TEDxWomen 2011
Lauren Hodge, Shree Bose + Naomi Shah: Award-winning teenage science in action
Nagrađivana adolescentska znanost na djelu
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U 2011. tri mlade djevojke pobrale su glavne nagrade na prvom Google znanstvenom sajmu. Na TEDxWomen Lauren Hodge, Shree Bose i Naomi Shah opisuju svoje nevjerojatne projekte, kao i svoj put prepun strasti prema znanosti.
Lauren Hodge - Science fair winner
Lauren Hodge won the 2011 Google Science Fair in the age 13-14 category. Full bioShree Bose - Science fair winner
Shree Bose was the grand prize winner at the 2011 Google Science Fair. Full bioNaomi Shah - Science fair winner
Naomi Shah won the 2011 Google Science Fair in the age 15-16 category. Full bio
Lauren Hodge won the 2011 Google Science Fair in the age 13-14 category. Full bioShree Bose - Science fair winner
Shree Bose was the grand prize winner at the 2011 Google Science Fair. Full bioNaomi Shah - Science fair winner
Naomi Shah won the 2011 Google Science Fair in the age 15-16 category. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Lauren Hodge: If you were going to a restaurant and wanted a healthier option,
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Lauren Hofge: Kada biste išli u restoran i htjeli zdraviju opciju,
00:18
which would you choose, grilled or fried chicken?
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što biste odabrali, piletinu s roštilja ili prženu piletinu?
00:20
Now most people would answer grilled,
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Većina ljudi bi odabrala piletinu s roštilja
00:22
and it's true that grilled chicken does contain less fat and fewer calories.
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i istina je kako piletina s roštilja sadrži manje masti i kalorija.
00:25
However, grilled chicken poses a hidden danger.
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Ipak, piletina s roštilja posjeduje skrivenu opasnost.
00:27
The hidden danger is heterocyclic amines --
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Tu skrivenu opasnost predstavljaju heterociklički amini -
00:29
specifically phenomethylimidazopyridine,
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točnije fenometil-imidazopiridin,
00:31
or PhIP --
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ili FM-IP --
00:33
(laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:35
which is the immunogenic or carcinogenic compound.
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koji je imunogena ili karcinogena tvar.
00:38
A carcinogen is any substance or agent
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Karcinogena je bilo koja tvar ili agens
00:40
that causes abnormal growth of cells,
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koja uzrokuje pretjerani rast stanica,
00:42
which can also cause them to metastasize or spread.
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što uzrokuje da one metastaziraju ili šire se.
00:45
They are also organic compounds
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One također predstavljaju organske tvari
00:47
in which one or more of the hydrogens in ammonia
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u kojima je jedan ili više vodikovih atoma u amonijevoj skupini
00:50
is replaced with a more complex group.
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zamijenjen sa složenijom skupinom.
00:52
Studies show that antioxidants
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Istraživanja pokazuju kako su antioksidansi
00:54
are known to decrease these heterocyclic amines.
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poznati u redukciji tih heterocikličkih amina.
00:56
However, no studies exist yet
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No, još ne postoje istraživanja
00:58
that show how or why.
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koja pokazuju kako i zašto to čine.
01:00
These here are five different organizations that classify carcinogens.
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Ovo je pet različitih organizacija koje klasificiraju karcinogene.
01:03
And as you can see, none of the organizations consider the compounds to be safe,
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I kao što možete vidjeti, niti jedna od tih organizacija ne smatra te spojeve sigurnima,
01:06
which justifies the need to decrease them in our diet.
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što potkrepljuje potrebu za njihovom redukcijom u našoj prehrani.
01:09
Now you might wonder how a 13 year-old girl could come up with this idea.
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Sada biste se mogli zapitati kako 13-godišnjakinja može doći na takvu ideju.
01:12
And I was led to it through a series of events.
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Do nje sam došla kroz niz događaja.
01:14
I first learned about it through a lawsuit I read about in my doctor's office --
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Prvo sam naučila o toj temi čitajući tužbu u uredu moga lječnika --
01:17
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
01:20
which was between the Physician's Committee for Responsible Medicine
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koja je bila između Vijeća lječnika za odgovornu medicinu
01:23
and seven different fast food restaurants.
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i sedam različitih restorana brze hrane.
01:25
They weren't sued because there was carcinogens in the chicken,
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Nisu ih tužili jer je njihova piletina sadržavala karcinogene,
01:28
but they were sued because of California's Proposition 65,
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već zbog kalifornijskog podneska 65,
01:32
which stated that if there's anything dangerous in the products
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u kojem piše da ako postoji išta opasno u proizvodima
01:35
then the companies had to give a clear warning.
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onda poduzeća moraju dati jasno upozorenje.
01:37
So I was very surprised about this.
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Bila sam iznimno iznenađena s tim.
01:39
And I was wondering why nobody knew more
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I pitala sam se zašto nitko ne zna nešto više
01:41
about this dangerous grilled chicken,
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o toj opasnoj piletini s roštilja,
01:43
which doesn't seem very harmful.
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koja se ne čini jako opasnom.
01:45
But then one night, my mom was cooking grilled chicken for dinner,
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No onda jedne večeri, moja mama je radila piletinu s roštilja za večeru,
01:48
and I noticed that the edges of the chicken,
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i primijetila sam kako su krajevi piletine,
01:50
which had been marinated in lemon juice, turned white.
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koji su bili marinirani s limunovim sokom, pobijeljeli.
01:53
And later in biology class, I learned that it's due to a process called denaturing,
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I kasnije na satu biologije, naučila sam da se to događa zbog procesa denaturacije,
01:56
which is where the proteins will change shape
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koji predstavlja proces promjene oblika proteina
01:58
and lose their ability to chemically function.
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i gubitka njihove kemijske funkcije.
02:01
So I combined these two ideas and I formulated a hypothesis,
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Pa sam skombinirala te dvije ideje i oblikovala hipotezu,
02:04
saying that, could possibly
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koja nam govori, postoji li mogućnost
02:06
the carcinogens be decreased due to a marinade
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da se broj karcinogena smanji uslijed marinade
02:09
and could it be due to the differences in PH?
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i je li možda tome zbog razlika u pH vrijednosti?
02:11
So my idea was born,
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I tako je moja ideja rođena,
02:13
and I had the project set up and a hypothesis,
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i imala sam postavljeni projekt i hipotezu,
02:15
so what was my next step?
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i što je bio moj sljedeći korak?
02:17
Well obviously I had to find a lab to work at
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Pa očito sam trebala pronaći laboratorij u kojem bih radila
02:19
because I didn't have the equipment in my school.
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jer nisam imala opremu u svojoj školi.
02:22
I thought this would be easy,
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Mislila sam kako će to biti jednostavno,
02:24
but I emailed about 200 different people
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ali sam kontaktirala oko 200 različitih ljudi
02:26
within a five-hour radius of where I lived,
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unutar pet sati promjera od mjesta gdje sam živjela,
02:28
and I got one positive response that said that they could work with me.
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i dobila sam jedan potvrdan odgovor koji je rekao da bi mogli raditi sa mnom.
02:31
Most of the others either never responded back,
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Većina ostalih ili nikada nije odgovorila,
02:33
said they didn't have the time
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ili su rekli da nemaju vremena
02:35
or didn't have the equipment and couldn't help me.
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ili nisu imali opremu i nisu mi mogli pomoći.
02:37
So it was a big commitment
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Bila je to velika odgovornost
02:39
to drive to the lab to work multiple times.
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voziti se do laboratorija više puta i raditi.
02:42
However, it was a great opportunity to work in a real lab --
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Ipak, bila je velika prilika raditi u pravom laboratoriju --
02:44
so I could finally start my project.
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te sam mogla napokon početi sa svojim projektom.
02:46
The first stage was completed at home,
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Prvi korak je završen kod kuće,
02:48
which consisted of marinating the chicken,
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koji se sastojao od mariniranja piletine,
02:50
grilling the chicken, amassing it
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roštiljanja piletine, skupljanja
02:52
and preparing it to be transported to the lab.
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i pripreme za prijevoz u laboratorij.
02:55
The second stage was completed
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Drugi korak je završen
02:57
at the Penn State University main campus lab,
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u glavnom laboratorija kampusa Sveučilišta Penn State,
02:59
which is where I extracted the chemicals,
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gdje sam izolirala kemikalije,
03:01
changed the PH so I could run it through the equipment
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promijenila pH kako bih ih mogla provesti kroz uređaje
03:03
and separated the compounds I needed
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i razdvojiti tvari koje sam trebala
03:05
from the rest of the chicken.
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od ostatka piletine.
03:07
The final stages, when I ran the samples
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Konačni koraci, kada sam provela uzorke
03:09
through a high-pressure
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kroz spektrometar masa
03:11
liquid chromatography mass spectrometer,
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visokotlačne tekućinske kromatografije,
03:14
which separated the compounds and analyzed the chemicals
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koji je razdvajao tvari i analizirao kemikalije
03:17
and told me exactly how much carcinogens I had
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i govorio koliko točno karcinogena imam
03:19
in my chicken.
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u svojoj piletini.
03:21
So when I went through the data, I had very surprising results,
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Kada sam prošla kroz podatke, imala sam vrlo iznenađujuće rezultate,
03:24
because I found that four out of the five marinating ingredients
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jer sam otkrila kako četiri od pet mariniranih sastojaka
03:27
actually inhibited the carcinogen formation.
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stvarno sprečavaju nastanak karcinogena.
03:29
When compared with the unmarinated chicken,
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U usporedbi s nemariniranom piletinom,
03:31
which is what I used as my control,
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koju sam koristila kao kontrolu,
03:34
I found that lemon juice worked by far the best,
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otkrila sam kako limunov sok ima najbolji učinak,
03:36
which decreased the carcinogens
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smanjujući količinu karcinogena
03:38
by about 98 percent.
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za oko 98 posto.
03:40
The saltwater marinade and the brown sugar marinade
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Marinada slanom vodom i smeđim šećerom
03:43
also worked very well,
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je također jako dobro djelovala,
03:45
decreasing the carcinogens by about 60 percent.
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smanjujući količinu karcinogena za oko 60 posto.
03:47
Olive oil slightly decreased the PhIP formation,
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Maslinovo ulje je smanjilo stvaranje FM-IP,
03:50
but it was nearly negligible.
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ali je bilo gotovo zanemarivo.
03:52
And the soy sauce results were inconclusive
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Rezultati sa sojinim umakom su bili neuvjerljivi
03:54
because of the large data range,
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zbog velikog raspona rezultata
03:56
but it seems like soy sauce
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ali čini se kako je sojin umak
03:58
actually increased the potential carcinogens.
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ustvari povećavao količinu potencijalnih karcinogena.
04:00
Another important factor that I didn't take into account initially
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Jedan drugi važan čimbenik koji nisam u početku uzela u obzir
04:02
was the time cooked.
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je bilo vrijeme pripreme.
04:04
And I found that if you increase the time cooked,
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Otkrila sam da ako povećaš vrijeme pripreme,
04:06
the amount of carcinogens rapidly increases.
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količina karcinogena se značajno povećava.
04:09
So the best way to marinate chicken, based on this,
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Znači najbolji način mariniranja piletine, prema ovome,
04:12
is to, not under-cook,
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je ne nedovoljno peči,
04:14
but definitely don't over-cook and char the chicken,
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ali definitivno ne prepeči i začađiti piletinu,
04:16
and marinate in either lemon juice, brown sugar or saltwater.
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te marinirati ili u limunovom soku, tamnom šećeru ili slanoj vodi.
04:21
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
04:26
Based on these findings, I have a question for you.
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Na temelju tih otkrića, imam pitanje za vas.
04:29
Would you be willing to make a simple change in your diet
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Biste li bili spremni napravi jednostavnu promjenu u svojoj prehrani
04:32
that could potentially save your life?
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koja bi potencijalno spasila vaš život?
04:34
Now I'm not saying that if you eat grilled chicken that's not marinated,
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Sad, ne kažem da ako jedete piletinu s roštilja koja nije marinirana,
04:36
you're definitely going to catch cancer and die.
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da ćete sigurno dobiti rak i umrijeti.
04:38
However, anything you can do
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Ipak, sve što možete učiniti
04:40
to decrease the risk of potential carcinogens
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kako biste smanjili rizik od potencijalnih karcinogena
04:42
can definitely increase the quality of lifestyle.
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može sigurno povećati kvalitetu načina života.
04:45
Is it worth it to you?
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Je li vam to važno?
04:47
How will you cook your chicken now?
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Kako ćete sada pripremati piletinu?
04:49
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
05:05
Shree Bose: Hi everyone. I'm Shree Bose.
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Shree Bose: Pozdrav svima. Ja sam Shree Bose.
05:07
I was the 17-18 year-old age category winner
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Bila sam pobjednica u kategoriji 17-18 godišnjaka
05:09
and then the grand prize winner.
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i potom dobitnica glavne nagrade.
05:12
And I want all of you
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I želim da svi vi
05:14
to imagine a little girl
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zamislite malu djevojčicu
05:16
holding a dead blue spinach plant.
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koja drži mrtvu plavu biljku špinata.
05:19
And she's standing in front of you and she's explaining to you
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Stojeći ispred vas i objašnjavajuću vam
05:22
that little kids will eat their vegetables
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kako će mala djeca jesti njezino povrće
05:24
if they're different colors.
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ako je drugačije boje.
05:26
Sounds ridiculous, right.
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Zvuči ludo, zar ne?
05:28
But that was me years ago.
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Ali to sam bila ja prije nekoliko godina.
05:30
And that was my first science fair project.
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I to je bio moj prvi projekt za znanstveni sajam.
05:33
It got a bit more complicated from there.
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Postalo je malo kompliciranije od tada.
05:36
My older brother Panaki Bose
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Moj stariji brat Panaki Bose
05:38
spent hours of his time explaining atoms to me
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proveo je sate objašnjavajući mi atome
05:41
when I barely understood basic algebra.
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kada sam još jedva razumjela osnove algebre.
05:44
My parents suffered through many more of my science fair projects,
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Moji roditelji su patili kroz još mnogo više projekata za znanstvene sajmove
05:47
including a remote controlled garbage can.
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uključujući daljinsko upravljanje kante za smeće.
05:49
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:51
And then came the summer after my freshman year,
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I tada je došlo ljeto poslije moje prve godine u srednjoj školi,
05:54
when my grandfather passed away due to cancer.
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kada je moj djed umro od raka.
05:57
And I remember watching my family go through that
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Sjećam se kako sam gledala kako moja obitelj prolazi kroz to
05:59
and thinking that I never wanted another family
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misleći kako ne želim da ijedna druga obitelj
06:02
to feel that kind of loss.
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osjeća takav gubitak.
06:05
So, armed with all the wisdom
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Pa, naoružana sa svom mudrošću
06:07
of freshman year biology,
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prve godine biologije,
06:09
I decided I wanted to do cancer research
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odlučila sam da se želim baviti istraživanjem raka
06:12
at 15.
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u dobi od 15.
06:14
Good plan.
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Dobar plan.
06:16
So I started emailing all of these professors in my area
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Počela sam slati e-poštu svim profesorima u svojem području
06:18
asking to work under their supervision in a lab.
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pitajući da bih radila pod njihovim mentorstvom u laboratoriju.
06:22
Got rejected by all except one.
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Bila sam odbijena od svih, osim jednog.
06:24
And then went on, my next summer,
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I otišla sam sljedeće ljeto
06:26
to work under Dr. Basu
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raditi za Dr. Basu
06:28
at the UNT Health Center at Fort Worth, Texas.
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na UNT zdravstvenom centru u Fort Worthu, Teksas.
06:31
And that is where the research began.
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I tu započinje istraživanje.
06:34
So ovarian cancer
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Rak ovarija
06:36
is one of those cancers that most people don't know about,
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je vrsta raka za koju većina ljudi ne zna,
06:39
or at least don't pay that much attention to.
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ili barem ne obraća pozornost.
06:42
But yet, it's the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths
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Ipak, peti je vodeći uzrok smrti od raka
06:45
among women in the United States.
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među ženama u Sjedinjenim Državama.
06:48
In fact, one in 70 women
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U stvari, jednoj od 70 žena
06:50
will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer.
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bit će dijagnosticiran rak ovarija.
06:52
One in 100
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Jedna od 100
06:54
will die from it.
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će umrijeti od njega.
06:56
Chemotherapy, one of the most effective ways
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Kemoterapija, jedan od najučinkovitijih načina
06:58
used to treat cancer today,
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liječenja raka danas,
07:00
involves giving patients really high doses of chemicals
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uključuje davanje pacijentima vrlo visokih doza kemikalija
07:02
to try and kill off cancer cells.
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kako bi pokušali ubiti stanice raka.
07:05
Cisplatin is a relatively common
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Cisplatin je prilično uobičajen
07:07
ovarian cancer chemotherapy drug --
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kemoterapeutik protiv raka ovarija
07:10
a relatively simple molecule made in the lab
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relativno jednostavna molekula proizvedena u laboratoriju
07:13
that messes with the DNA of cancer cells
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koja interferira s DNA stanica raka
07:15
and causes them to kill themselves.
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uzrokujući da počine samoubojstvo.
07:17
Sounds great, right?
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Zvuči super, zar ne?
07:19
But here's the problem:
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Ali postoji problem:
07:21
sometimes patients become resistant to the drug,
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ponekad pacijenti postanu rezistentni na lijek,
07:24
and then years after they've been declared to be cancer free,
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i potom godinama nakon što su bili proglašeni izlječenim od raka,
07:27
they come back.
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vraćaju se natrag.
07:29
And this time, they no longer respond to the drug.
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I ovaj put, više ne odgovaraju na lijek.
07:31
It's a huge problem.
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To je ogroman problem.
07:33
In fact, it's one of the biggest problems
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U stvari, to je jedan od najvećih problema
07:35
with chemotherapy today.
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s kemoterapijom danas.
07:37
So we wanted to figure out
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Htjeli smo otkriti
07:39
how these ovarian cancer cells are becoming resistant
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kako te stanice raka ovarija postaju otporne
07:42
to this drug called Cisplatin.
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na taj lijek po imenu Cisplatin.
07:44
And we wanted to figure this out,
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Htjeli smo to shvatiti,
07:46
because if we could figure that out,
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jer ako bismo mogli shvatiti,
07:48
then we might be able to prevent that resistance from ever happening.
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onda bismo mogli spriječiti da se ikad više pojavi otpornost.
07:51
So that's what we set out to do.
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To smo si zacrtali.
07:53
And we thought it had something to do with this protein called AMP kinase,
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I mislili smo kako bi to moglo imati nešto s proteinom koji se naziva kinaza AMP,
07:56
an energy protein.
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vrstom energetskog proteina.
07:58
So we ran all of these tests blocking the protein,
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Napravili smo sve testove blokiranja proteina,
08:01
and we saw this huge shift.
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i uočili smo veliku promjenu.
08:03
I mean, on the slide, you can see
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Mislim, na dijapozitivu, možete vidjeti
08:05
that on our sensitive side,
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da na našoj osjetljivoj strani,
08:07
these cells that are responding to the drug,
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te stanice koje odgovaraju na lijek,
08:09
when we start blocking the protein,
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kada počnemo blokirati protein,
08:11
the number of dying cells -- those colored dots --
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broj umirućih stanica -- tih obojenih točaka --
08:14
they're going down.
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se smanjuje.
08:16
But then on this side, with the same treatment,
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Ali onda na ovoj strani, s istim tretmanom,
08:19
they're going up -- interesting.
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njihov broj se povećava -- interesantno.
08:22
But those are dots on a screen for you;
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Ali to su samo točke na zaslonu za vas;
08:24
what exactly does that mean?
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što to ustvari znači?
08:26
Well basically that means
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To ustvari znači
08:28
that this protein is changing
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da se taj protein mijenja
08:30
from the sensitive cell to the resistant cell.
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iz osjetljive stanice u otporne stanice.
08:32
And in fact, it might be changing the cells themselves
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I u stvari, mogao bi mijenjati same stanice
08:36
to make the cells resistant.
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kako bi ih učinio otpornima.
08:39
And that's huge.
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I to je vrlo značajno.
08:41
In fact, it means that if a patient comes in
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U stvari, to znači da ako dođe pacijent
08:43
and they're resistant to this drug,
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i otporan je na lijek
08:45
then if we give them a chemical to block this protein,
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ako mu damo kemikaliju koja blokira taj protein,
08:48
then we can treat them again
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možemo ga ponovno liječiti
08:50
with the same drug.
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s istim lijekom.
08:52
And that's huge for chemotherapy effectiveness --
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To je značajno za efikasnost kemoterapije --
08:55
possibly for many different types of cancer.
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možda za mnogo različitih tipova rakova.
08:59
So that was my work,
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I to je bio moj rad,
09:01
and it was my way of reimagining the future
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i to je bio moj način ponovnog zamišljanja budućnosti
09:04
for future research, with figuring out exactly what this protein does,
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za buduća istraživanja, s otkrićem kako taj protein stvarno radi,
09:08
but also for the future of chemotherapy effectiveness --
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ali i za budućnost efikasnosti kemoterapije --
09:11
so maybe all grandfathers with cancer
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pa možda svi djedovi s rakom
09:14
have a little bit more time to spend with their grandchildren.
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imaju barem malo više vremena da ih provedu sa svojom unučadi.
09:17
But my work wasn't just about the research.
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Ali moj rad nije bio samo oko istraživanja.
09:21
It was about finding my passion.
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Bio je oko traženja moje strasti.
09:24
That's why being the grand prize winner
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Zato je biti dobitnik glavne nagrade
09:26
of the Google Global Science Fair --
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Google globalnog znanstvenog sajma --
09:28
cute picture, right --
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slatka slika, zar ne --
09:30
it was so exciting to me and it was such an amazing honor.
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bilo toliko uzbudljivo za mene i tako nevjerojatna čast.
09:33
And ever since then,
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I od tada,
09:35
I've gotten to do some pretty cool stuff --
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imala sam prilike raditi neke prilično fora stvari --
09:37
from getting to meet the president
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od upoznavanja predsjednika
09:39
to getting to be on this stage
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do stajanja na ovoj pozornici
09:41
to talk to all of you guys.
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kako bih razgovarala sa svima vama.
09:43
But like I said, my journey wasn't just about the research,
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Ali kao što sam rekla, moje putovanje nije bilo samo oko istraživanja,
09:46
it was about finding my passion,
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bilo je oko pronalaska moje strasti,
09:48
and it was about making my own opportunities
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i oko stvaranja mojih vlastitih prilika
09:50
when I didn't even know what I was doing.
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kada nisam ni znala što radim.
09:53
It was about inspiration
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Bilo je o inspiraciji
09:55
and determination
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i odlučnosti
09:57
and never giving up on my interest
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i nikad ne odstupanja od svojeg interesa
09:59
for science and learning and growing.
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za znanost i učenje i rast.
10:02
After all, my story begins
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Uostalom, moja priča započinje
10:05
with a dried, withered spinach plant
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s isušenom, uvenulom biljkom špinata
10:07
and it's only getting better from there.
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i samo postaje bolje od tada.
10:09
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
10:11
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
10:23
Naomi Shah: Hi everyone. I'm Naomi Shah,
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Naomi Shah: Pozdrav svima. Ja sam Naomi Shah,
10:26
and today I'll be talking to you about my research
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i danas ću vam govoriti o svojem istraživanju
10:28
involving indoor air quality
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koje se radi o kvaliteti zraka u zatvorenim prostorima
10:30
and asthmatic patients.
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i astmatičnim pacijentima.
10:32
1.6 million deaths worldwide.
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1,6 milijuna smrti diljem svijeta.
10:35
One death every 20 seconds.
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Jedna smrt svakih 20 sekundi.
10:38
People spend over 90 percent of their lives indoors.
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Ljudi provedu preko 90 posto svojih života u zatvorenim prostorima.
10:42
And the economic burden of asthma
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Ekonomski teret astme
10:44
exceeds that of HIV and tuberculosis combined.
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prelazi onaj koji uzrokuju HIV i tuberkuloza zajedno.
10:47
Now these statistics had a huge impact on me,
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Te statistike su imale značajan učinak na mene,
10:50
but what really sparked my interest in my research
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no ono što je zbilja potaknulo moj interes u mojem istraživanju
10:53
was watching both my dad and my brother
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je pogled na mog oca i brata
10:55
suffer from chronic allergies year-round.
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koji pate od kroničnih alergija kroz cijelu godinu.
10:57
It confused me;
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To me je zbunilo;
10:59
why did these allergy symptoms persist
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zašto su simptomi alergije postojali
11:01
well past the pollen season?
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i nakon što je završila sezona peluda?
11:03
With this question in mind, I started researching,
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S tim pitanjem u glavi, počela sam istraživati,
11:06
and I soon found that indoor air pollutants were the culprit.
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i uskoro sam otkrila kako su krivci onečišćivači zraka u zatvorenim prostorijama.
11:09
As soon as I realized this,
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Čim sam to shvatila,
11:11
I investigated the underlying relationship
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istražila sam temeljnu vezu
11:13
between four prevalent air pollutants
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između četiri najčešća onečišćivača zraka
11:15
and their affect on the lung health of asthmatic patients.
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i njihovog učinka na zdravlje pluća astmatičara.
11:18
At first, I just wanted to figure out
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U početku sam htjela samo shvatiti
11:21
which of these four pollutants have the largest negative health impact
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koji od tih četiri onečišćivača imaju najveći negativan zdravstveni učinak
11:24
on the lung health of asthmatic patients.
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na zdravlje pluća astmatičara.
11:27
But soon after, I developed a novel mathematical model
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No uskoro sam razvila novi matematički model
11:30
that essentially quantifies the effect
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koji u osnovi kvantificira učinak
11:32
of these environmental pollutants
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tih okolišnih onečišćivača
11:35
on the lung health of asthmatic patients.
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na zdravlje pluća astmatičara.
11:37
And it surprises me
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Iznenadilo me je
11:39
that no model currently exists
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da trenutno ne postoji model
11:41
that quantifies the effect of environmental factors
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koji kvantificira učinak okolišnih čimbenika
11:43
on human lung health,
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na zdravlje ljudskih pluća
11:45
because that relationship seems so important.
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jer mi se ta veza čini iznimno važnom.
11:48
So with that in mind,
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S tim na umu,
11:50
I started researching more, I started investigating more,
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počela sam istraživati više, počela sam ispitivati više,
11:52
and I became very passionate.
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i postala sam vrlo strastvena.
11:54
Because I realized
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Jer sam shvatila
11:56
that if we could find a way to target remediation,
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ako bismo našli način ciljanja sanacije,
11:58
we could also find a way
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mogli bismo također naći način
12:00
to treat asthmatic patients more effectively.
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kako efikasnije liječiti astmatičare.
12:04
For example, volatile organic compounds
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Na primjer, hlapljive organske tvari
12:06
are chemical pollutants
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su kemijski onečišćivači
12:08
that are found in our schools, homes and workplaces.
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koji se nalaze u našim školama, domovima i radnim mjestima.
12:10
They're everywhere.
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Oni su posvuda.
12:12
These chemical pollutants
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Ti kemijski onečišćivači
12:14
are currently not a criteria air pollutant,
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trenutno nisu ključni onečišćivači zraka,
12:16
as defined by the U.S. Clean Air Act.
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po definiciji američkog Ukaza o čistom zraku.
12:18
Which is surprising to me,
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Što me iznenadilo,
12:20
because these chemical pollutants, through my research,
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jer ti kemijski onečišćivači, tijekom mog istraživanja,
12:22
I show that they had a very large negative impact
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pokazalo se da imaju veliki negativan učinak
12:25
on the lung health of asthmatic patients
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na zdravlje pluća astmatičara
12:27
and thus should be regulated.
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i zato bi trebali biti regulirani.
12:29
So today I want to show you
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Danas vam želim pokazati
12:31
my interactive software model that I created.
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svoj interaktivan softverski model koji sam stvorila.
12:34
I'm going to show it to you on my laptop.
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Pokazat ću vam ga na svom prijenosnom računalu.
12:36
And I have a volunteer subject in the audience today,
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I imam danas volontera u publici,
12:38
Julie.
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Julie.
12:40
And all of Julie's data has been pre-entered
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I svi Julieini podaci su već pred-uneseni
12:43
into my interactive software model.
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u moj interaktivni softverski model.
12:45
And this can be used by anyone.
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Njime se može koristiti svatko.
12:47
So I want you to imagine that you're in Julie's shoes,
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Želim da si zamislite da ste u Julieinoj koži,
12:49
or someone who's really close to you
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ili ste netko vrlo blizak njoj
12:51
who suffers from asthma or another lung disorder.
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koji boluje od astme ili nekog drugog poremećaja pluća.
12:54
So Julie's going to her doctor's office
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Julie ide kod svojeg liječnika
12:56
to get treated for her asthma.
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kako bi dobila terapiju protiv astme.
12:58
And the doctor has her sit down,
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Liječnik ju posjeda,
13:00
and he takes her peak expiratory flow rate --
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i mjeri vrh njezinog izdisajnog protoka zraka --
13:03
which is essentially her exhalation rate,
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što je u stvari brzina njezinog izdisaja,
13:05
or the amount of air that she can breathe out in one breath.
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ili količina zraka koju može izdahnuti u jednom dahu.
13:08
So that peak expiratory flow rate,
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Taj vrh izdisajnog protoka zraka,
13:10
I've entered it up into the interactive software model.
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unijela sam ga gore u interaktivni softverski model.
13:12
I've also entered in her age, her gender and her height.
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Unijela sam i njezine godine, spol i visinu.
13:15
I've assumed that she lives in an average household
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Pretpostavila sam da živi u prosječnom domaćinstvu
13:17
with average air pollutant levels.
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s prosječnim razinama onečišćivača zraka.
13:19
So any user can come in here
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Znači bilo koji korisnik može ući ovdje
13:21
and click on "lung function report"
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i pritisnuti na "izvještaj o funkciji pluća"
13:23
and it'll take them to this report that I created.
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i to će ga odvesti na izvještaj koji sam stvorila.
13:25
And this report really drives home the crux of my research.
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I taj izvještaj daje srž mog istraživanja.
13:29
So what it shows -- if you want to focus on that top graph in the right-hand corner --
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Ono što pokazuje -- ako se želite usredotočiti na taj gornji graf u desnom uglu --
13:33
it shows Julie's actual peak expiratory flow rate
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je Juliein stvarni vrh izdisajnog protoka zraka
13:35
in the yellow bar.
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u žutoj pločici.
13:37
This is the measurement that she took in her doctor's office.
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To su mjerenja koja je uzela kod svojeg liječnika.
13:40
In the blue bar at the bottom of the graph,
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U plavoj pločici na dnu grafa,
13:42
it shows what her peak expiratory flow rate,
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prikazano je koji bi njezin vrh izdisajnog protoka zraka,
13:45
what her exhalation rate or lung health, should be
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koja brzina izdisaja ili zdravlje pluća, bi trebali biti
13:47
based on her age, gender and height.
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na temelju njezine dobi, spola i visine.
13:50
So the doctor sees this difference between the yellow bar and the blue bar,
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Liječnik vidi razliku između žute i plave pločice,
13:53
and he says, "Wow, we need to give her steroids,
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i on kaže: "Vau, trebamo joj dati steroide,
13:56
medication and inhalers."
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lijekove i inhalatore."
13:59
But I want everyone here to reimagine a world
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Ali želim da svi ovdje prisutni ponovno zamisle svijet
14:02
where instead of prescribing steroids,
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u kojem umjesto prepisivanja steroida,
14:04
inhalers and medication,
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inhalatora i lijekova,
14:06
the doctor turns to Julie and says,
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liječnik se okrene Julie i kaže,
14:08
"Why don't you go home and clean out your air filters.
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"Zašto ne otiđeš doma i počistiš svoje zračne filtere?
14:10
Clean out the air ducts in your home,
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Očisti odvode zraka u svojem domu,
14:12
in your workplace, in your school.
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na svojem radnom mjestu, u svojoj školi.
14:14
Stop the use of incense and candles.
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Prestanite koristiti tamjan i svijeće.
14:17
And if you're remodeling your house,
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I ako preuređujete kuću,
14:19
take out all the carpeting and put in hardwood flooring."
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maknite sve tepihe i stavite parkete."
14:22
Because these solutions are natural,
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Jer ta su rješenja prirodna,
14:24
these solutions are sustainable,
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ta su rješenja održiva,
14:26
and these solutions are long-term investments --
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i ta su rješenja dugotrajna ulaganja --
14:29
long-term investments that we're making
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dugotrajna ulaganja koja činimo
14:31
for our generation and for future generations.
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za našu generaciju i za buduće generacije.
14:33
Because these environmental solutions
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Jer ta okolišna rješenja
14:36
that Julie can make in her home, her workplace and her school
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koja Julie može učiniti u svojem domu, na svojem radnom mjestu i u svojoj školi
14:39
are impacting everyone that lives around her.
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utječu na sve koji žive oko nje.
14:42
So I'm very passionate about this research
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Vrlo sam strastvena oko ovog istraživanja
14:44
and I really want to continue it
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i stvarno želim nastaviti
14:46
and expand it to more disorders besides asthma,
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i proširiti ga na druge poremećaje izuzev astme,
14:49
more respiratory disorders, as well as more pollutants.
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više respiratornih poremećaja, kao i više onečišćivača.
14:52
But before I end my talk today,
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No, prije nego završim svoj govor danas,
14:54
I want to leave you with one saying.
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želim vam reći jednu izreku.
14:56
And that saying is that genetics loads the gun,
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I ta izreka kaže da genetika puni pištolj,
14:59
but the environment pulls the trigger.
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ali okoliš povlači obarač.
15:01
And that made a huge impact on me
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I to je imalo snažan učinak na mene
15:03
when I was doing this research.
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kada sam radila ovo istraživanje.
15:05
Because what I feel, is a lot of us think
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Jer ono što osjećam je da dosta nas misli
15:07
that the environment is at a macro level,
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kako je okoliš makro-razina,
15:10
that we can't do anything to change our air quality
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da ne možemo ništa učiniti da promijenimo kvalitetu zraka
15:12
or to change the climate or anything.
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ili promijeniti klimu ili bilo što.
15:15
But if each one of us takes initiative in our own home,
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Ali svatko od nas preuzima inicijativu u našem vlastitom domu,
15:18
in our own school and in our own workplace,
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našoj vlastitoj školi i na našem vlastitom radnom mjestu,
15:21
we can make a huge difference in air quality.
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možemo učiniti veliku razliku u kvaliteti zraka.
15:23
Because remember, we spend 90 percent of our lives indoors.
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Jer zapamtite, mi provodimo 90% naših života u zatvorenim prostorima.
15:27
And air quality and air pollutants
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I kvaliteta zraka i onečišćivači zraka
15:30
have a huge impact on the lung health of asthmatic patients,
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imaju golem utjecaj na zdravlje pluća astmatičara,
15:33
anyone with a respiratory disorder
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bilo koga s poremećajem disanja,
15:35
and really all of us in general.
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i na bilo koga od nas općenito.
15:37
So I want you to reimagine a world
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Zato želim da ponovno zamislite svijet
15:39
with better air quality,
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s boljom kvalitetom zraka
15:41
better quality of life
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boljom kvalitetom života
15:43
and better quality of living for everyone
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i boljom kvalitetom življenja za sve
15:45
including our future generations.
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uključujući i naše buduće generacije.
15:47
Thank you.
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Hvala
15:49
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
15:56
Lisa Ling: Right.
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Lisa Ling: Da.
15:58
Can I have Shree and Lauren come up really quickly?
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Mogu li Shree i Lauren doći gore vrlo brzo?
16:03
Your Google Science Fair champions.
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Vaše prvakinje Google znanstvenog sajma.
16:05
Your winners.
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Vaše pobjednice.
16:07
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Lauren Hodge - Science fair winnerLauren Hodge won the 2011 Google Science Fair in the age 13-14 category.
Why you should listen
Lauren Hodge has been competing in science fair projects since she was 7 years old. For her latest project, she investigated the formation of carcinogens in different methods of preparing chicken -- and found a surprising result. That work won first prize in the Google Science Fair's age 13-14 category.
Lauren Hodge | Speaker | TED.com
Shree Bose - Science fair winner
Shree Bose was the grand prize winner at the 2011 Google Science Fair.
Why you should listen
Shree Bose's school system doesn't officially participate in science fairs, so for ten years she entered herself in as many fairs as she could. In 2011 she presented her latest project: determining the mechanism of chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer -- a breakthrough that could improve future treatments. That project earned her the grand prize at the inaugural Google Science Fair.
Shree Bose | Speaker | TED.com
Naomi Shah - Science fair winner
Naomi Shah won the 2011 Google Science Fair in the age 15-16 category.
Why you should listen
Naomi Shah's first word was "why." She went from pestering her parents with questions about organic chemistry and nuclear energy, to a resarch project that developed a novel mathematical model for the effects of air polution on asthmatics. That work won her first place in the Google Science Fair age 15-16 category.
Naomi Shah | Speaker | TED.com