Carolyn Bertozzi: What the sugar coating on your cells is trying to tell you
كارولين بيرتوزي: ما يحاول غلاف السكّر على خلاياك إخبارك به.
Professor Carolyn Bertozzi is a chemical biologist who invents technologies and medicines based on disease-causing sugar molecules. Full bio
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when I was in college.
professors taught us about
أساتذة مادة الأحياء عنه
of your cells.
are coated with sugar.
call it the 1980s --
our cells are coated with sugar.
سبب كون خلايانا مغلّفة بالسكّر.
what I noticed I had written down
لاحظت أني قد كتبت
is like the sugar coating
أشبه بطبقة السكّر
the sugar coating on our cells
السكّر على خلايانا
stronger or tougher.
are actually very complex.
هي في الواقع معقّدة جدًّا.
to a little miniature airplane
بحجم طائرة مصَغّرَة
the surface of your cells,
are these trees and bushes --
تلك الأشجارُ والشجيّراتُ
swaying in the wind
التي تتمايل مع الريح
all these complex sugars
هذه السكّريّات المعقّدة
problems that I encountered
المثيرة للاهتمام التي قابلتُها
to think about the sugars
the surface of our cells
stored in their complex structures.
مخزّنةً في تركيباتها المعقّدة.
some information
to be incredibly important
your sugars are telling us
التي تخبرنا بها سُكّريّاتك
cells, are coated with sugars,
الحمراء، مغلّفة بالسكرّيّات،
sugars determine your blood type.
تحدّد فصيلة دمك.
that I am blood type O.
الفصيلة O أيضًا؟
either you're not paying attention
فهذا يعني أنّكم إمّا غير منتبهين
and both of those are bad.
وهذا سيء في كلتا الحالتين.
the blood type O with me,
يشاركوني الفصيلة O،
this chemical structure
هذا التركيب الكيميائي
to make a more complex sugar.
لتكوّن سكّرًا أكثر تعقيدًا.
يحملون الفصيلة A؟
an enzyme in your cells
than the A people,
عن أصحاب الفصيلة A
different structure,
the other enzyme from your father,
والإنزيم الآخَر من أبيكم،
in roughly equal proportions.
بنِسَب متساوية تقريبًا.
medical procedures in the world,
العمليّات الطبّية في العالم،
is the blood transfusion.
if you ever need a transfusion,
-إن احتجت لنقل دم في أي وقت-
doesn't see foreign sugars,
and would certainly reject.
of your cells trying to tell us?
سطح خلاياك إخبارك به؟
that you have cancer.
أنك مصاب بالسرطان.
from the analysis of tumor tissue.
من تحليل نسيج الأورام.
would have a tumor detected,
يُرصَد الورمُ عند المريض
in a biopsy procedure
الباثولوجي (علم الأمراض)
to look for chemical changes
عن التغيّرات الكيميائية
about the best course of treatment.
على أفضل مسار للعلاج.
from studies like that
from being healthy to being sick.
الصحّة إلى المرض.
again and again and again.
has been: Why?
What's the importance of that?
ما أهميّة ذلك؟
can we do about it if it does turn out
بهذا الخصوص إن تبيّن
of a particular sugar
one of the most important sugars
to get familiar with this word.
the kind of sugar that we eat.
من السكّر الذي يؤكل.
that is actually found
of the cells in your body.
على سطح خلاياك.
progressive disease,
-على الأقل حين يكون المرض متمكنًا ويتفاقم-
with your immune system.
about the importance of your immune system
أهميّة جهازكم المناعي
in the news a lot these days.
في الأخبار بكثرة هذه الأيام
to become familiar with the term
ways of treating cancer.
في علاج السرطان.
is that your immune cells,
coursing through your bloodstream,
المنطلقة عبر مجرى الدم.
from things gone bad --
are your immune cells,
هي خلاياك المناعية،
هي خليّة سرطانية.
and taste all the cells in your body.
وتتذوّق كل خلايا جسمك.
a cell might taste bad.
قد يوجد خليّة مذاقها سيء.
get the bad taste,
ذاك المذاق السيئ،
and kill those cells.
potentiate that tasting,
تعزيز ذلك التذوّق،
to actually take a big old bite
على أخذ قضمة أكبر فعليًا
yourself from cancer every day
على نفسك من السرطان كل يوم
out there in the market
can be more vigorous
President Jimmy Carter's life.
had malignant melanoma
مُصابًا بسرطان الجلد الخبيث
that is usually accompanied by numbers
of these new immune-stimulating drugs,
الجديدة المنشّطة للمناعة،
appears to be in remission,
only a few years ago.
عبارات حماسية مثل:
people are saying,
to say about a disease
up against a cancer cell to take a taste,
بأحد الخلايا السرطانيّة لتتذوّقها،
a missile strike and kills the cell.
وتقتل الخليّة السرطانية.
of that sugar, sialic acid,
كثيفة من ذاك السكّر-حمض السياليك-
that grabs the sialic acid,
ليُمسِك بحمض السياليك
gets held at that synapse
عند موضع التشابك
and the cancer cell,
أن تخلُد إلى النوم.
the immune cell,
لا شيء لتريه هنا، أكملي طريقك.
Nothing to see here, move along.
a thick coat of sialic acid,
من حمض السياليك،
for what it really is:
الخليّة السرطانية على حقيقتها:
cell-surface lawnmowers --
to the surface of these cancer cells
على سطح هذه الخلايا السرطانيّة
can reach its full potential
cells from our body.
around that cell
عن هذه الخليّة
to leave the good cells alone.
يترك الخلايا الجيّدة وحدها.
cancers get the ability
the immune system,
جهازنا المناعي مغناطيسيًا،
to wake up those immune cells,
لإيقاظِ تلك الخلايا المناعيّة،
the sugars, eat the cell
التهمي الخليّة
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Carolyn Bertozzi - Chemical biologistProfessor Carolyn Bertozzi is a chemical biologist who invents technologies and medicines based on disease-causing sugar molecules.
Why you should listen
Professor Carolyn Bertozzi's research interests span the disciplines of chemistry and biology with an emphasis on studies of cell surface sugars important to human health and disease. She was originally trained in organic chemistry and immunology, and today her research group works at the interface of these two disciplines They recently made discoveries that link particular sugars that coat the surfaces of cancer cells with the ability of those disease-causing cells to avoid elimination by the human immune system. Now her research group is developing medicines that attack cancer cell-surface sugars so as to render the immune system more potent at eliminating disease. Bertozzi also studies other human health problems including tuberculosis infections and rare genetic disorders, using tools from chemistry to power biomedical research.
Carolyn Bertozzi | Speaker | TED.com