Anjali Tripathi: Why Earth may someday look like Mars
أنجالي تريباثي: لماذا قد تبدو الأرض مثل المريخ يومًا ما؟
Anjali Tripathi explores planets to uncover the processes that make and destroy them. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
at the stars at night,
is what you can't see,
تستطيع رؤيته.
or almost every star,
we tend to think of faraway things
إلى التفكير في أشياء بعيدة جداً
that are amazing about Earth
موجودة على (الأرض)
to find things that are like that.
موسّع لإيجاد أشياء تشبهها.
we're finding amazing things.
about an amazing thing here on Earth.
هنا على (الأرض).
and never coming back.
فهي لا تعود مرة أخرى.
من الأشياء الأخرى
as the Earth's atmosphere.
that form a thin blue line
تكوّن خطاً أزرقا رفيعاً
the International Space Station,
from too many impacts,
at least a little bit.
is not specific to planet Earth.
على كوكب (الأرض) فقط.
to be a planet, if you ask me,
من طبيعة أي كوكب،
but throughout the universe,
ولكن في كل أنحاء الكون،
about planets themselves.
عن الكواكب نفسها.
about the solar system,
there are eight planets, maybe nine.
كواكب وربما عشرة.
who are stressed by this picture,
هذه الصورة،
من أجلكم.
we're including Pluto.
ها نحن نُضَمّن كوكب (بلوتو).
and atmospheric escape,
around other stars that we can't see
التي تدور حول نجوم أخرى لا نراها
just stuck together
and have so much gravity.
ولها ثقل كبير للغاية.
is really at play here.
دوراً فعلياً هنا.
characteristic about planets
in the solar system are orbiting around.
المجموعة الشمسية.
atmospheric escape.
drive atmospheric escape from planets
الغلاف الجوي من الكواكب
particles and light and heat
والضوء والحرارة
إلى هروب الغلاف الجوي.
of lanterns in Thailand at a festival,
هذه في احتفال في (تايلند)،
can propel gasses upward.
يدفع الغازات للأعلى.
and only bound by gravity,
بفعل الجاذبية فقط،
causing atmospheric escape
هروب الغلاف الجوي
between heating from the star
of gravity on the planet.
a minute for hydrogen
الحيوي التابعة لناسا.
of escaping hydrogen looks like,
هروب (الهيدروجين)،
like oxygen and nitrogen
مثل (الأوكسجين) و(النتروجين)
that conclusively show us
tightly bound to us here on Earth
على الأرض فقط
reaching out far into space,
نحو الفضاء الخارجي،
in undergoing atmospheric escape.
لهروب الغلاف الجوي.
is much smaller than Earth,
مقارنةً بالأرض،
with which to hold on to its atmosphere.
من الإحتفاظ بغلافه الجوي.
than the Earth's.
that it didn't have an atmosphere
على أنه لم يكن له غلاف جوي
Mars used to have a wetter past,
كان أكثر رطوبة،
it broke up into hydrogen and oxygen,
إلى (هايدروجين) و(أوكسجين)،
it escaped into space,
هرب نحو الفضاء،
rusty red color that we see.
المألوف لدينا.
probably happened,
at Mars called the MAVEN satellite,
يدعى (مافين) موجود حالياً على سطح (المريخ)
is to study atmospheric escape.
and Volatile Evolution spacecraft.
والتطور السريع.
shown pictures very similar
صوراً شبيهةً جداً
was losing its atmosphere,
في طور فقدان غلافه الجوي،
you can see in the red circle
الدائرة الحمراء
escaping away from the planet.
ل(الهايدروجين) وهو يهرب من الكوكب.
the size of the planet,
حجم الكوكب،
no longer bound to that planet.
يعود لذلك الكوكب.
from that lost hydrogen.
الهايدروجين المفقود.
the only gas that's lost.
هو الغاز الوحيد المفقود.
and some oxygen and nitrogen,
(الأوكسجين) و(النيتروجين)،
at the oxygen being lost from Mars.
(الأوكسجين) من (المريخ).
that because oxygen is heavier,
(الأوكسجين) أكثر ثقلاً،
لنفس مدى (الهيدروجين)،
away from the planet.
into that red circle.
تلك الدائرة الحمراء.
atmospheric escape on our own planet
الجوي من كوكبنا فقط
and send spacecraft
آخر وإرسال سفينة فضاء
about the past of planets
can learn about the future
لاستشراف المستقبل
that we can't see.
لدرجة لا نستطيع رؤيتها.
before I go on to that,
photos like this of Pluto,
صورة (بلوتو) هذه،
is currently studying atmospheric escape
على دراسة هروب الغلاف الجوي
that I did want to talk about
that's not our Sun
or extrasolar planet.
المجموعة الشمسية.
at that star in the middle,
that are going past it all the time,
the light from the star
in the night sky
to detect over 5,000 planets
رصد ما يزيد عن 5 ألاف كوكب
many more out there, like I mentioned.
from these stars,
الصادر من هذه النجوم،
is not the planet itself,
a dimming of the light
decreases in front of the star,
في التقلص أمام النجم،
that you saw before.
in different wavelengths.
أطوال موجية مختلفة.
and Mars in ultraviolet light.
من خلال الأشعة فوق البنفسجية.
with the Hubble Space Telescope,
من خلال مقراب (هابل) الفضائي،
فوق البنفسجية،
much less light from the star,
وضوء أقل بكثير من النجم،
an extended atmosphere of hydrogen
موسع من (الهايدروجين)
more of the light that you see.
we've actually been able to discover
أصبح بمقدورنا اكتشاف
that are undergoing atmospheric escape.
لهروب الغلاف الجوي.
can be called hot Jupiters,
(المشتريات) الساخنة،
they're gas planets like Jupiter,
lightweight gas that's ready to escape,
على أهبة الاستعداد للهروب،
of atmospheric escape.
من حالات هروب الغلاف الجوي.
of hydrogen being lost on Earth,
تفقدها الأرض كل دقيقة،
pounds of hydrogen every minute.
كل دقيقة.
does this make the planet cease to exist?
هذا بوجود الكوكب؟
that people wondered
closer to the Sun are rocky,
ذات طبيعة صخرية،
are bigger and more gaseous.
وأكثرغازية.
with something like Jupiter
التي يحتوي عليها؟
with something like a hot Jupiter,
مثل (المشترى) الساخن،
with Mercury or the Earth.
ب(الزئبق) أو (الأرض).
would have gotten away
significantly impacted it
than what you started with.
عن ما بدأت به.
with us here on Earth?
is going to become very intense.
من (الشمس) شديدة جداً.
gas streaming off from a hot Jupiter,
يهرب من كوكب (المشترى)،
that is broken down,
into space more rapidly,
with this dry, reddish planet.
الجاف الأحمر.
مليارات من السنين،
for a few billion years,
to be aware of what's going on,
is happening as we speak.
في هذه الأثناء.
that you hear about happening in space
تسمعونها حول ما يحدث في الفضاء
to learn about these worlds.
عن هذه العوالم.
or exoplanets like hot Jupiters,
الخارجية مثل (المشترى) الساخن،
about our planet here on Earth.
كوكب (الأرض).
you think that space is far away.
عندما تفكرون في أن الفضاء بعيد جداً.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anjali Tripathi - AstrophysicistAnjali Tripathi explores planets to uncover the processes that make and destroy them.
Why you should listen
Even though Anjali Tripathi worked on NASA's Mars rovers in high school, the California native never expected to become an astronomer. Unlike the earthquakes she researched early on, astronomy seemed unconnected from daily life. As she has since discovered, exploring distant planets has a lot to do with life itself -- including the fate of the air we breathe. Using some of the most powerful telescopes and supercomputers, Tripathi studies how seemingly permanent planets change over time. She has pioneered the characterization of planet-forming environments and developed computer simulations to trace the 3D structure of planet atmospheres that are shrinking due to evaporation.
A natural teacher, Tripathi makes complex science concepts relevant and easy to understand. She believes that everyone can understand science -- even rocket science. She has partnered with the Smithsonian, Teach for America and others to increase scientific literacy and spread enthusiasm for the subject. Her engaging and humorous talks feature real world connections and unusual props, including a fully functioning Mars Pathfinder rover or full-size solar car.
Tripathi earned degrees in physics and astronomy from M.I.T., the University of Cambridge and Harvard University. Recognized as a promising American leader with a commitment to public service, Tripathi is a 2016-17 White House Fellow.
Anjali Tripathi | Speaker | TED.com