Područje.
01:20
If you look at this picture,
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Ako pogledate ovu sliku,
01:22
what you will see is a lot of dark with some light objects in it.
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ono što ćete vidjeti je mnogo tame sa ponekim svjetlim objektima u njoj.
01:26
And everything but -- four of these light objects are stars,
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Četiri od ovih svjetlih objekata su zvijezde,
01:28
and you can see them there -- little pluses.
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i možete ih vidjeti tamo -- mali plusevi.
01:30
This is a star, this is a star, everything else is a galaxy, OK?
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Ovo je zvijezda, ovo je zvijezda, sve ostalo su galaksije, jasno?
01:35
So there's a couple of thousand galaxies
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Znači tamo je samo nekoliko od tisuća galaksija
01:37
you can see easily with your eye in here.
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koje lako možete vidjeti ako ovamo gledate.
01:40
And when I look out at particularly this galaxy,
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I kada odaberem posebice ovu galaksiju,
01:42
which looks a lot like ours, I wonder if there's
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koja uvelike sliči našoj, pitam se održava li se na njoj
01:44
an art design college conference going on,
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neka konferencija o umjetničkom dizajnu,
01:47
and intelligent beings there are thinking about, you know,
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i ima li tamo inteligentnih bića koji razmišljaju, znate,
01:50
what designs they might do, and there might be a few cosmologists
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koji dizajn bi mogli odabrati, i možda tamo ima poneki kozmolog
01:53
trying to understand where the universe itself came from,
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koji pokušava razumijeti odakle je svemir potekao,
01:55
and there might even be some in that galaxy looking at ours
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a možda na toj galaksiji postoji i netko ko promatra našu
01:57
trying to figure out what's going on over here.
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pokušavajući otkriti što se ovdje kod nas događa.
01:59
But there's a lot of other galaxies, and some are nearby,
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Međutim, ima mnogo drugih galaksija, a neke su blizu,
02:02
and they're kind of the color of the Sun,
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i imaju sličnu boju Sunca,
02:03
and some are further away and they're a little bluer, and so forth.
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a neke su udaljenije i malo su plavkaste, i tako dalje.
02:06
But one of the questions is -- this should be, to you --
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No jedno od pitanja je -- ovo bi moglo biti upućeno vama --
02:10
how come there are so many galaxies?
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kako to da ima tako mnogo galaksija?
02:12
Because this represents a very clean fraction of the sky.
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Zato što ovo predstavlja veoma jasan dio neba.
02:14
This is only 1,000 galaxies.
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Ovo je samo 1.000 galaksija.
02:16
We think there's on the order -- visible to the Hubble Space Telescope,
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Mi mislimo da ima red veličine -- vidljiv Hubble-ovom Svemirskom Teleskopu,
02:19
if you had the time to scan it around --
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ako imate vremana pregledavati okolo --
02:21
about 100 billion galaxies. Right?
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od oko 100 milijardi galaksija. Točno?
02:23
It's a very large number of galaxies.
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To je veoma veliki broj galaksija.
02:25
And that's roughly how many stars there are in our own galaxy.
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I to je ugrubo i broj zvijezda u našoj galaksiji.
02:28
But when you look at some of these regions like this, you'll see
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No, ako pogledate na neka druga područja kao ovo, vidjet ćete
02:30
more galaxies than stars, which is kind of a conundrum.
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više galaksija nego zvijezda, što je neka vrsta zagonetke.
02:33
So the question should come to your mind is, what kind of design, you know,
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Pitanje koje biste si trebali postaviti je, koja vrsta dizajna, znate,
02:39
what kind of creative process and what kind of design
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koja vrsta kreativnog procesa i koja vrsta oblikovanja
02:41
produced the world like that?
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je stvorila svijet kao što je ovaj?
02:43
And then I'm going to show you it's actually a lot more complicated.
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I sada ću vam pokazati, u stvarnosti mnogo je složenije.
02:45
We're going to try and follow it up.
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Pokušat ćemo i odradit ćemo ovo.
02:47
We have a tool that actually helps us out in this study,
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U stvari, posjedujemo alat koji nam pomaže provesti ovo istraživanje,
02:50
and that's the fact that the universe is so incredibly big
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a to je činjenica da je svemir tako nevjerojatno ogroman
02:53
that it's a time machine, in a certain sense.
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da je on u određenom smislu, vremenski stroj.
02:56
We draw this set of nested spheres cut away so you see it.
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Nacrtali smo niz uklopljenih, prerezanih sfera, tako da vidite.
02:59
Put the Earth at the center of the nested spheres,
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Smjestili smo Zemlju u središte uklopljenih sfera,
03:01
just because that's where we're making observations.
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samo iz razloga jer to je mjesto otkuda obavljamo naša promatranja.
03:03
And the moon is only two seconds away, so if you take a picture of the moon
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Mjesec je samo dvije sekunde udaljen, tako da ako snimite mjesec
03:06
using ordinary light, it's the moon two seconds ago, and who cares.
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koristeći običnu svjetlost, to će biti mjesec od prije dvije sekunde, i baš nas briga.
03:09
Two seconds is like the present.
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Dvije sekunde je skoro kao sadašnjost.
03:11
The Sun is eight minutes ago. That's not such a big deal, right,
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Sunce je od prije osam minuta. To i nije tako strašno, zar ne,
03:14
unless there's solar flares coming then you want to get out the way.
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ukoliko nema sunčanih baklji u trenu kada se spremate na put.
03:16
You'd like to have a little advance warning.
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Možda biste htjeli dobiti malo prethodnih upozorenja.
03:18
But you get out to Jupiter and it's 40 minutes away. It's a problem.
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Dospijete do Jupitera i on je 40 minuta udaljen. To je već problem.
03:21
You hear about Mars, it's a problem communicating to Mars
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Čuli ste za Mars, problem je komunicirati s Marsom
03:23
because it takes light long enough to go there.
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stoga što vam treba vječnost da bi se do njega doprlo.
03:26
But if you look out to the nearest set of stars,
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Ali ako odaberete najbližu skupinu zvijezda
03:29
to the nearest 40 or 50 stars, it's about 10 years.
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do najbližih 40 ili 50 zvijezda, treba vam oko 10 godina.
03:32
So if you take a picture of what's going on, it's 10 years ago.
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Dakle, kad biste snimili što se trenutno događa, to se dogodilo prije 10 godina.
03:35
But you go and look to the center of the galaxy,
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No nastavljate i pogledajte središte galaksije,
03:37
it's thousands of years ago.
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on je tisuću godina udaljen.
03:38
If you look at Andromeda, which is the nearest big galaxy,
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Ako pogledate Andromedu, koja je nama najbliža velika galaksija,
03:41
and it's two million years ago.
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ona je udaljena dva milijuna godina.
03:42
If you took a picture of the Earth two million years ago,
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Ako snimite Zemlju prije dva milijuna godina,
03:44
there'd be no evidence of humans at all,
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tamo neće biti nikakve naznake postojanja ljudi,
03:46
because we don't think there were humans yet.
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jer ne mislimo da su još postojali ljudi.
03:48
I mean, it just gives you the scale.
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Mislim, ovo vam samo daje mjerilo.
03:50
With the Hubble Space Telescope, we're looking at
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Sa Hubble-ovim Svemirskim Teleskopom, možemo promatrati
03:52
hundreds of millions of years to a billion years.
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stotine milijuna do milijarde godina.
03:54
But if we were capable to come up with an idea of how to look even further --
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No kad bismo bili sposobni pronaći način kako gledati još i dalje --
03:59
there's some things even further,
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ima nekih stvari čak i dalje,
04:00
and that was what I did in a lot of my work,
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i to je ono što sam činio u mnogim mojim radovima,
04:02
was to develop the techniques -- we could look out back to even earlier
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razvijao tehnike -- možemo gledati unatrag u još ranije
04:06
epochs before there were stars and before there were galaxies,
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epohe prije nego su nastale zvijezde i galaksije,
04:08
back to when the universe was hot and dense and very different.
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unatrag kada je svemir bio vreo i gust i veoma drukčiji.
04:12
And so that's the sort of sequence,
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I to je taj slijed,
04:14
and so I have a more artistic impression of this.
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tako da imam veći umjetnički dojam ovoga.
04:16
There's the galaxy in the middle, which is the Milky Way,
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Ova galaksija u sredini je Mliječni Put,
04:19
and around that are the Hubble -- you know, nearby kind of galaxies,
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a okolo njega je Hubble -- u blizini, kao vrsta galaksija,
04:22
and there's a sphere that marks the different times.
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a ovo su sfere koje označavaju različita vremena.
04:24
And behind that are some more modern galaxies.
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A iza toga su neke novije galaksije.
04:26
You see the whole big picture?
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Vidite li cjelovitu ogromnu sliku?
04:28
The beginning of time is funny -- it's on the outside, right?
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Početak vremena je, to je smiješno -- on je izvana, točno?
04:31
And then there's a part of the universe we can't see
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I onda tu je dio svemira kojega ne vidimo
04:33
because it's so dense and so hot, light can't escape.
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jer je on toliko gust i tako vreo, svjetlost ne može pobjeći.
04:36
It's like you can't see to the center of the Sun;
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To je isto kao što ne možete vidjeti središte Sunca,
04:38
you have to use other techniques to know what's going on inside the Sun.
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morate koristiti druge tehnike da biste znali što se događa unutar Sunca.
04:41
But you can see the edge of the Sun,
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No, zato možete vidjeti rub Sunca,
04:42
and the universe gets that way, and you can see that.
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i svemir se ponaša na taj način, i to možete vidjeti.
04:44
And then you see this sort of model area around the outside,
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Zatim možete vidjeti kao neku vrstu oblikovanog područja oko izvana,
04:48
and that is the radiation coming from the Big Bang,
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i to je radijacija koja potječe od Velikog Praska,
04:51
which is actually incredibly uniform.
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koja je u stvari nevjerojatno ujednačena.
04:53
The universe is almost a perfect sphere,
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Svemir je skoro savršena sfera,
04:55
but there are these very tiny variations
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no postoje te veoma malene varijacije
04:57
which we show here in great exaggeration.
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koje ovdje prikazujemo iznimno preuveličenim.
05:00
And from them in the time sequence we're going to have to go
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I od njih u vremenskom slijedu ćemo poći
05:04
from these tiny variations to these irregular galaxies and first stars
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od ovih slabašnih varijacija do ovih nepravilnih galaksija i prvih zvijezda
05:08
to these more advanced galaxies, and eventually the solar system, and so forth.
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do ovih naprednijih galaksija, i mogućih solarnih sustava, i tako dalje.
05:12
So it's a big design job,
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Znači to je veliki stvaralački posao,
05:15
but we'll see about how things are going on.
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no vidjet ćemo kako se stvari odvijaju.
05:17
So the way these measurements were done,
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Dakle, način na koji su ova mjerila načinjena,
05:19
there's been a set of satellites, and this is where you get to see.
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postoji niz satelita, i ovo je gdje ćete doći vidjeti.
05:22
So there was the COBE satellite, which was launched in 1989,
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Postojao je COBE satelit, koji je lansiran 1989.g.,
05:26
and we discovered these variations.
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i otkrili smo ove varijacije.
05:28
And then in 2000, the MAP satellite was launched -- the WMAP --
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Zatim 2000.g., lansiran je MAP satelit -- WMAP --
05:31
and it made somewhat better pictures.
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i on je načinio ponešto bolje snimke.
05:33
And later this year -- this is the cool stealth version,
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A onda kasnije ove godine -- ovo je nevidljiva verzija,
05:37
the one that actually has some beautiful design features to it,
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ona koja u stvari ima neke predivno dizajnirane značajke,
05:41
and you should look -- the Planck satellite will be launched,
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i trebali biste pogledati -- satelit Planck će se lansirati,
05:43
and it will make very high-resolution maps.
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i on će načiniti mape u izuzetno visokim rezolucijama.
05:45
And that will be the sequence of understanding
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I to će biti niz kojim razumijevamo
05:48
the very beginning of the universe.
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sami početak svemira.
05:49
And what we saw was, we saw these variations, and then they told us
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I ono što smo primijetili je bilo, vidjeli smo te varijacije, a zatim su nam one otkrile
05:53
the secrets, both about the structure of space-time,
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tajne, obje, i o strukturi svemirskog vremena.
05:56
and about the contents of the universe,
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i o sadržaju svemira,
05:58
and about how the universe started in its original motions.
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i o tome kako je svemir nastao u svjim prvobitnim pokretima.
06:01
So we have this picture, which is quite a spectacular picture,
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Tako imamo ovaj snimak, koji je prilično spektakularan snimak,
06:04
and I'll come back to the beginning, where we're going to have
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i vratit ću se na početak, gdje ćemo imati
06:06
some mysterious process that kicks the universe off at the beginning.
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poprilično misteriozan proces koji pokreće svemir na početku.
06:10
And we go through a period of accelerating expansion, and the universe
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I prolazimo kroz period ubrzanog širenja, i svemir
06:14
expands and cools until it gets to the point where it becomes transparent,
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se širi i hladi sve dok ne stigne do točke gdje postaje proziran,
06:18
then to the Dark Ages, and then the first stars turn on,
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zatim do Tamne Faze, i zatim nastaju prve zvijezde,
06:20
and they evolve into galaxies, and then later they get to the more expansive galaxies.
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i one evoluiraju u galaksije, te kasnije nastaju još proširenije galaksije.
06:25
And somewhere around this period is when our solar system started forming.
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I negdje po prilici oko ovog vremena počinje se stvarati naš solarni sustav.
06:28
And it's maturing up to the present time.
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I on se razvija sve do današnjih dana.
06:31
And there's some spectacular things.
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I tu postoje neke spektakularne stvari.
06:33
And this wastebasket part, that's to represent
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Ovaj dio nalik na koš za otpatke, on predstavlja
06:36
what the structure of space-time itself is doing during this period.
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što je sama struktura svemirskog vremena činila za vrijeme ovog perioda.
06:38
And so this is a pretty weird model, right?
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Ovo je prilično čudan model, zar ne?
06:42
What kind of evidence do we have for that?
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Koje dokaze imamo za to?
06:44
So let me show you some of nature's patterns
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Stoga mi dopustite da vam pokažem neke uzorke prirode
06:47
that are the result of this.
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koji su rezultat ovoga.
06:48
I always think of space-time as being the real substance of space,
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Uvijek zamišljam svemirsko vrijeme kao stvarnu zakonitost svemira,
06:52
and the galaxies and the stars just like the foam on the ocean.
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a galaksije i zvijezde jednostavno kao pjenu na oceanu.
06:57
It's a marker of where the interesting waves are and whatever went on.
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One su kao oznake mjesta zanimljivih valova bilo kamo da su otišli.
07:01
So here is the Sloan Digital Sky Survey showing the location of a million galaxies.
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Dakle, ovo je Sloan-ov Digitalni Pretraživač Neba koji pokazuje lokacije milijuna galaksija.
07:07
So there's a dot on here for every galaxy.
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Svaka točka ovdje predstavlja neku galaksiju.
07:09
They go out and point a telescope at the sky, take a picture,
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Teleskop se usmjerava prema nebu, snimi se snimak,
07:12
identify what are stars and throw them away, look at the galaxies,
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prepoznaju se zvijezde koje se zatim odbacuju, promatra se galaksije,
07:15
estimate how far away they are, and plot them up.
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procjenjuje se udaljenost, i unosi njihov položaj.
07:18
And just put radially they're going out that way.
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i jednostavno unosi putanja kojom se one udaljavaju.
07:20
And you see these structures, this thing we call the Great Wall,
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I vidi se ova struktura, ova stvar koju zovemo Velikim Zidom,
07:23
but there are voids and those kinds of stuff, and they kind of fade out
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no postoje i praznine i takve stvari, a neke i iščezavaju
07:26
because the telescope isn't sensitive enough to do it.
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zato što teleskop nije dovoljno osjetljiv da bi ih registrirao.
07:28
Now I'm going to show you this in 3D.
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Sada ću vam pokazati ovo u 3D tehnici.
07:31
What happens is, you take pictures
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Ono što se događa, snimite sliku
07:32
as the Earth rotates, you get a fan across the sky.
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kako se Zemlja okreće, dobijete lepezu preko neba.
07:35
There are some places you can't look because of our own galaxy,
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Postoje neka mjesta koja se ne vide zato što se nalazimo u našoj galaksiji,
07:37
or because there are no telescopes available to do it.
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ili zato što ne postoji teleskop sposoban za to.
07:41
So the next picture shows you the three-dimensional version of this rotating around.
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Dakle, sljedeća slika vam pokazuje trodimenzionalnu verziju ovoga kako rotira oko sebe.
07:45
Do you see the fan-like scans made across the sky?
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Vidite li oblik sličan lepezi koji je preko neba?
07:48
Remember, every spot on here is a galaxy, and you see the galaxies,
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Sjetite se, svaka točka ovdje je jedna galaksija, i vidite galaksije,
07:54
you know, sort of in our neighborhood, and you sort of see the structure.
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znate, kao da su u našem susjedstvu, kao da vidite strukturu.
07:58
And you see this thing we call the Great Wall,
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I vidite ovu stvar koju zovemo Veliki Zid,
08:00
and you see the complicated structure, and you see these voids.
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i vidite zamršene strukture, i vidite ove praznine.
08:03
There are places where there are no galaxies and there are places
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Ima mjesta gdje nema galaksija, a ima mjesta
08:05
where there are thousands of galaxies clumped together, right.
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gdje ima na tisuće galaksija zbijenih u jata, je li tako.
08:08
So there's an interesting pattern,
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Tu je jedan zanimljiv obrazac,
08:10
but we don't have enough data here to actually see the pattern.
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međutim nemamo dovoljno podataka da stvarno i vidimo taj obrazac.
08:12
We only have a million galaxies, right?
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Samo imamo milijun galaksija, zar ne?
08:14
So we're keeping, like, a million balls in the air
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Prema tome, kao da držimo milijun lopti u zraku
08:16
but, what's going on?
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i, što se događa?
08:18
There's another survey which is very similar to this,
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Postoji još jedno istraživanje veoma slično ovome,
08:20
called the Two-degree Field of View Galaxy Redshift Survey.
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koje se zove Prikaz Pogleda na Dvostupanjsko Polje Crvenog Pomaka kod Galaksija.
08:26
Now we're going to fly through it at warp a million.
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Sada ćemo proletjeti kroz njih ogromnom brzinom.
08:29
And every time there's a galaxy -- at its location there's a galaxy --
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I svaki puta kada naiđemo na galaksiju -- na toj lokaciji postoji galaksija --
08:33
and if we know anything about the galaxy, which we do,
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i ako znamo bilo što o galaksiji, što vjerujem da znamo,
08:35
because there's a redshift measurement and everything,
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zato što postoji mjerenje crvenog pomaka i ostalo,
08:37
you put in the type of galaxy and the color,
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stavite na svaku vrstu galaksije i boju,
08:39
so this is the real representation.
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prema tome, ovo je stvarni prikaz.
08:41
And when you're in the middle of the galaxies
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I onda kada ste u središtu galaksije
08:42
it's hard to see the pattern; it's like being in the middle of life.
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teško je vidjeti obrazac, to je kao da ste u središtu života.
08:45
It's hard to see the pattern in the middle of the audience,
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Teško je vidjeti obrazac u središtu publike,
08:46
it's hard to see the pattern of this.
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teško je uočiti obrazac ovoga.
08:48
So we're going to go out and swing around and look back at this.
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Znači, izaći ćemo van i provrtjeti se okolo i pogledati unatrag na ovo.
08:53
And you'll see, first, the structure of the survey,
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I vidjet ćete, prvo, strukturu prikaza,
08:57
and then you'll start seeing the structure of the galaxies
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a zatim će se početi ukazivati struktura galaksija
09:00
that we see out there.
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koju vidimo otamo.
09:06
So again, you can see the extension of this Great Wall of galaxies showing up here.
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Dakle, još jednom, možete vidjeti širenje ovoga Velikog Zida galaksija koje se pojavljuje ovdje.
09:09
But you can see the voids,
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No vidite praznine,
09:11
you can see the complicated structure, and you say,
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vidite složenu strukturu, i kažete,
09:15
well, how did this happen?
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ali, kako se ovo dogodilo?
09:17
Suppose you're the cosmic designer.
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Pretpostavite da ste svemirski dizajner.
09:19
How are you going to put galaxies out there in a pattern like that?
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Kako biste postavili tamo te galaksije u formi kao što je ova?
09:21
It's not just throwing them out at random.
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Nećete ih jednostavno nasumično pobacati.
09:23
There's a more complicated process going on here.
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Ovdje se radi o mnogo složenijem procesu.
09:25
How are you going to end up doing that?
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Kako ćete obaviti taj zadatak?
09:27
And so now we're in for some serious play.
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I tako našli smo se u ozbiljnoj igri.
09:30
That is, we have to seriously play God,
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A to je, moramo ozbiljno glumiti Boga,
09:32
not just change people's lives, but make the universe, right.
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ne samo mijenjati ljudske živote, nego stvoriti svemir, zar ne.
09:35
So if that's your responsibility, how are you going to do that?
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Onda, ako vam je tolika odgovornost, kako ćete to obaviti?
09:38
What's the kind of technique?
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Koja bi bila tehnika?
09:39
What's the kind of thing you're going to do?
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Na koji način biste to učinili?
09:41
So I'm going to show you the results of a very large-scale simulation
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No dobro, pokazat ću vam rezultate simulacije veoma velikih razmjera
09:45
of what we think the universe might be like, using, essentially,
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o tome što mislimo kako bi svemir mogao izgledati, koristeći u osnovi,
09:49
some of the play principles and some of the design principles that,
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neke principe igara, kao i neke principe stvaranja, koje
09:52
you know, humans have labored so hard to pick up,
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su načinili ljudi i koje je teško za naučiti,
09:55
but apparently nature knew how to do at the beginning.
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no očigledno priroda zna kako to obaviti od samog početka.
09:58
And that is, you start out with very simple ingredients
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Počinjete od veoma jednostavnih sastojaka
10:02
and some simple rules,
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i nekih jednostavnih pravila,
10:04
but you have to have enough ingredients to make it complicated.
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no morate imate dovoljno sastojaka da bi posao završili.
10:07
And then you put in some randomness,
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I onda dodate malo slučajnosti,
10:11
some fluctuations and some randomness,
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nešto nestalnosti i malo nasumičnosti,
10:13
and realize a whole bunch of different representations.
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i dobijete cijelu hrpu različitih izgleda.
10:16
So what I'm going to do is show you
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Ono što ću učiniti je pokazati vam
10:18
the distribution of matter as a function of scales.
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raspodjelu tvari kao funkciju veličina.
10:20
We're going to zoom in, but this is a plot of what it is.
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Uvećat ćemo, no ovo je samo nacrt onoga što jest.
10:23
And we had to add one more thing to make the universe come out right.
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I još moramo dodati jednu stvar da bi svemir ispao kako treba.
10:27
It's called dark matter.
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To je takozvana tamna tvar.
10:29
That is matter that doesn't interact with light
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To je tvar koja nema međuodnos sa svjetlošću
10:30
the typical way that ordinary matter does,
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što je tipično za običnu tvar,
10:32
the way the light's shining on me or on the stage.
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način na koji svjetlost sija na meni ili na pozornic.
10:35
It's transparent to light, but in order for you to see it,
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Ona je prozirna za svjetlost, no kako biste je vi mogli vidjeti,
10:37
we're going to make it white. OK?
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učinit ćemo je bijelom.
10:39
So the stuff that's in this picture that's white, that is the dark matter.
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Znači, materijal koji je na ovoj slici bijel, je tamna tvar.
10:42
It should be called invisible matter,
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Trebala bi se zvati nevidljiva tvar,
10:44
but the dark matter we've made visible.
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ali mi smo tamnu tvar učinili vidljivom.
10:46
And the stuff that is in the yellow color,
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Tvar koja je ovdje žute boje,
10:49
that is the ordinary kind of matter that's turned into stars and galaxies.
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je obična vrsta tvari koja se pretvorila u zvijezde i galaksije.
10:53
So I'll show you the next movie.
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Onda, pokazat ću vam sljedeći film.
10:55
So this -- we're going to zoom in.
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Znači ovo -- uvećat ćemo.
10:58
Notice this pattern and pay attention to this pattern.
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Uočite ovaj uzorak i obratite pozornost na ovaj uzorak.
11:00
We're going to zoom in and zoom in.
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Uvećat ćemo ga još, i još.
11:04
And you'll see there are all these filaments and structures and voids.
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I vidite da su tu sva ta fina vlakna i strukture i praznine.
11:08
And when a number of filaments come together in a knot,
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I kada se određen broj vlakana sakupi u grupicu,
11:11
that makes a supercluster of galaxies.
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one sačinjavaju super grozd galaksija.
11:13
This one we're zooming in on
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Ovaj kojega upravo zoomiramo
11:15
is somewhere between 100,000 and a million galaxies in that small region.
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je nešto između 100.000 i milijun galaksija u ovom malom području.
11:18
So we live in the boonies.
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Dakle živimo bogu za leđima.
11:19
We don't live in the center of the solar system,
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Ne živimo u središtu sunčeva sustava,
11:22
we don't live in the center of the galaxy
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ne živimo u središtu galaksije
11:23
and our galaxy's not in the center of the cluster.
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i naša galaksije nije središte grozda.
11:26
So we're zooming in.
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Dalje uvećavamo.
11:28
This is a region which probably has more than 100,000,
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Ovo je područje koje vjerojatno ima više od 100.000,
11:30
on the order of a million galaxies in that region.
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među milijun galaksija iz onog područja.
11:33
We're going to keep zooming in. OK.
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Nastavljamo uvećavati.
11:36
And so I forgot to tell you the scale.
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Zaboravio sam vam reći omjer.
11:38
A parsec is 3.26 light years.
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Jedan parsec je 3,26 svjetlosnih godina.
11:41
So a gigaparsec is three billion light years -- that's the scale.
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Znači jedan gigaparsec je tri milijarde svjetlosnih godina -- to vam je omjer.
11:44
So it takes light three billion years to travel over that distance.
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Dakle, svjetlosti treba tri milijarde godina da prođe tu razdaljinu.
11:47
Now we're into a distance sort of between here and here.
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Sada smo na udaljenosti negdje između ovdje i ovdje.
11:50
That's the distance between us and Andromeda, right?
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To je udaljenost između nas i Andromede, jasno?
11:53
These little specks that you're seeing in here, they're galaxies.
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Ove male mrljice koje vidite ovdje, to su galaksije.
11:58
Now we're going to zoom back out,
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Sada ćemo se vratiti natrag s uvećanjem,
12:02
and you can see this structure that,
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i možete vidjeti ovu strukturu, koja
12:05
when we get very far out, looks very regular,
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kada se udaljimo vrlo daleko, izgleda veoma obično,
12:07
but it's made up of a lot of irregular variations.
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no ona je sačinjena od mnogih neobičnih varijacija.
12:10
So they're simple building blocks.
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One su samo jednostavni građevni elementi.
12:12
There's a very simple fluid to begin with.
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Postoji vrlo jednostavna tekućina s kojom započinjemo.
12:14
It's got dark matter, it's got ordinary matter,
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Posjeduje tamnu tvar, običnu tvar,
12:18
it's got photons and it's got neutrinos,
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ima fotone i ima neutrine,
12:21
which don't play much role in the later part of the universe.
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koji ne igraju značajniju ulogu u kasnijoj fazi svemira.
12:24
And it's just a simple fluid and it, over time,
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I tu je jednostavna tekućina i ona, tijekom vremena
12:28
develops into this complicated structure.
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prerasta u složenu strukturu.
12:31
And so you know when you first saw this picture,
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I tako, znate kada ste prvi put vidjeli ovu sliku,
12:35
it didn't mean quite so much to you.
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ona vam nije značila tako puno.
12:37
Here you're looking across one percent of the volume of the visible universe
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Ovdje gledate u preko jedan posto obujma vidljivog svemira
12:42
and you're seeing billions of galaxies, right, and nodes,
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i vidite milijarde galaksija, i grozdova,
12:45
but you realize they're not even the main structure.
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no shvaćate da oni nisu čak niti glavna struktura.
12:47
There's a framework, which is the dark matter, the invisible matter,
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Tu je okvir, a njega čini tamna tvar, nevidljiva tvar,
12:50
that's out there that's actually holding it all together.
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koja je tamo kako bi, u stvari, sve skupa držala na okupu.
12:53
So let's fly through it, and you can see how much harder it is
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Onda hajde da proletimo kroz, i vidjet ćete koliko je teže
12:57
when you're in the middle of something to figure this out.
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shvatiti sve, kada se nalazite u središtu nečega.
12:59
So here's that same end result.
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Dakle, evo tog istog krajnjeg ishoda.
13:01
You see a filament,
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Vidite vlakna,
13:03
you see the light is the invisible matter,
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vidite svjetlost je nevidljiva tvar,
13:06
and the yellow is the stars or the galaxies showing up.
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i žuto su zvijezde ili galaksije koje se ukazuju.
13:10
And we're going to fly around, and we'll fly around,
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Malo ćemo letjeti uokolo, i dalje ćemo letjeti,
13:12
and you'll see occasionally a couple of filaments intersect,
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i povremeno vidite nekoliko presjeka vlakana,
13:15
and you get a large cluster of galaxies.
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i imate velika jata galaksija.
13:17
And then we'll fly in to where the very large cluster is,
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Zatim ćemo letjeti gdje je veoma veliki grozd,
13:20
and you can see what it looks like.
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i možete vidjeti kako on izgleda.
13:23
And so from inside, it doesn't look very complicated, right?
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Iznutra, ne izgleda veoma složeno, zar ne?
13:26
It's only when you look at it at a very large scale,
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Jedino je takav kada ga gledate sa velikim uvećanjem,
13:29
and explore it and so forth, you realize it's a very intricate,
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i istražujete ga, i tako dalje, shvatite da je veoma zamršen,
13:32
complicated kind of a design, right?
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složena vrsta dizajna, zar ne?
13:35
And it's grown up in some kind of way.
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I ono raste u neku vrstu ceste.
13:39
So the question is,
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I onda, pitanje je,
13:41
how hard would it be to assemble this, right?
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kako će to teško biti sastaviti, je li tako?
13:46
How big a contractor team would you need
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Koliko veliku građevinsku ekipu biste trebali
13:48
to put this universe together, right?
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da bi ovaj svemir sastavili, zar ne?
13:50
That's the issue, right?
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U tome je kvaka, jesam u pravu?
13:53
And so here we are.
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I tako, evo nas.
13:55
You see how the filament --
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Vidite kako vlakno --
13:57
you see how several filaments are coming together,
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vidite kako se nekoliko vlakana sastaju,
13:59
therefore making this supercluster of galaxies.
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da bi izgradili ove super grozdove galaksija.
14:03
And you have to understand, this is not how it would actually look
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I morate shvatiti, ovo nije kako to u stvari izgleda
14:06
if you -- first, you can't travel this fast,
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ako -- prije svega, ne možete putovati toliko brzo,
14:08
everything would be distorted,
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sve bi se izvitoperilo,
14:09
but this is using simple rendering and graphic arts kind of stuff.
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ali ovo je samo uporaba jednostavnog prikaza i vrsta grafičke umjetnosti.
14:15
This is how, if you took billions of years to go around,
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Ovo je kako, ako biste imali milijardu godina za obilazak,
14:18
it might look to you, right?
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moglo bi vam tako izgledati, jasno?
14:19
And if you could see invisible matter, too.
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I ako biste bili u stanju vidjeti nevidljivu tvar, također.
14:22
And so the idea is, you know, how would you put together the universe
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Znači, pitanje je kako biste sastavili svemir
14:28
in a very simple way?
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na veoma jednostavan način?
14:29
We're going to start and realize that the entire visible universe,
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Počet ćemo i ostvariti to tako da je cjelokupan vidljivi svemir,
14:34
everything we can see in every direction with the Hubble Space Telescope
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sve što vidimo u svim pravcima, sa Hubble-ovim Svemirskim Teleskopom
14:37
plus our other instruments,
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plus naši ostali uređaji,
14:38
was once in a region that was smaller than an atom.
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nekad bio područje manje od atoma.
14:43
It started with tiny quantum mechanical fluctuations,
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Započeo je sa maleckom količinom mehaničkog kolebanja,
14:45
but expanding at a tremendous rate.
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no šireći se nevjerojatnom stopom.
14:47
And those fluctuations
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I ta kolebanja
14:49
were stretched to astronomical sizes, and those fluctuations
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su se protegnula do astronomskih veličina, i ta kolebanja
14:52
eventually are the things we see in the cosmic microwave background.
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danas prepoznajemo u kozmičkom pozadinskom zračenju.
14:56
And then we needed some way to turn those fluctuations into galaxies
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I zatim trebamo način kako da pretvorimo ta kolebanja u galaksije
14:59
and clusters of galaxies and make these kinds of structures go on.
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i grozdove galaksija i učiniti da ovakve vrste struktura nastave i dalje.
15:02
So I'm going to show you a smaller simulation.
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Zato ću vam pokazati manju simulaciju.
15:04
This simulation was run on 1,000 processors for a month
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Ova simulacija je rađena na 1.000 procesora mjesec dana
15:08
in order to make just this simple visible one.
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s ciljem da se dobije ova jedna i jednostavna i vidljiva.
15:10
So I'm going to show you one
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Pokazat ću vam jednu
15:11
that can be run on a desktop in two days in the next picture.
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koja se može otvoriti na desktopu i traje dva dana, na sljedećoj slici.
15:15
So you start out with teeny fluctuations
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Znači počinjete sa malim kolebanjima
15:17
when the universe was at this point,
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kada je svimir bio u ovoj točki,
15:18
now four times smaller, and so forth.
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sada četiri puta umanjen, i tako dalje.
15:21
And you start seeing these networks, this cosmic web of structure forming.
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I počinjete vidjeti ove mreže, ovu kozmičku paučinu stvaranja strukture.
15:25
And this is a simple one, because it doesn't have the ordinary matter
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A ovo je jedna jednostavna, jer nema običnu tvar
15:28
and it just has the dark matter in it.
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nego samo ima tamnu tvar u sebi.
15:30
And you see how the dark matter lumps up,
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I vidite kako se tamna tvar grudva,
15:32
and the ordinary matter just trails along behind.
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a obična tvar se jednostavno vuče pored nje otraga.
15:35
So there it is.
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Evo je.
15:37
At the beginning it's very uniform.
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Na početku je veoma ujednačena.
15:39
The fluctuations are a part in 100,000.
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Kolebanja su jedan dio u 100.000.
15:41
There are a few peaks that are a part in 10,000,
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Ima i nekoliko vrhova koji su jedan dio u 10.000,
15:43
and then over billions of years, gravity just pulls in.
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i zatim nakon milijardu godina, gravitacija jednostavno uvlači.
15:48
This is light over density, pulls the material around in.
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Ovo je svjetlost nad gustoćom, uvlači okolne tvari.
15:51
That pulls in more material and pulls in more material.
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Što uvlači sve više i više tvari.
15:54
But the distances on the universe are so large
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No udaljenosti u svemiru su tako velike
15:56
and the time scales are so large that it takes a long time for this to form.
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i vremenska veličina je toliko velika da mu treba dugo vremena da ovo stvori.
16:00
And it keeps forming until the universe is roughly about half the size it is now,
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I nastavlja se oblikovati sve dok svemir ne dosegne oko polovinu današnje veličine,
16:06
in terms of its expansion.
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u smislu svoga širenja.
16:08
And at that point, the universe mysteriously starts accelerating
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I u toj točki, svemir misteriozno počinje ubrzavati
16:12
its expansion and cuts off the formation of larger-scale structure.
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svoje širenje i prekida stvaranje struktura velikih veličina.
16:15
So we're just seeing as large a scale structure as we can see,
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Znači vidimo toliko veliku strukturu koliku se može vidjeti,
16:18
and then only things that have started forming already
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i onda jedino stvari koje su se tek počele oblikovati
16:21
are going to form, and then from then on it's going to go on.
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će se oblikovati, i od tada pa nadalje to se nastavlja.
16:24
So we're able to do the simulation, but this is two days on a desktop.
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Dakle možemo načiniti simulaciju, no ona traje dva dana na desktopu.
16:30
We need, you know, 30 days on 1,000 processors
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Trebamo, znate već, 30 dana na 1.000 procesora
16:33
to do the kind of simulation that I showed you before.
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da bi pokazali simulaciju koju sam vam maloprije pokazao.
16:36
So we have an idea of how to play seriously, creating the universe
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I tako imamo ideju kako se ozbiljno igrati, stvarati svemir
16:42
by starting with essentially less than an eyedrop full of material,
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počinjući s osnovnom tvari manjom od kapljice za oči punoj tvari,
16:47
and we create everything we can see in any direction, right,
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i stvoriti sve vidljivo našem oku okolo nas gledajući u svim pravcima, točno?,
16:52
from almost nothing -- that is, something extremely tiny,
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iz skoro ničega -- to je nešto iznimno sićušno,
16:57
extremely small -- and it is almost perfect,
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izuzetno maleno -- i ono je skoro savršeno,
17:02
except it has these tiny fluctuations at a part in 100,000 level,
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izuzev što posjeduje ta malena kolebanja dijelova 1 od 100.000,
17:06
which turn out to produce the interesting patterns and designs we see,
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što završava stvaranjem zanimljivih uzoraka i dizajna koje vidimo,
17:09
that is, galaxies and stars and so forth.
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a to su galaksije i zvijezde i tako dalje.
17:12
So we have a model, and we can calculate it, and we can use it
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Imamo model, i možemo ga izračunati, i možemo ga koristiti
17:17
to make designs of what we think the universe really looks like.
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za stvaranje izgleda svemira za kojeg mislimo da stvarno tako izgleda .
17:20
And that design is sort of way beyond
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I taj izgled je na neki način drugačiji od onoga
17:23
what our original imagination ever was.
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kako smo zamišljali prvobitno da je izgledao.
17:25
So this is what we started with 15 years ago,
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S ovim smo počeli prije 15 godina,
17:29
with the Cosmic Background Explorer -- made the map on the upper right,
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sa Istraživačem Pozadinskog Kozmičkog Zračenja -- načinjene su karte, gore desno,
17:33
which basically showed us that there were large-scale fluctuations,
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koje nam u osnovi prikazuju da su postojala kolebanja ogromnih razmjera,
17:37
and actually fluctuations on several scales. You can kind of see that.
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i u stvari kolebanja na nekoliko nivoa. Možete to i vidjeti.
17:40
Since then we've had WMAP,
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Od onda imamo WMAP,
17:42
which just gives us higher angular resolution.
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koji nam daje veću kutnu rezoluciju.
17:44
We see the same large-scale structure,
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Vidimo iste strukture velikih dimenzija,
17:45
but we see additional small-scale structure.
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no vidimo i dodatne strukture malih dimenzija.
17:48
And on the bottom right is if the satellite had flipped upside down
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I na dnu desno je kad se satelit prvrnuo naopačke
17:52
and mapped the Earth, what kind of a map we would have got of the Earth.
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i mapirao Zemlju, kakvu smo samo kartu Zemlje dobili.
17:55
You can see, well, you can, kind of pick out
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Možete vidjeti, mogu se prepoznati
17:57
all the major continents, but that's about it.
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glavni kontinenti, no to je to.
18:00
But what we're hoping when we get to Planck, we'll have resolution
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No ono što očekujemo kad smo dobili Plancka, imat ćemo rezoluciju
18:02
about equivalent to the resolution you see of the Earth there,
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skoro jednaku onoj kojom vidite Zemlju tamo,
18:06
where you can really see the complicated pattern that exists on the Earth.
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gdje uistinu možete vidjeti složene oblike koji postoje na Zemlji.
18:11
And you can also tell, because of the sharp edges
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Isto se može reći, zbog jasnih rubova
18:13
and the way things fit together, there are some non-linear processes.
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i načina kako sve pristaje jedno drugom, da postoje i neki nelinearni procesi.
18:17
Geology has these effects,
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Geologija ima takve učinke,
18:19
which is moving the plates around and so forth.
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a to su pomicanje ploča, i slično.
18:22
You can see that just from the map alone.
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To se može vidjeti iz same karte.
18:24
We want to get to the point in our maps of the early universe
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Želimo zaključiti u našim kartama ranog svemira
18:26
we can see whether there are any non-linear effects
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možemo li vidjeti ima li bilo kakvih nelinearnih učinaka
18:29
that are starting to move, to modify, and are giving us a hint about how
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koji su se počeli odvijati, mijenjati, i koji nam daju nagovještaj o tome kako
18:34
space-time itself was actually created at the beginning moments.
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je samo svemirsko vrijeme stvoreno u samim početnim trenucima.
18:36
So that's where we are today,
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Znači tu smo danas,
18:38
and that's what I wanted to give you
a flavor of.
a flavor of.
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i to je ono što sam vam htio pružiti da osjetite.
18:41
Give you a different view about what the design
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Dati vam različit pogled o tome kako izgleda
18:43
and what everything else looks like.
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i kako sve ostalo izgleda.
18:47
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
18:48
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
George Smoot - AstrophysicistAstrophysicist, cosmologist and Nobel Prize winner George Smoot studies the cosmic microwave background radiation -- the afterglow of the Big Bang. His pioneering research into deep space and time is uncovering the structure of the universe itself.
Why you should listen
George Smoot looks into the farthest reaches of space to the oldest objects in the known universe: fluctuations in the remnants of creation. Using data collected from satellites such as COBE and WMAP, scanning the cosmic microwave background radiation (a relic of the heat unleashed after the Big Bang), he probes the shape of the universe. In 1992 he and his Berkeley team discovered that the universe, once thought to be smooth and uniform at the largest scale, is actually anisotropic -- or varied and lumpy.
Smoot continues to investigate of the structure of the universe at the University of California at Berkeley, mapping billions of galaxies and filaments of dark matter in hope of uncovering the secrets of the universe's origins.
George Smoot | Speaker | TED.com