ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nalini Nadkarni - Tree researcher
Called "the queen of canopy research," Nalini Nadkarni explores the rich, vital world found in the tops of trees. She communicates what she finds to non-scientists -- with the help of poets, preachers and prisoners.

Why you should listen

Nalini Nadkarni has spent two decades climbing the trees of Costa Rica, Papua New Guinea, the Amazon and the Pacific Northwest, exploring the world of animals and plants that live in the canopy and never come down; and how this upper layer of the forest interacts with the world on the ground. A pioneering researcher in this area, Nadkarni created the Big Canopy Database to help researchers store and understand the rich trove of data she and others are uncovering.

Nadkarni teaches at Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington, but her work outside the academy is equally fascinating -- using nontraditional vectors to teach the general public about trees and the ecosystem. For instance, she recently collaborated with the dance troupe Capacitor to explore the process of growth through the medium of the human body. In another project, she worked with prison inmates to grow moss for the horticulture trade, to relieve the collecting pressure on wild mosses. The project inspired in her students a new reverence for nature -- and some larger ecochanges at the prison.

She's the author of Between Earth and Sky: Our Intimate Connections to Trees.

More profile about the speaker
Nalini Nadkarni | Speaker | TED.com
TED2009

Nalini Nadkarni: Conserving the canopy

Nalini Nadkarni論樹冠層保育

Filmed:
513,949 views

雨林樹冠層是生命力旺盛的生態環境,有豐富的植物、鳥類及猴類。 Nalini Nadkarni探索樹冠世界,透過舞蹈、藝術及獨特的夥伴關係,與樹冠之下的大眾分享他的新發現。
- Tree researcher
Called "the queen of canopy research," Nalini Nadkarni explores the rich, vital world found in the tops of trees. She communicates what she finds to non-scientists -- with the help of poets, preachers and prisoners. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:18
Trees are wonderful精彩 arenas競技場 for discovery發現
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樹林是極佳的探索競技場
00:22
because of their tall stature身材, their complex複雜 structure結構體,
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因為他們身影高聳、結構複雜
00:26
the biodiversity生物多樣性 they foster培育 and their quiet安靜 beauty美女.
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孕育多元生物,也有靜謐之美
00:30
I used to climb trees樹木 for fun開玩笑 all the time
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我以前常常為了好玩去爬樹
00:32
and now, as a grown-up長大, I have made製作 my profession職業 understanding理解 trees樹木
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但現在我長大了,我把了解樹木跟森林這件事
00:37
and forests森林, through通過 the medium of science科學.
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藉由科學轉化成我的職業
00:39
The most mysterious神秘 part部分 of forests森林 is the upper tree canopy華蓋.
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森林中最神秘的莫過於樹冠層
00:43
And Dr博士. Terry特里 Erwin歐文, in 1983,
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在1983年特裏·歐文博士
00:45
called the canopy華蓋, "the last biotic生物 frontier邊境."
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稱樹冠層為「最後的生物前線」
00:49
I'd like to take you all on a journey旅程 up to the forest森林 canopy華蓋,
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我想帶你一同探索森林的樹冠
00:52
and share分享 with you what canopy華蓋 researchers研究人員 are asking
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跟你分享樹冠研究員的疑問
00:55
and also how they're communicating通信 with other people outside of science科學.
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以及他們如何跟這門科學之外的人溝通
01:00
Let's start開始 our journey旅程 on the forest森林 floor地板
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讓旅程從森林落葉層開始吧
01:02
of one of my study研究 sites網站 in Costa哥斯達黎加 Rica哥斯達黎加.
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哥斯大黎加是我研究的地點之一
01:04
Because of the overhanging懸垂 leaves樹葉 and branches分支機構,
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因為那些延伸的樹葉跟枝幹
01:07
you'll你會 notice注意 that the understory林下 is very dark黑暗,
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你會發現下層非常的暗
01:10
it's very still.
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而且很靜謐
01:12
And what I'd like to do is take you up to the canopy華蓋,
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我想帶你們體驗冠層
01:14
not by putting all of you into ropes繩索 and harnesses吊帶,
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不是利用安全繩索把你們吊上去
01:17
but rather showing展示 you a very short clip
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而是分享一個短片
01:19
from a National國民 Geographic地理 film電影 called "Heroes英雄 of the High Frontier邊境."
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名為「雨林頂探險家」,由《國家地理》拍攝
01:23
This was filmed拍攝 in Monteverde蒙特韋爾德, Costa哥斯達黎加 Rica哥斯達黎加
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拍攝地點是哥斯大黎加的Monteverde
01:25
and I think it gives us the best最好 impression印象 of what it's like
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我覺得這最能說明
01:28
to climb a giant巨人 strangler扼殺 fig.
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爬上巨大的絞殺榕的感覺
01:31
(Music音樂)
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(音樂)
02:01
(Growling咆哮)
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(咆嘯聲)
02:04
(Rustling沙沙)
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(沙沙聲響)
02:15
So what you'll你會 see up there is that it's really like the atmosphere大氣層 of an open打開 field領域,
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你會看到,在這上頭的感受其實跟廣闊平原沒兩樣
02:19
and there are tremendous巨大 numbers數字 of plants植物 and animals動物 that have adapted適應
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這裡有大量的動植物已經適應進化
02:22
to make their way and their life in the canopy華蓋.
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然後在樹冠層找到一片天
02:24
Common共同 groups, like the sloth懶惰 here, have clear明確 adaptations改編
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常見的動物如樹懶,很明顯的已經適應樹冠層的生活
02:28
for forest森林 canopies, hanging on with their very strong強大 claws.
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以非常強壯的爪子懸吊著
02:31
But I'd like to describe描述 to you a more subtle微妙 kind of diversity多樣
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我想跟你描述的是更微妙的多樣性
02:34
and tell you about the ants螞蟻.
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我想跟你分享螞蟻
02:36
There are 10,000 species種類 of ants螞蟻 that taxonomists分類學家 --
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分類學家在這裡分出了10,000種類的螞蟻
02:39
people who describe描述 and name名稱 animals動物 -- have named命名.
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分類學家專們形容跟命名動物名稱
02:42
4,000 of those ants螞蟻 live生活 exclusively in the forest森林 canopy華蓋.
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這其中有4,000種螞蟻只活動於樹冠層
02:46
One of the reasons原因 I tell you about ants螞蟻
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我為什麼要跟你提螞蟻呢
02:49
is because of my husband丈夫, who is in fact事實 an ant螞蟻 taxonomist分類學家
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是因為我老公正是一名螞蟻分類學家
02:52
and when we got married已婚, he promised許諾 to name名稱 an ant螞蟻 after me, which哪一個 he did --
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我們結婚的時候 他答應我要以我的名字為一種螞蟻命名
02:56
ProcryptocerusProcryptocerus nalini娜莉妮, a canopy華蓋 ant螞蟻.
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他真的做到了 , Procryptocerus nalini 是一種樹冠螞蟻
02:58
We've我們已經 had two children孩子, August八月 Andrew安德魯 and Erika埃里卡
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我們的兩個孩子,August Andrew跟 Erika
03:01
and actually其實, he named命名 ants螞蟻 after them.
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也有螞蟻以他們的名字命名
03:03
So we may可能 be the only family家庭 that has an ant螞蟻 named命名 after each one of us.
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我們大概是唯一一家名字全都用來為螞蟻命名的家庭吧
03:07
But my passion -- in addition加成 to Jack插口 and my children孩子 --
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除了在杰克跟孩子們之外
03:11
are the plants植物, the so-called所謂 epiphytes附生植物,
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我的熱情全數投入植物世界中所謂的附生植物
03:13
those plants植物 that grow增長 up on trees樹木.
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這些是生長在樹木上的植物
03:16
They don't have roots that go into trunks樹幹 nor也不 to the forest森林 floor地板.
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他們沒有深入樹幹或是落葉層的根
03:20
But rather, it is their leaves樹葉 that are adapted適應
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反倒是他們的葉子進化來適應環境
03:22
to intercept截距 the dissolved溶解 nutrients營養成分 that come to them in the form形成 of mist薄霧 and fog多霧路段.
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擷取霧裡融於水氣中的養分
03:27
These plants植物 occur發生 in great diversity多樣,
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這些植物相當多元
03:30
over 28,000 species種類 around the world世界.
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全世界有超過28,000種類
03:32
They grow增長 in tropical熱帶 forests森林 like this one
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他們生長於熱帶雨林 像這一個
03:35
and they also grow增長 in temperate適度的 rainforests熱帶雨林, that we find in Washington華盛頓 state.
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他們也生長在溫帶雨林 如華盛頓州的
03:38
These epiphytes附生植物 are mainly主要 dominated佔主導地位 by the mosses苔蘚.
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苔蘚是附生植物的最大宗
03:41
One thing I want to point out is that underneath these live生活 epiphytes附生植物,
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我要強調的是在這些附生植物的下層
03:45
as they die and decompose分解, they actually其實 construct構造 an arboreal樹棲 soil,
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在它們死亡跟分解的同時,它們同時也製造樹上的土壤
03:49
both in the temperate適度的 zone and in the tropics熱帶.
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在溫帶及熱帶地區都一樣
03:52
And these mosses苔蘚, generated產生 by decomposing分解,
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而這些苔蘚大多藉由分解苔蘚而生
03:56
are like peat泥炭 moss苔蘚 in your garden花園.
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就跟你院子裡的泥炭蘚一樣
03:58
They have a tremendous巨大 capacity容量 for holding保持 on to nutrients營養成分 and water.
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它們吸收養分及水分的能力非常強
04:01
One of the surprising奇怪 things I discovered發現
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讓我最驚奇的是
04:04
is that, if you pull back with me on those mats of epiphytes附生植物,
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當你把這像毯子一樣的附生植物拉起來的時候
04:07
what you'll你會 find underneath them are connections連接, networks網絡
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你會發現下層佈滿連結、網絡
04:11
of what we call canopy華蓋 roots.
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就是我們所謂的樹冠根系
04:13
These are not epiphyte附生植物 roots:
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這些不是著生根系
04:15
these are roots that emerge出現 from the trunk樹幹 and branch of the host主辦 trees樹木 themselves他們自己.
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這些是從寄主樹木本體生出的
04:18
And so those epiphytes附生植物 are actually其實 paying付款 the landlord房東 a bit of rent出租
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所以這些附生植物其實在繳房租給房東
04:22
in exchange交換 for being存在 supported支持的 high above以上 the forest森林 floor地板.
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以換取在更高的生存空間
04:26
I was interested有興趣, and my canopy華蓋 researcher研究員 colleagues同事 have been interested有興趣
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我跟我的研究員同事們都很感興趣的是
04:29
in the dynamics動力學 of the canopy華蓋 plants植物 that live生活 in the forest森林.
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森林中樹冠植物的動態
04:32
We've我們已經 doneDONE stripping剝離 experiments實驗
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我們做了剝解的實驗
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where we've我們已經 removed去除 mats of epiphytes附生植物
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我們移除幾片毯狀的附生植物©
04:36
and looked看著 at the rates利率 of recolonization再移植.
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研究她們復原的速度
04:38
We had predicted預料到的 that they would grow增長 back very quickly很快
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我們預測復原的速度很快
04:41
and that they would come in encroaching攻城掠地 from the side.
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而且會從邊緣重新侵占
04:43
What we found發現, however然而, was that they took an extremely非常 long time --
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但我們發現復原期其實相當久
04:47
over 20 years年份 -- to regenerate再生,
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超過20年
04:49
starting開始 from the bottom底部 and growing生長 up.
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它們從下往上生長
04:51
And even now, after 25 years年份,
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到現在,已經過了25年
04:53
they're not up there, they have not recolonizedrecolonized completely全然.
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它們還沒長到最上層,還沒完全復原
04:56
And I use this little image圖片 to say
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我以這小圖像做說明
04:59
this is what happens發生 to mosses苔蘚.
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苔蘚的狀況是這樣的
05:01
If it's gone走了, it's gone走了,
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一旦被移除,它就消失了
05:03
and if you're really lucky幸運 you might威力 get something growing生長 back from the bottom底部.
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幸運的話,可能有些東西會從下層開始長回去
05:05
(Laughter笑聲)
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笑聲
05:06
So, recolonization再移植 is really very slow.
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所以復原期非常緩慢
05:09
These canopy華蓋 communities社區 are fragile脆弱.
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這些樹冠生態是脆弱的
05:12
Well, when we look out, you and I, over that canopy華蓋
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現在我們來看看那一邊的樹冠
05:15
of the intact完整 primary forest森林,
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在這片完整的原始森林
05:17
what we see is this enormous巨大 carpet地毯 of carbon.
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我們看到超大面積的碳
05:21
One of the challenges挑戰 that canopy華蓋 researchers研究人員 are attacking進攻 today今天
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樹冠研究員現今面臨的挑戰之一
05:24
is trying to understand理解 the amount of carbon that is being存在 sequestered隔離.
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就是查出被隔離的碳的數量
05:28
We know it's a lot,
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我們知道很大量
05:30
but we do not yet然而 know the answers答案 to how much,
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但是我們不知道到底有多少
05:32
and by what processes流程, carbon is being存在 taken採取 out of the atmosphere大氣層,
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也不知道是什麼過程
05:36
held保持 in its biomass生物質, and moving移動 on through通過 the ecosystem生態系統.
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讓大氣從生物質裡移除碳,在生態中流動
05:41
So I hope希望 I've showed顯示 you that canopy-dwellers樹冠居民
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我們來看看樹冠層的居民
05:43
are not just insignificant微不足道 bits of green綠色 up high in the canopy華蓋
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不只是高掛在樹冠上不起眼的綠色物體
05:46
that Tarzan泰山 and Jane were interested有興趣 in,
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讓泰山跟珍著迷不已的東西
05:48
but rather that they foster培育 biodiversity生物多樣性
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而是它們在促進生物多樣性
05:51
contribute有助於 to ecosystem生態系統 nutrient養分 cycles週期,
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在生態系統的養分循環中的貢獻
05:53
and they also help to keep our global全球 climate氣候 stable穩定.
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它們也幫助穩定地球氣候
05:58
Up in the canopy華蓋, if you were sitting坐在 next下一個 to me
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在樹冠上,如果你坐在我旁邊
06:01
and you turned轉身 around from those primary forest森林 ecosystems生態系統,
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如果你看看周遭的原始森林的生態系統
06:04
you would also see scenes場景 like this.
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你會看到這種景象
06:06
Scenes場景 of forest森林 destruction毀壞, forest森林 harvesting收穫
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森林採伐及毀壞
06:08
and forest森林 fragmentation碎片,
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以及林地的分割
06:10
thereby從而 making製造 that intact完整 tapestry掛毯 of the canopy華蓋
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造成樹冠層的完整毯狀
06:13
unable無法 to function功能 in the marvelous奇妙 ways方法 that it has
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無法如尚未遭人類破壞時
06:16
when it is not disturbed不安 by humans人類.
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發揮良好的功能
06:18
I've also looked看著 out on urban城市的 places地方 like this
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我也研究了像這種的都市地區
06:21
and thought about people who are disassociated解除關聯 from trees樹木 in their lives生活.
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思考人類如何將樹木從生活互動中抹去
06:24
People who grew成長 up in a place地點 like this
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人們在這種環境中生長
06:26
did not have the opportunity機會 to climb trees樹木 and form形成 a relationship關係 with trees樹木
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沒有爬樹的機會,無法跟樹木還有森林建立關係
06:30
and forests森林, as I did when I was a young年輕 girl女孩.
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當我還是少女的時候
06:33
This troubles麻煩 me.
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這很困擾我
06:35
Here in 2009, you know, it's not an easy簡單 thing to be a forest森林 ecologist生態學家,
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你也知道在現今2009年,要成為森林的生態學家很困難
06:40
gripping ourselves我們自己 with these kinds of questions問題
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埋首於這類問題之中
06:43
and trying to figure數字 out how we can answer回答 them.
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試圖尋找答案
06:46
And especially特別, you know, as a small brown棕色 woman女人
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你知道尤其是矮小的褐色女人
06:49
in a little college學院, in the upper northwest西北 part部分 of our country國家,
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在我們國家西北部的小學院
06:52
far away from the areas of power功率 and money,
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遠離金錢跟權利的地方
06:55
I really have to ask myself, "What can I do about this?
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我真的得問問自己「我就竟能做些什麼?」
06:58
How can I reconnect重新連接 people with trees樹木?"
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「我該如何讓人根樹木連結?」
07:01
Well, I think that I can do something.
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我真的覺得我可以做些什麼
07:04
I know that as a scientist科學家, I have information信息
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我知道身為一個科學家,我有資訊
07:07
and as a human人的 being存在, I can communicate通信 with anybody任何人,
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身為一個人,我有跟任何人溝通的本領
07:11
inside or outside of academia學術界.
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學術圈內或外的領域都可以
07:13
And so, that's what I've begin開始 doing,
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所以這就是我埋首在做的事情
07:15
and so I'd like to unveil揭開 the International國際 Canopy華蓋 Network網絡 here.
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我要揭開國際樹冠層網絡的謎底
07:19
We consult請教 to the media媒體 about canopy華蓋 questions問題;
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我們跟媒體說明樹冠的問題
07:22
we have a canopy華蓋 newsletter通訊;
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我們有樹冠層的刊物
07:24
we have an email電子郵件 LISTSERVLISTSERV.
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還有通訊錄
07:26
And so we're trying to disseminate傳播 information信息 about the importance重要性 of the canopy華蓋,
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我們嘗試宣導樹冠層的重要性
07:29
the beauty美女 of the canopy華蓋,
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以及樹冠層的美
07:30
the necessity必要性 of intact完整 canopies,
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還有完整樹冠層的必要性
07:32
to people outside of academia學術界.
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讓學術圈之外的人了解
07:35
We also recognize認識 that a lot of the products製品 that we make --
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我們也發現我們製做的很多產品
07:39
those videos視頻 and so forth向前 --
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像是這些影片跟其他的
07:41
you know, they don't reach達到 everybody每個人,
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無法廣泛流傳
07:44
and so we've我們已經 been fostering培育 projects項目 that reach達到 people outside of academia學術界,
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因此我們構思活動跟學術圈外的民眾
07:48
and outside of the choir唱詩班 that most ecologists生態學家 preach傳道 to.
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還有學術圈較常接觸的團體之外的人做互動
07:51
Treetop樹冠 Barbie芭比 is a great example of that.
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樹梢芭比是個很好的例子
07:54
What we do, my students學生們 in my lab實驗室 and I,
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我跟我實驗室的學生
07:56
is we buy購買 Barbies芭比娃娃 from Goodwill善意 and Value Village,
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從Goodwill and Value Village 買回芭比
07:58
we dress連衣裙 her in clothes衣服 that have been made製作 by seamstresses裁縫
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我們幫她穿上裁縫師做的衣服
08:02
and we send發送 her out with a canopy華蓋 handbook手冊.
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然後把她附上一本樹冠手冊後一起寄出
08:05
And my feeling感覺 is --
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我覺得
08:06
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
08:07
Thank you.
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謝謝
08:08
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
08:11
-- that we've我們已經 taken採取 this pop流行的 icon圖標 and we have just tweaked扭捏 her a little bit
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我們在這流行文化的指標物做了一點手腳
08:14
to become成為 an ambassador大使 who can carry攜帶 the message信息
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讓它成為訊息傳達的大使
08:17
that being存在 a woman女人 scientist科學家 studying研究 treetops樹梢 is actually其實 a really great thing.
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讓大家知道女科學家研究樹冠層是很棒的一件事
08:21
We've我們已經 also made製作 partnerships夥伴關係 with artists藝術家,
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我們也跟藝術家合作
08:24
with people who understand理解 and can communicate通信 the aesthetic審美 beauty美女
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跟認同我們而且能以美學傳達
08:27
of trees樹木 and forest森林 canopies.
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森林跟樹冠層之美的人合作
08:29
And I'd like to just tell you one of our projects項目,
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我還想跟你們分享一個計畫
08:31
which哪一個 is the generation of Canopy華蓋 Confluences匯流.
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那就是樹冠匯流世代
08:33
What I do is I bring帶來 together一起 scientists科學家們 and artists藝術家 of all kinds,
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我集合了科學家跟各類的藝術家
08:37
and we spend a week in the forest森林 on these little platforms平台;
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我們花一週的時間在森林裡的平台上
08:39
and we look at nature性質, we look at trees樹木, we look at the canopy華蓋,
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觀察大自然、樹木還有樹冠層
08:42
and we communicate通信, and exchange交換, and express表現 what we see together一起.
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我們溝通、分享、表達我們的觀察
08:47
The results結果 have been fantastic奇妙.
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這活動的結果很精彩
08:49
I'll just give you a few少數 examples例子.
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我讓你們看幾個範例
08:51
This is a fantastic奇妙 installation安裝 by Bruce布魯斯 Chao
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這奇妙的裝置是Bruce Chao的作品
08:53
who is chair椅子 of the Sculpture雕塑 and Glass玻璃 Blowing Department
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他是羅德島設計學院的
08:56
at Rhode羅德島 Island School學校 of Design設計.
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雕塑和玻璃吹制部的院長
08:58
He saw nests in the canopy華蓋 at one of our Canopy華蓋 Confluences匯流
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他在樹冠上看到鳥巢
09:01
in the Pacific和平的 Northwest西北, and created創建 this beautiful美麗 sculpture雕塑.
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在太平洋西北部的樹冠匯流之中,然後創造了這美麗的雕塑
09:05
We've我們已經 had dance舞蹈 people up in the canopy華蓋.
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我們還帶了舞蹈家上樹冠
09:07
Jodi喬迪 LomaskLomask中, and her wonderful精彩 troupe劇團 Capacitor電容器,
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Jodi Lomask以及他優秀的Capacitor劇團
09:11
joined加盟 me in the canopy華蓋 in my rainforest雨林 site現場 in Costa哥斯達黎加 Rica哥斯達黎加.
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跟我一起去了我在哥斯大黎加的研究點
09:14
They made製作 a fabulous極好 dance舞蹈 called "Biome生物群落."
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他們創造一支精彩的舞叫做「Biome」
09:17
They danced跳舞 in the forest森林,
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他們在森林裡起舞
09:19
and we are taking服用 this dance舞蹈, my scientific科學 outreach推廣 communications通訊,
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我們要拿這支舞接觸科學界之外的社群
09:25
and also linking鏈接 up with environmental環境的 groups,
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並且串連不同的環境團體
09:27
to go to different不同 cities城市 and to perform演出
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到各地演出
09:29
the science科學, the dance舞蹈 and the environmental環境的 outreach推廣
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這是科學、舞蹈跟環境的延伸
09:32
that we hope希望 will make a difference區別.
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我們希望能掀起一片漣洟
09:34
We brought musicians音樂家 to the canopy華蓋,
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我們把音樂家帶到了樹冠層
09:36
and they made製作 their music音樂 -- and it's fantastic奇妙 music音樂.
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讓她們在那裡演奏,非常美妙
09:39
We had wooden flutists長笛演奏家, we had oboists雙簧管樂手,
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我們有木製長笛家跟雙簧管家
09:41
we had opera歌劇 singers歌手, we had guitar吉他 players玩家,
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還有聲樂家跟吉他手
09:43
and we had rap敲擊 singers歌手.
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也有饒舌歌手
09:45
And I brought a little segment分割 to give you
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我準備了一小段跟你們分享
09:47
of Duke公爵 Brady's布雷迪的 "Canopy華蓋 Rap敲擊."
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Duke Brady的 「樹冠饒舌」
10:04
(Music音樂) That's Duke公爵!
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這就是Duke!
10:06
(Applause掌聲)
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掌聲
10:10
This experience經驗 of working加工 with Duke公爵
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跟Duke的工作經驗
10:12
also led me to initiate發起 a program程序 called Sound聲音 Science科學.
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開啟我的另一個計畫叫做聲音科學
10:15
I saw the power功率 of Duke's杜克大學的 song歌曲 with urban城市的 youth青年 --
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我見識到Duke的歌曲在都會年輕人裡的力量
10:18
an audience聽眾, you know, I as a middle-aged中年 professor教授,
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一群聽眾 你知道我是ㄧ個中年的教授
10:20
I don't have a hope希望 of getting得到 to --
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要我打入他們宣導
10:22
in terms條款 of convincing使人信服 them of the importance重要性 of wildlands荒地.
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野地的重要性是毫無希望的
10:25
So I engaged訂婚 Caution警告, this rap敲擊 singer歌手,
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所以我找了Caution,這個饒舌歌手
10:27
with a group of young年輕 people from inner-city內城 Tacoma塔科馬.
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跟一群來自塔科馬市中心的年輕人
10:30
We went out to the forest森林, I would pick up a branch,
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他們進入森林,然後我撿起一支樹枝
10:32
Caution警告 would rap敲擊 on it,
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Caution就會來一段關於那支樹枝的饒舌曲
10:34
and suddenly突然 that branch was really cool.
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頓時那隻樹枝就變得很酷
10:36
And then the students學生們 would come into our sound聲音 studios工作室,
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然後學生就來我們的錄音室
10:38
they would make their own擁有 rap敲擊 songs歌曲 with their own擁有 beats節拍.
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以自己的節奏創作饒舌歌
10:41
They ended結束 up making製造 a CD光盤
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最後集結成CD
10:43
which哪一個 they took home to their family家庭 and friends朋友,
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拿回家跟朋友還有家人分享
10:45
thereby從而 expressing表達 their own擁有 experiences經驗 with nature性質
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他們跟大自然的互動經驗
10:48
in their own擁有 medium.
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以他們自己的表達方式
10:51
The final最後 project項目 I'll talk about is one that's very close to my heart,
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我要談論的最後一個計畫是我最關切的
10:55
and it involves涉及 an economic經濟 and social社會 value
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它是附生植物跟
10:57
that is associated相關 with epiphytic附生植物的 plants植物.
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經濟和社會的價值
11:00
In the Pacific和平的 Northwest西北,
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在西北太平洋
11:02
there's a whole整個 industry行業 of moss-harvesting苔蘚收穫
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這裡有一個苔蘚採伐的產業
11:05
from old-growth古老的 forests森林.
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從古老森林採伐
11:07
These mosses苔蘚 are taken採取 from the forest森林;
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這些苔蘚從古老森林採出後
11:09
they're used by the floriculture花卉 industry行業, by florists花店,
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應用在花藝產業
11:12
to make arrangements安排 and make hanging baskets.
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花藝家利用他們做吊籃及插花
11:14
It's a 265 million百萬 dollar美元 industry行業
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這是ㄧ個2.65億美元的產業
11:17
and it's increasing增加 rapidly急速.
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而且成長迅速
11:20
If you remember記得 that bald禿 guy,
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如果你還記得那個禿頭的傢伙
11:22
you'll你會 know that what has been stripped剝離 off of these trunks樹幹
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你就知道在西北太平洋古老森林裡
11:24
in the Pacific和平的 Northwest西北 old-growth古老的 forest森林
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這些苔蘚被剝光的樹幹
11:27
is going to take decades幾十年 and decades幾十年 to come back.
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需要多少年才能復原
11:30
So this whole整個 industry行業 is unsustainable不可持續的.
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這樣的產業不是永續性的
11:34
What can I, as an ecologist生態學家, do about that?
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那身為生態學家的我又能做些什麼呢?
11:37
Well, my thought was that I could learn學習 how to grow增長 mosses苔蘚,
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我想或許我能研究如何種植苔蘚
11:40
and that way we wouldn't不會 have to take them out of the wild野生.
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這樣一來就能讓古老森林免於採伐
11:43
And I thought, if I had some partners夥伴 that could help me with this,
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如果有人能跟我合作的話
11:46
that would be great.
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應該很不錯
11:48
And so, I thought perhaps也許 incarcerated嵌頓 men男人 and women婦女 --
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所以我想到了監禁中的男人跟女人
11:50
who don't have access訪問 to nature性質,
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他們沒有機會接觸大自然
11:52
who often經常 have a lot of time, they often經常 have space空間,
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確有很多時間,通常也有很多空間
11:56
and you don't need any sharp尖銳 tools工具 to work with mosses苔蘚 --
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苔蘚栽種的工作工具沒有尖銳物品
11:58
would be great partners夥伴.
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他們會是很好的合作夥伴
12:00
And they have become成為 excellent優秀 partners夥伴.
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而他們的確是完美的夥伴
12:02
The best最好 I can imagine想像.
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比我想像中的還好
12:05
They were very enthusiastic熱情.
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因為他們非常的積極
12:07
(Applause掌聲)
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掌聲
12:12
They were incredibly令人難以置信 enthusiastic熱情 about the work.
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他們工作的很起勁
12:15
They learned學到了 how to distinguish區分 different不同 species種類 of mosses苔蘚,
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學會分辨各類的苔蘚
12:17
which哪一個, to tell you the truth真相,
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坦白說
12:19
is a lot more than my undergraduate大學本科 students學生們 at the Evergreen常綠 College學院 can do.
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比我在Evergreen College的教的大學生知道的還多
12:22
And they embraced擁抱 the idea理念 that they could help develop發展 a research研究 design設計
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他們熱衷參與能夠培養苔蘚的
12:27
in order訂購 to grow增長 these mosses苔蘚.
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研究設計
12:29
We've我們已經 been successful成功 as partners夥伴
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我們是很成功的合作夥伴
12:31
in figuring盤算 out which哪一個 species種類 grow增長 the fastest最快的,
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特別是在找出生長速度最快的品種的合作上
12:33
and I've just been overwhelmed不堪重負 with how successful成功 this has been.
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我們的成功讓我受寵若驚
12:36
Because the prison監獄 wardens協管員 were very enthusiastic熱情 about this as well,
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因為就連獄警也非常熱心
12:41
I started開始 a Science科學 and Sustainability可持續發展 Seminar研討會 in the prisons監獄.
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所以我在監獄裡開設了科學與永續的講座
12:45
I brought my scientific科學 colleagues同事 and sustainability可持續性 practitioners從業者 into the prison監獄.
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我把科學研究的同事還有永續經營的力行者帶到監獄裡
12:50
We gave talks會談 once一旦 a month,
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每個月一次舉辦講座
12:52
and that actually其實 ended結束 up implementing實施
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藉由講座在監獄裡落實一些
12:54
some amazing驚人 sustainability可持續性 projects項目 at the prisons監獄 --
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非常好的永續計畫
12:57
organic有機 gardens花園, worm culture文化, recycling回收,
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有機菜園、蟲培育、環保
13:00
water catchment集水 and beekeeping養蜂業. (Applause掌聲)
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集水工法跟養蜂
13:02
Our latest最新 endeavor努力,
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我們最新的發展有經費贊助
13:05
with a grant發放
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掌聲
13:07
from the Department of Corrections更正 at Washington華盛頓 state,
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由華盛頓州的校正部門提撥的經費
13:10
they've他們已經 asked us to expand擴大 this program程序 to three more prisons監獄.
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邀請我們擴大推行這個計畫到更多的監獄
13:14
And our new project項目 is having the inmates囚犯 and ourselves我們自己
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我們的新計畫不僅有我們更有受刑人的參與
13:16
learn學習 how to raise提高 the Oregon俄勒岡 spotted frog青蛙
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學習養殖俄勒岡州的斑點青蛙
13:19
which哪一個 is a highly高度 endangered瀕危 amphibian兩棲動物 in Washington華盛頓 state and Oregon俄勒岡.
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這是華盛頓州跟俄勒岡州的高度瀕危兩棲動物
13:22
So they will raise提高 them -- in captivity囚禁, of course課程 --
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他們會進行人工養殖作業
13:25
from eggs to tadpoles蝌蚪 and onward向前 to frogs青蛙.
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從卵到蝌蚪一直到青蛙
13:29
And they will have the pleasure樂趣, many許多 of them,
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他們會有許多樂趣的
13:34
of seeing眼看 those frogs青蛙 that they've他們已經 raised上調 from eggs and helped幫助 develop發展,
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很多人會看到這些青蛙的成長
13:37
helped幫助 nurture培育, move移動 out into protected保護 wildlands荒地
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明白自己參與的復育計畫,保護野地♫
13:40
to augment增加 the number of endangered瀕危 species種類 out there in the wild野生.
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讓瀕臨絕種的物種增加數量並回歸自然
13:45
And so, I think for many許多 reasons原因 --
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基於很多理由
13:47
ecological生態, social社會, economic經濟 and perhaps也許 even spiritual精神 --
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生態的、社會的、經濟的甚至性靈的層面
13:50
this has been a tremendous巨大 project項目
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都涵蓋在這龐大計畫的範圍裡
13:52
and I'm really looking forward前鋒 to
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我真的非常期待
13:54
not only myself and my students學生們 doing it,
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不只是我跟我的學生參與
13:57
but also to promote促進 and teach other scientists科學家們 how to do this.
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而是推廣並教導更多科學家如何推廣
14:01
As many許多 of you are aware知道的, the world世界 of academia學術界 is a rather inward-looking內向型 one.
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如同你們許多人所知,學術界是很封閉的
14:05
I'm trying to help researchers研究人員 move移動 more outward向外
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我希望幫助研究人員走出來
14:09
to have their own擁有 partnerships夥伴關係
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拓展自己的合作關係
14:11
with people outside of the academic學術的 community社區.
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跟學術界之外的社群
14:14
And so I'm hoping希望 that my husband丈夫 Jack插口, the ant螞蟻 taxonomist分類學家,
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我也希望杰克,我的先生,螞蟻分類學家
14:17
can perhaps也許 work with Mattel美泰 to make Taxonomist分類學家 Ken.
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能開始跟Mattel發起螞蟻分類學的Ken
14:20
Perhaps也許 Ben Zander桑德爾 and Bill法案 Gates蓋茨 could get together一起
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或是班傑明‧詹德跟比爾‧蓋茲能攜手
14:26
and make an opera歌劇 about AIDS艾滋病.
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製作關於愛滋病的歌劇
14:28
Or perhaps也許 Al Gore血塊 and Naturally自然 7 could make a song歌曲 about climate氣候 change更改
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或是高爾跟Naturally 7能一起創作關於氣候變遷的歌曲
14:33
that would really make you clap your hands.
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那真的會讓你們掌聲不斷
14:36
So, although雖然 it's a little bit of a fantasy幻想, I think it's also a reality現實.
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這些只是點小幻想,面對現實的時候
14:39
Given特定 the duress脅迫 that we're feeling感覺 environmentally環保 in these times,
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我們感受到這段時期環境的脅迫
14:43
it is time for scientists科學家們 to reach達到 outward向外,
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這是科學家向外拓展的時期
14:45
and time for those outside of science科學 to reach達到 towards academia學術界 as well.
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也是外界參與科學及學術研究的時候
14:52
I started開始 my career事業 with trying to understand理解 the mysteries奧秘 of forests森林
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我的事業始於試圖了解森林的奧秘
14:57
with the tools工具 of science科學.
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科學是我的工具
14:59
By making製造 these partnerships夥伴關係 that I described描述 to you,
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經由我形容的夥伴合作關係
15:02
I have really opened打開 my mind心神 and, I have to say, my heart
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我真的大開眼界
15:06
to have a greater更大 understanding理解,
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打開心房更想了解
15:08
to make other discoveries發現 about nature性質 and myself.
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更想發現更多關於自然以及我自己
15:12
When I look into my heart, I see trees樹木 --
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當我凝視我的內心,我看到樹木
15:15
this is actually其實 an image圖片 of a real真實 heart --
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它的形體就像一顆真正的心
15:17
there are trees樹木 in our hearts心中,
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存在我們心中
15:19
there are trees樹木 in your hearts心中.
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這些樹都在我們的心中
15:21
When we come to understand理解 nature性質,
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當我們了解大自然
15:23
we are touching接觸 the most deep, the most important重要 parts部分 of our self.
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我們會觸碰到最深最重要的自我
15:28
In these partnerships夥伴關係, I have also learned學到了
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我在這些合作關係中學到
15:31
that people tend趨向 to compartmentalize劃分 themselves他們自己
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人總是愛畫框框侷限自己
15:34
into IT people, and movie電影 star people, and scientists科學家們,
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成為IT人、電影人、科學家
15:38
but when we share分享 nature性質,
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但是當我們分享大自然
15:40
when we share分享 our perspectives觀點 about nature性質,
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當我們分享我們對自然的觀點
15:43
we find a common共同 denominator分母.
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我們會找到共同點
15:46
Finally最後, as a scientist科學家 and as a person
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最後以科學家跟人類的身分
15:50
and now, as part部分 of the TEDTED community社區,
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在這個當下,身為TED社團團員之一
15:54
I feel that I have better tools工具
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我覺得我有更好的工具
15:57
to go out to trees樹木, to go out to forests森林, to go out to nature性質,
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接觸樹木,擁抱森林跟大自然
16:01
to make new discoveries發現 about nature性質 --
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發現大自然的新面貌
16:04
and about humans'人類' place地點 in nature性質
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而關於人在自然裡的定位
16:06
wherever哪裡 we are and whomever任何人 you are.
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不論我們身在何處,不論我們的身分
16:10
Thank you very much.
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非常感謝你
16:12
(Applause掌聲)
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掌聲
Translated by Yi-Hsuan Huang
Reviewed by Shelley Krishna R. TSANG

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nalini Nadkarni - Tree researcher
Called "the queen of canopy research," Nalini Nadkarni explores the rich, vital world found in the tops of trees. She communicates what she finds to non-scientists -- with the help of poets, preachers and prisoners.

Why you should listen

Nalini Nadkarni has spent two decades climbing the trees of Costa Rica, Papua New Guinea, the Amazon and the Pacific Northwest, exploring the world of animals and plants that live in the canopy and never come down; and how this upper layer of the forest interacts with the world on the ground. A pioneering researcher in this area, Nadkarni created the Big Canopy Database to help researchers store and understand the rich trove of data she and others are uncovering.

Nadkarni teaches at Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington, but her work outside the academy is equally fascinating -- using nontraditional vectors to teach the general public about trees and the ecosystem. For instance, she recently collaborated with the dance troupe Capacitor to explore the process of growth through the medium of the human body. In another project, she worked with prison inmates to grow moss for the horticulture trade, to relieve the collecting pressure on wild mosses. The project inspired in her students a new reverence for nature -- and some larger ecochanges at the prison.

She's the author of Between Earth and Sky: Our Intimate Connections to Trees.

More profile about the speaker
Nalini Nadkarni | Speaker | TED.com