Carolyn Bertozzi: What the sugar coating on your cells is trying to tell you
Carolyn Bertozzi: Co se vám snaží říct cukrový obal buněk
Professor Carolyn Bertozzi is a chemical biologist who invents technologies and medicines based on disease-causing sugar molecules. Full bio
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when I was in college.
když jsem byla na vysoké.
professors taught us about
o kterých nás učili v souvislosti
of your cells.
are coated with sugar.
že vaše buňky jsou obalené cukry.
call it the 1980s --
řekněme v osmdesátých letech -
our cells are coated with sugar.
proč jsou buňky obalené cukry.
what I noticed I had written down
zjistila jsem,
is like the sugar coating
že cukrové obaly na buňkách
the sugar coating on our cells
stronger or tougher.
are actually very complex.
jsou ve skutečnosti mnohem složitější.
to a little miniature airplane
do velikosti miniaturního letadla
the surface of your cells,
are these trees and bushes --
jsou tyhle stromy a keře,
swaying in the wind
all these complex sugars
těmito složitými cukry,
problems that I encountered
jeden z nejzajímavějších problémů,
a chemička narazila.
to think about the sugars
the surface of our cells
stored in their complex structures.
je uloženo spousta informací.
some information
už známe
to be incredibly important
že jsou neuvěřitelně důležité
your sugars are telling us
cells, are coated with sugars,
jsou pokryté cukry
sugars determine your blood type.
určuje vaši krevní skupinu.
that I am blood type O.
tak buď nedáváte pozor,
either you're not paying attention
a obě varianty jsou špatné.
and both of those are bad.
the blood type O with me,
this chemical structure
spojené v jeden složitější.
to make a more complex sugar.
krevní skupiny nula.
má krevní skupinu A?
an enzyme in your cells
than the A people,
než lidé se skupinou A,
different structure,
the other enzyme from your father,
in roughly equal proportions.
máte přibližně vyvážené.
medical procedures in the world,
z nejdůležitějších lékařských postupů,
is the blood transfusion.
if you ever need a transfusion,
že když budete potřebovat transfuzi,
doesn't see foreign sugars,
and would certainly reject.
a které by jistě odmítlo.
of your cells trying to tell us?
cukry na povrchu buněk snaží říct?
that you have cancer.
že máte rakovinu.
from the analysis of tumor tissue.
začaly objevovat vzájemné souvislosti.
would have a tumor detected,
pacientovi je diagnostikována rakovina,
in a biopsy procedure
to look for chemical changes
about the best course of treatment.
zvolit tu nejvhodnější léčbu.
from studies like that
ze zdravé na nemocnou,
from being healthy to being sick.
again and again and again.
znova a znova a znova.
has been: Why?
What's the importance of that?
Proč je to důležité?
can we do about it if it does turn out
když se ukáže,
of a particular sugar
jednoho konkrétního cukru,
one of the most important sugars
jeden z nejdůležitějších cukrů
to get familiar with this word.
si to jméno zapamatovat.
the kind of sugar that we eat.
které jíme.
that is actually found
v určitých hodnotách možné najít
of the cells in your body.
progressive disease,
více kyseliny sialové
with your immune system.
about the importance of your immune system
proč je imunitní systém důležitý
in the news a lot these days.
docela často objevuje ve zprávách.
to become familiar with the term
už někdy slyšelo pojem
ways of treating cancer.
léčby rakoviny pomohla.
is that your immune cells,
coursing through your bloodstream,
které vám proudí v krvi,
from things gone bad --
are your immune cells,
and taste all the cells in your body.
ochutnávají všechny buňky ve vašem těle.
a cell might taste bad.
get the bad taste,
and kill those cells.
potentiate that tasting,
podpoříme tohle ochutnávání,
to actually take a big old bite
aby si ukously pořádný kus
yourself from cancer every day
out there in the market
can be more vigorous
President Jimmy Carter's life.
prezidentu Jimmy Carterovi.
had malignant melanoma
měl maligní melanom,
that is usually accompanied by numbers
která většinou znamená prognózu
of these new immune-stimulating drugs,
podporujících imunitní systém
appears to be in remission,
only a few years ago.
people are saying,
to say about a disease
ohledně nemoci,
up against a cancer cell to take a taste,
k té rakovinné, aby ochutnala,
a missile strike and kills the cell.
a tu buňku zabije.
of that sugar, sialic acid,
hustou hradbou kyseliny sialové,
that grabs the sialic acid,
který se chytí na kyselinu sialovou,
gets held at that synapse
přichycený na téhle synapsi
and the cancer cell,
the immune cell,
Nothing to see here, move along.
Není tu nic k vidění, pokračuj dál.
a thick coat of sialic acid,
tlustou vrsvou kyseliny sialové,
for what it really is:
takovou, jaká skutečně je:
cell-surface lawnmowers --
jako sekačky buněčného povrchu -
to the surface of these cancer cells
rakovinných buněk
can reach its full potential
plně využít svůj potenciál
cells from our body.
těchto rakovinných buněk.
around that cell
to leave the good cells alone.
musí nechat ty dobré buňky na pokoji.
cancers get the ability
the immune system,
to wake up those immune cells,
které probudí imunitní buňky
the sugars, eat the cell
snězte tu buňku
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Carolyn Bertozzi - Chemical biologistProfessor Carolyn Bertozzi is a chemical biologist who invents technologies and medicines based on disease-causing sugar molecules.
Why you should listen
Professor Carolyn Bertozzi's research interests span the disciplines of chemistry and biology with an emphasis on studies of cell surface sugars important to human health and disease. She was originally trained in organic chemistry and immunology, and today her research group works at the interface of these two disciplines They recently made discoveries that link particular sugars that coat the surfaces of cancer cells with the ability of those disease-causing cells to avoid elimination by the human immune system. Now her research group is developing medicines that attack cancer cell-surface sugars so as to render the immune system more potent at eliminating disease. Bertozzi also studies other human health problems including tuberculosis infections and rare genetic disorders, using tools from chemistry to power biomedical research.
Carolyn Bertozzi | Speaker | TED.com