Anjali Tripathi: Why Earth may someday look like Mars
آنجالی تریپاتی: چگونه ممکن است زمین روزی مانند مریخ به نظر برسد
Anjali Tripathi explores planets to uncover the processes that make and destroy them. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
at the stars at night,
is what you can't see,
شگفتانگیزتر هستند،
or almost every star,
بهتون نشون نمیده
we tend to think of faraway things
فکر میکنیم چیزهای دورافتادهای هستن
that are amazing about Earth
دربارهی زمین وجود دارن
to find things that are like that.
تا مشابهش رو پیدا کنیم.
we're finding amazing things.
و داریم چیزهای شگفتانگیزی پیدا میکنیم.
about an amazing thing here on Earth.
روی زمین صحبت کنم.
and never coming back.
و دیگه بر نمیگردن.
as the Earth's atmosphere.
که ما به عنوان جو زمین میشناسیم.
that form a thin blue line
بهوجود آوردن که یه خط نازک آبی شکل میدن
the International Space Station,
دیده میشه.
from too many impacts,
at least a little bit.
حداقل یه ذره.
is not specific to planet Earth.
to be a planet, if you ask me,
بخشی از سیاره بودنه،
but throughout the universe,
نه فقط زمین بلکه در سراسر گیتی،
about planets themselves.
دربارهی خود سیارات بهمون میده.
about the solar system,
منظومهی شمسی میاندیشین،
there are eight planets, maybe nine.
اینجا هشت تا سیاره هستن، شایدم نه تا.
who are stressed by this picture,
we're including Pluto.
ما پلوتو رو هم در نظر میگیریم.
and atmospheric escape,
around other stars that we can't see
که دور ستارههای دیگه هستن و نمیبینیمشون
just stuck together
and have so much gravity.
که جاذبهی خیلی زیادی دارن.
is really at play here.
جاذبه واقعا نقشش رو ایفا میکنه.
characteristic about planets
in the solar system are orbiting around.
به دورش میگردن.
atmospheric escape.
که منجر به گریز جوی میشه.
drive atmospheric escape from planets
منجر به گریز جوی سیارات میشن
particles and light and heat
ذرات و نور و گرما ارائه میکنن
of lanterns in Thailand at a festival,
تو فستیوالی تو تایلند نگاه بندازین،
can propel gasses upward.
میتونه گازها رو به سمت بالا سوق بده.
انرژی و گرما داشته باشین،
and only bound by gravity,
با نیروی جاذبه محدود شده،
causing atmospheric escape
دلیل اتفاق افتادن گریز جوی
between heating from the star
of gravity on the planet.
a minute for hydrogen
of escaping hydrogen looks like,
فرار هیدروژن چطور به نظر میاد،
like oxygen and nitrogen
مثل اکسیژن و نیتروژن رو
that conclusively show us
که قطعا بهمون نشون میدن
tightly bound to us here on Earth
reaching out far into space,
in undergoing atmospheric escape.
is much smaller than Earth,
از زمین خیلی کوچکتره،
with which to hold on to its atmosphere.
برای نگهداری از جو خودش داره.
than the Earth's.
خیلی از جو زمین نازکتره.
that it didn't have an atmosphere
که نشون میده اون جوی که بتونه
Mars used to have a wetter past,
مریخ گذشتهی خیستری داشته،
it broke up into hydrogen and oxygen,
تبدیل به اکسیژن و هیدروژن شد،
it escaped into space,
که به درون فضا فرار کرد،
rusty red color that we see.
probably happened,
at Mars called the MAVEN satellite,
رو روی مریخ داره،
is to study atmospheric escape.
and Volatile Evolution spacecraft.
shown pictures very similar
عکسهایی رو نشون میدن که خیلی شبیه
was losing its atmosphere,
مریخ داره جوش رو از دست میده،
you can see in the red circle
میبینید که دایرهی قرمز
escaping away from the planet.
the size of the planet,
اندازهی سیاره میرسه،
no longer bound to that planet.
سیاره محدودش نمیکنه.
from that lost hydrogen.
برای هیدروژن از دست رفته.
the only gas that's lost.
از دست رفته نیست.
and some oxygen and nitrogen,
و نیتروژن روی زمین اشاره کردم،
at the oxygen being lost from Mars.
که مریخ اکسیژن هم از دست میده.
that because oxygen is heavier,
اکسیژن سنگینتره،
away from the planet.
داره از سیاره دور میشه.
into that red circle.
به دایرهی قرمز نمیبینین.
atmospheric escape on our own planet
سیارهی خودمون نمیبینیم
and send spacecraft
و فضاپیما بفرستیم
about the past of planets
دربارهی گذشتهی سیارات
can learn about the future
دربارهی آینده یاد بگیریم
that we can't see.
که دیده نمیشن.
before I go on to that,
باید به این نکته اشاره کنم،
photos like this of Pluto,
از پلوتو نشونتون نمیدم،
is currently studying atmospheric escape
در حال مطالعهی فرار جوی
that I did want to talk about
نامیده شدهان.
that's not our Sun
ستاره غیر از خورشید میگرده
or extrasolar planet.
سیارهی فراخورشیدی نامیده میشه.
at that star in the middle,
that are going past it all the time,
دارن از جلوش رد میشن،
the light from the star
in the night sky
to detect over 5,000 planets
۵۰۰۰ سیاره تو کهکشان راه شیریِ
many more out there, like I mentioned.
این اندازهای که گفتم وجود دارن.
from these stars,
is not the planet itself,
چیزی که میبینیم خود سیاره نیست،
a dimming of the light
decreases in front of the star,
از جلوی ستارهس نور کم میشه،
that you saw before.
in different wavelengths.
طول موجهای مختلف نگاه کنیم.
and Mars in ultraviolet light.
تو نور ماورای بنفش اشاره کردم.
with the Hubble Space Telescope,
فراسیارههای در حال گذر بنگریم،
much less light from the star,
از ستاره میبینیم،
an extended atmosphere of hydrogen
more of the light that you see.
نور بیشتری رو میگیره.
we've actually been able to discover
ما در واقع تونستیم
that are undergoing atmospheric escape.
که دستخوش فرار جوی هستن.
can be called hot Jupiters,
«مشتری»های داغ بنامیم،
they're gas planets like Jupiter,
سیارههای گازی هستند،
lightweight gas that's ready to escape,
of atmospheric escape.
گریز جوی رو داریم.
of hydrogen being lost on Earth,
از دست دادن هیدروژن توسط زمین،
pounds of hydrogen every minute.
هیدروژن در دقیقه از دست میره.
does this make the planet cease to exist?
آیا این سیارهها از بین خواهند رفت؟
that people wondered
closer to the Sun are rocky,
خورشید صخرهای هستن،
are bigger and more gaseous.
with something like Jupiter
مثل مشتریای شروع کنید
with something like a hot Jupiter,
از یه مشتری داغ شروع کنیم،
with Mercury or the Earth.
would have gotten away
به اندازهی کافی فرار کنن
significantly impacted it
than what you started with.
with us here on Earth?
is going to become very intense.
خیلی شدید میشه.
gas streaming off from a hot Jupiter,
گاز از مشتری داغ ساطع میشه،
that is broken down,
into space more rapidly,
with this dry, reddish planet.
for a few billion years,
to be aware of what's going on,
از چیزی که اتفاق میافته آگاه باشید،
is happening as we speak.
گریز جوی در جریانه.
that you hear about happening in space
اتفاق میافتن چیزهای زیادی شنیدین
to learn about these worlds.
تا این جهانها رو بفهمیم.
or exoplanets like hot Jupiters,
فراسیارههای داغ مشتریسان یاد میگیریم،
about our planet here on Earth.
سیارهمون زمین یادمون میدن.
you think that space is far away.
فکر میکنین این رو هم در نظر بگیرین.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anjali Tripathi - AstrophysicistAnjali Tripathi explores planets to uncover the processes that make and destroy them.
Why you should listen
Even though Anjali Tripathi worked on NASA's Mars rovers in high school, the California native never expected to become an astronomer. Unlike the earthquakes she researched early on, astronomy seemed unconnected from daily life. As she has since discovered, exploring distant planets has a lot to do with life itself -- including the fate of the air we breathe. Using some of the most powerful telescopes and supercomputers, Tripathi studies how seemingly permanent planets change over time. She has pioneered the characterization of planet-forming environments and developed computer simulations to trace the 3D structure of planet atmospheres that are shrinking due to evaporation.
A natural teacher, Tripathi makes complex science concepts relevant and easy to understand. She believes that everyone can understand science -- even rocket science. She has partnered with the Smithsonian, Teach for America and others to increase scientific literacy and spread enthusiasm for the subject. Her engaging and humorous talks feature real world connections and unusual props, including a fully functioning Mars Pathfinder rover or full-size solar car.
Tripathi earned degrees in physics and astronomy from M.I.T., the University of Cambridge and Harvard University. Recognized as a promising American leader with a commitment to public service, Tripathi is a 2016-17 White House Fellow.
Anjali Tripathi | Speaker | TED.com