TEDxWomen 2011
Lauren Hodge, Shree Bose + Naomi Shah: Award-winning teenage science in action
Nagrađeni naučnici-tinejdžeri na delu
Filmed:
Readability: 4.7
1,029,643 views
Tri mlade devojke su 2011. osvojile najbolje nagrade na prvom Gugl sajmu nauke. Na konferenciji TEDxWomen Lauren Hodž (Lauren Hodge), Šri Bouz (Shree Bose) i Naomi Ša (Naomi Shah) su predstavile svoje izvanredne projekte, i razvojni put njihove strasti prema nauci.
Lauren Hodge - Science fair winner
Lauren Hodge won the 2011 Google Science Fair in the age 13-14 category. Full bioShree Bose - Science fair winner
Shree Bose was the grand prize winner at the 2011 Google Science Fair. Full bioNaomi Shah - Science fair winner
Naomi Shah won the 2011 Google Science Fair in the age 15-16 category. Full bio
Lauren Hodge won the 2011 Google Science Fair in the age 13-14 category. Full bioShree Bose - Science fair winner
Shree Bose was the grand prize winner at the 2011 Google Science Fair. Full bioNaomi Shah - Science fair winner
Naomi Shah won the 2011 Google Science Fair in the age 15-16 category. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Lauren Hodge: If you were going to a restaurant and wanted a healthier option,
0
0
3000
Lauren Hodž: Ukoliko ste u restoranu, i želite zdraviji izbor hrane,
00:18
which would you choose, grilled or fried chicken?
1
3000
2000
šta biste naručili, prženu piletinu ili piletinu na žaru?
00:20
Now most people would answer grilled,
2
5000
2000
Većina ljudi bi rekla piletinu na žaru,
00:22
and it's true that grilled chicken does contain less fat and fewer calories.
3
7000
3000
istina je da piletina na žaru sadrži manje masti i kalorija.
00:25
However, grilled chicken poses a hidden danger.
4
10000
2000
Međutim, isto tako krije u sebi opasne materije.
00:27
The hidden danger is heterocyclic amines --
5
12000
2000
A to su heterociklični amini,
00:29
specifically phenomethylimidazopyridine,
6
14000
2000
odnosno feno-metil-imidazopiridin,
00:31
or PhIP --
7
16000
2000
ili FmIP-
00:33
(laughter)
8
18000
2000
(smeh)
00:35
which is the immunogenic or carcinogenic compound.
9
20000
3000
to je imunogeno i kancerogeno jedinjenje.
00:38
A carcinogen is any substance or agent
10
23000
2000
Karcinogen je svaka supstanca ili reagens
00:40
that causes abnormal growth of cells,
11
25000
2000
koja uzrukuje nekontrolisan rast ćelija,
00:42
which can also cause them to metastasize or spread.
12
27000
3000
što može dovesti do metastaziranja i širenja po telu.
00:45
They are also organic compounds
13
30000
2000
To su takođe organska jedinjenja
00:47
in which one or more of the hydrogens in ammonia
14
32000
3000
u kojima je jedan ili više atoma vodonika ili amonijačne grupe
00:50
is replaced with a more complex group.
15
35000
2000
zamenjena složenijom grupom.
00:52
Studies show that antioxidants
16
37000
2000
Istraživanja su pokazala da antioksidansi
00:54
are known to decrease these heterocyclic amines.
17
39000
2000
snižavaju nivo ovih heterocikličnih amina.
00:56
However, no studies exist yet
18
41000
2000
Međutim, ni jedna studija do sada
00:58
that show how or why.
19
43000
2000
nije objasnila kako ili zašto to čine.
01:00
These here are five different organizations that classify carcinogens.
20
45000
3000
Ovde je predstavljeno pet organizacija koje klasifikuju karcinogene.
01:03
And as you can see, none of the organizations consider the compounds to be safe,
21
48000
3000
Kao što vidite, ni jedna od organizacija ih ne smatra zdravim,
01:06
which justifies the need to decrease them in our diet.
22
51000
3000
a to opravdava potrebu da smanjimo njihovu količinu u ishrani.
01:09
Now you might wonder how a 13 year-old girl could come up with this idea.
23
54000
3000
Možda se pitate kako je trinaestogodišnja devojčica došla do te ideje.
01:12
And I was led to it through a series of events.
24
57000
2000
Čitav niz događaja me je doveo do te tačke.
01:14
I first learned about it through a lawsuit I read about in my doctor's office --
25
59000
3000
Prvi put sam čula o tome čitajući o sudskom procesu u ordinaciji mog doktora,
01:17
(Laughter)
26
62000
3000
(smeh)
01:20
which was between the Physician's Committee for Responsible Medicine
27
65000
3000
koji je vodio Odbor lekara za odgovornu medicinu
01:23
and seven different fast food restaurants.
28
68000
2000
protiv sedam različitih lanaca brze hrane.
01:25
They weren't sued because there was carcinogens in the chicken,
29
70000
3000
Nisu ih tužili usled toga što u njihovoj piletini ima kancerogena,
01:28
but they were sued because of California's Proposition 65,
30
73000
4000
već zbog Propozicije 65 u Kalifroniji
01:32
which stated that if there's anything dangerous in the products
31
77000
3000
da kompanije moraju da istaknu jasno upozorenje
01:35
then the companies had to give a clear warning.
32
80000
2000
ukoliko bilo šta štetno postoji u njihovoj hrani.
01:37
So I was very surprised about this.
33
82000
2000
To me je iznenadilo.
01:39
And I was wondering why nobody knew more
34
84000
2000
Pitala sam se zašto niko nije znao malo više
01:41
about this dangerous grilled chicken,
35
86000
2000
o ovoj opasnoj piletini na žaru,
01:43
which doesn't seem very harmful.
36
88000
2000
a koja ne deluje tako štetno.
01:45
But then one night, my mom was cooking grilled chicken for dinner,
37
90000
3000
Potom sam jedne večeri dok je moja majka pripremala piletinu na žaru za večeru
01:48
and I noticed that the edges of the chicken,
38
93000
2000
uočila da su krajevi piletine
01:50
which had been marinated in lemon juice, turned white.
39
95000
3000
koji su bili potopljeni u soku od limuna pobeleli.
01:53
And later in biology class, I learned that it's due to a process called denaturing,
40
98000
3000
Nešto kasnije na nastavi biologije sam naučila da se to dešava u procesu denaturacije,
01:56
which is where the proteins will change shape
41
101000
2000
proces pri kojem proteini menjaju svoj oblik
01:58
and lose their ability to chemically function.
42
103000
3000
i gube hemijsku funkcionalnost.
02:01
So I combined these two ideas and I formulated a hypothesis,
43
106000
3000
Spojila sam ove dve ideje i formulisala hipotezu
02:04
saying that, could possibly
44
109000
2000
koja pita da li je moguće
02:06
the carcinogens be decreased due to a marinade
45
111000
3000
da se količina karcinogena smanjuje pri mariniranju
02:09
and could it be due to the differences in PH?
46
114000
2000
i da li se to dešava usled razlike u pH vrednosti?
02:11
So my idea was born,
47
116000
2000
Dakle, ideja je rođena,
02:13
and I had the project set up and a hypothesis,
48
118000
2000
uspostavila sam projekat i hipotezu,
02:15
so what was my next step?
49
120000
2000
i šta je bio sledeći korak?
02:17
Well obviously I had to find a lab to work at
50
122000
2000
Naravno, trebalo je da pronađem laboratoriju za taj rad
02:19
because I didn't have the equipment in my school.
51
124000
3000
jer nismo imali opremu za to u školi.
02:22
I thought this would be easy,
52
127000
2000
Mislila sam da će to biti lako,
02:24
but I emailed about 200 different people
53
129000
2000
ali sam na kraju poslala mejl na 200 različitih adresa,
02:26
within a five-hour radius of where I lived,
54
131000
2000
u radijusu od 5 sati vožnje u odnosu na mesto gde sam živela,
02:28
and I got one positive response that said that they could work with me.
55
133000
3000
a dobila samo jedan potvrdan odgovor, da bi oni mogli da rade sa mnom.
02:31
Most of the others either never responded back,
56
136000
2000
Većina preostalih ljudi ili nije nikada odgovorila,
02:33
said they didn't have the time
57
138000
2000
ili su mi rekli da nemaju vremena,
02:35
or didn't have the equipment and couldn't help me.
58
140000
2000
ili nisu imali opremu i nisu zato mogli da mi pomognu.
02:37
So it was a big commitment
59
142000
2000
Zahtevalo je veliku posvećenost
02:39
to drive to the lab to work multiple times.
60
144000
3000
ta vožnja do laboratorije mnogo puta kako bih to uradila.
02:42
However, it was a great opportunity to work in a real lab --
61
147000
2000
Međutim, bila je to i sjajna prilika da radim u stvarnoj laboratoriji,
02:44
so I could finally start my project.
62
149000
2000
tako da sam napokon mogla da počnem sa projektom.
02:46
The first stage was completed at home,
63
151000
2000
Prvu faza sam završila kod kuće,
02:48
which consisted of marinating the chicken,
64
153000
2000
a to je mariniranje piletine,
02:50
grilling the chicken, amassing it
65
155000
2000
grilovanje piletine, sakupljanje dovoljne količine
02:52
and preparing it to be transported to the lab.
66
157000
3000
i pripremu za transport do laboratorije.
02:55
The second stage was completed
67
160000
2000
Drugu fazu sam završila
02:57
at the Penn State University main campus lab,
68
162000
2000
u laboratoriji glavnog odeljenja Pen Univerziteta,
02:59
which is where I extracted the chemicals,
69
164000
2000
tamo sam izolovala hemikalije,
03:01
changed the PH so I could run it through the equipment
70
166000
2000
menjala pH vrednost kako bih mogla da koristim opremu
03:03
and separated the compounds I needed
71
168000
2000
i odvojila sam jedinjenja koja su mi bila potrebna
03:05
from the rest of the chicken.
72
170000
2000
iz ostatka piletine.
03:07
The final stages, when I ran the samples
73
172000
2000
U finalnim fazama sam analizirala uzorke
03:09
through a high-pressure
74
174000
2000
uz pomoć likvidne hromatografije i mas-spektroskopije
03:11
liquid chromatography mass spectrometer,
75
176000
3000
pod visokim pritiskom,
03:14
which separated the compounds and analyzed the chemicals
76
179000
3000
koje omogućavaju razdvajanje jedinjenja i analizu hemikalija
03:17
and told me exactly how much carcinogens I had
77
182000
2000
i tačno odrede koliko je karcinogena
03:19
in my chicken.
78
184000
2000
bilo u mojoj piletini.
03:21
So when I went through the data, I had very surprising results,
79
186000
3000
Kada sam analizirala podatke, dobila sam veoma iznenađujuće rezultate,
03:24
because I found that four out of the five marinating ingredients
80
189000
3000
jer sam otkrila da četiri od pet sastojaka za mariniranje
03:27
actually inhibited the carcinogen formation.
81
192000
2000
u principu inhibiraju stvaranje karcinogena.
03:29
When compared with the unmarinated chicken,
82
194000
2000
Upoređivanjem nemarinirane piletine,
03:31
which is what I used as my control,
83
196000
3000
a to je bila kontrola u eksperimentu,
03:34
I found that lemon juice worked by far the best,
84
199000
2000
zaključila sam da sok od limuna ima najbolje dejstvo,
03:36
which decreased the carcinogens
85
201000
2000
smanjio je nivo karcinogena
03:38
by about 98 percent.
86
203000
2000
za 98 odsto.
03:40
The saltwater marinade and the brown sugar marinade
87
205000
3000
Preliv od slane vode i preliv od žutog šećera
03:43
also worked very well,
88
208000
2000
su se isto pokazali dobro,
03:45
decreasing the carcinogens by about 60 percent.
89
210000
2000
snižavajući nivo karcinogena za oko 60 odsto.
03:47
Olive oil slightly decreased the PhIP formation,
90
212000
3000
Maslinovo ulje je neznatno smanjilo stvaranje FmIP-a,
03:50
but it was nearly negligible.
91
215000
2000
ali je uticaj bio zanemarljiv.
03:52
And the soy sauce results were inconclusive
92
217000
2000
Rezultati o efektu sosa od soje su bili neinformativni,
03:54
because of the large data range,
93
219000
2000
jer je postojala velika varijacija u uzorku,
03:56
but it seems like soy sauce
94
221000
2000
ali deluje kao da sos od soje
03:58
actually increased the potential carcinogens.
95
223000
2000
u principu povećava sadržaj karcinogena.
04:00
Another important factor that I didn't take into account initially
96
225000
2000
Još jedan značajan faktor koji na početku nisam uzimala u obzir
04:02
was the time cooked.
97
227000
2000
je trajanje kuvanja.
04:04
And I found that if you increase the time cooked,
98
229000
2000
Pronašla sam da je vreme kuvanja proporcionalno
04:06
the amount of carcinogens rapidly increases.
99
231000
3000
količini karcinogena u jelu.
04:09
So the best way to marinate chicken, based on this,
100
234000
3000
Na osnovu ovih rezultata, najbolji način za mariniranje piletine
04:12
is to, not under-cook,
101
237000
2000
nije da je kraće kuvate,
04:14
but definitely don't over-cook and char the chicken,
102
239000
2000
ali svakako nije ni da je prekuvate ili užarite,
04:16
and marinate in either lemon juice, brown sugar or saltwater.
103
241000
4000
i potom je prelijete limunovim sokom, žutim šećerom ili slanom vodom.
04:21
(Applause)
104
246000
5000
(aplauz)
04:26
Based on these findings, I have a question for you.
105
251000
3000
Na osnovu ovih podataka, postavila bih vam pitanje.
04:29
Would you be willing to make a simple change in your diet
106
254000
3000
Da li biste bili raspoloženi da uvedete jednostavnu promenu u svojoj ishrani
04:32
that could potentially save your life?
107
257000
2000
koja bi mogla da vam spasi život?
04:34
Now I'm not saying that if you eat grilled chicken that's not marinated,
108
259000
2000
Ja ne kažem da ćete sigurno oboleti od raka i umreti
04:36
you're definitely going to catch cancer and die.
109
261000
2000
ukoliko jedete piletinu na žaru koja nije marinirana.
04:38
However, anything you can do
110
263000
2000
Međutim, bilo šta što uradite
04:40
to decrease the risk of potential carcinogens
111
265000
2000
a što može smanjiti rizik od izlaganja karcinogenima
04:42
can definitely increase the quality of lifestyle.
112
267000
3000
svakako može poboljšati vaš kvalitet života.
04:45
Is it worth it to you?
113
270000
2000
Da li je to vama dovoljno dobro?
04:47
How will you cook your chicken now?
114
272000
2000
Kako ćete pripremati sada piletinu?
04:49
(Applause)
115
274000
16000
(aplauz)
05:05
Shree Bose: Hi everyone. I'm Shree Bose.
116
290000
2000
Šri Boz: Zdrvo svima. Ja sam Šri Boz.
05:07
I was the 17-18 year-old age category winner
117
292000
2000
Ja sam pobednik u kategoriji od 17-18 godina
05:09
and then the grand prize winner.
118
294000
3000
i osvajač glavne nagrade.
05:12
And I want all of you
119
297000
2000
Želim da svi vi
05:14
to imagine a little girl
120
299000
2000
zamislite devojčicu
05:16
holding a dead blue spinach plant.
121
301000
3000
kako drži u rukama tamno plavi spanać.
05:19
And she's standing in front of you and she's explaining to you
122
304000
3000
Ona stoji ispred vas i objašnjava vam
05:22
that little kids will eat their vegetables
123
307000
2000
kako bi deca jela povrće
05:24
if they're different colors.
124
309000
2000
ukoliko je drukčije boje.
05:26
Sounds ridiculous, right.
125
311000
2000
Zvuči smešno, zar ne?
05:28
But that was me years ago.
126
313000
2000
Ali, to sam bila je pre mnogo godina.
05:30
And that was my first science fair project.
127
315000
3000
To je bio moj prvi projekat na sajmu nauke.
05:33
It got a bit more complicated from there.
128
318000
3000
Nakon toga je postalo malo komplikovanije.
05:36
My older brother Panaki Bose
129
321000
2000
Moj stariji brat Panaki Boz
05:38
spent hours of his time explaining atoms to me
130
323000
3000
je provodio sate objašnjavajući mi sve o atomima
05:41
when I barely understood basic algebra.
131
326000
3000
kada sam jedva razumela osnove algebre.
05:44
My parents suffered through many more of my science fair projects,
132
329000
3000
Moji roditelji su istrpeli mnogo mojih projekata za sajam nauke,
05:47
including a remote controlled garbage can.
133
332000
2000
uključujući i kantu za đubre koja radi na upravljač.
05:49
(Laughter)
134
334000
2000
(smeh)
05:51
And then came the summer after my freshman year,
135
336000
3000
A onda je nastupilo leto nakon moje brucoške godine
05:54
when my grandfather passed away due to cancer.
136
339000
3000
kada je rak ubio mog dedu.
05:57
And I remember watching my family go through that
137
342000
2000
Sećam se da sam posmatrala svoju porodicu kako prolazi kroz sve to
05:59
and thinking that I never wanted another family
138
344000
3000
i pomislila sam kako ne želim da i jedna porodica
06:02
to feel that kind of loss.
139
347000
3000
doživi takav gubitak.
06:05
So, armed with all the wisdom
140
350000
2000
Naoružana svom tom mudrošću
06:07
of freshman year biology,
141
352000
2000
nakon prve godine biologije,
06:09
I decided I wanted to do cancer research
142
354000
3000
odlučila sam da želim da se bavim istraživanjem raka
06:12
at 15.
143
357000
2000
sa 15 godina.
06:14
Good plan.
144
359000
2000
Dobar plan.
06:16
So I started emailing all of these professors in my area
145
361000
2000
Počela sam da šaljem mejlove svim profesorima u mojoj okolini
06:18
asking to work under their supervision in a lab.
146
363000
4000
raspitivajući se za mogućnost da radim u njihovoj laboratoriji.
06:22
Got rejected by all except one.
147
367000
2000
Svi su me odbili, sem jednog.
06:24
And then went on, my next summer,
148
369000
2000
A onda sam, sledećeg leta, otišla da radim
06:26
to work under Dr. Basu
149
371000
2000
pod supervizijom Dr. Basu
06:28
at the UNT Health Center at Fort Worth, Texas.
150
373000
3000
u Zdravstvenom centru Univerziteta Severnog Teksasa u Fort Vortu u Teksasu.
06:31
And that is where the research began.
151
376000
3000
Tamo je istraživanje počelo.
06:34
So ovarian cancer
152
379000
2000
Rak jajnika je tip raka
06:36
is one of those cancers that most people don't know about,
153
381000
3000
o kom mnogi ljudi ne znaju,
06:39
or at least don't pay that much attention to.
154
384000
3000
ili barem ne obraćaju pažnju na to.
06:42
But yet, it's the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths
155
387000
3000
Ali je čak peti po redu uzrok smrti usled raka
06:45
among women in the United States.
156
390000
3000
kod žena u Sjedinjenim Državama.
06:48
In fact, one in 70 women
157
393000
2000
Činjenica je da će jednoj od 70 žena
06:50
will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer.
158
395000
2000
biti dijagnostikovan rak jajnika.
06:52
One in 100
159
397000
2000
Jedna od sto
06:54
will die from it.
160
399000
2000
će umreti od toga.
06:56
Chemotherapy, one of the most effective ways
161
401000
2000
Hemoterapija, jedna od najefektnijih tretmana
06:58
used to treat cancer today,
162
403000
2000
za lečenje raka danas,
07:00
involves giving patients really high doses of chemicals
163
405000
2000
podrazumeva davanje visokih doza hemikalija pacijentima
07:02
to try and kill off cancer cells.
164
407000
3000
kako bismo pokušali da ubijemo ćelije raka.
07:05
Cisplatin is a relatively common
165
410000
2000
Cisplatin je opšti lek
07:07
ovarian cancer chemotherapy drug --
166
412000
3000
koji se primenjuje u hemoterapiji pri lečenju raka jajnika
07:10
a relatively simple molecule made in the lab
167
415000
3000
to je relativno jednostavan molekul napravljen u laboratoriji
07:13
that messes with the DNA of cancer cells
168
418000
2000
koji interferira sa DNK ćelija raka
07:15
and causes them to kill themselves.
169
420000
2000
i navodi te ćelije na samoubistvo.
07:17
Sounds great, right?
170
422000
2000
Zvuči odlično, zar ne?
07:19
But here's the problem:
171
424000
2000
Ali u ovome je problem
07:21
sometimes patients become resistant to the drug,
172
426000
3000
dešava se da pacijenti razviju otpornost na lek,
07:24
and then years after they've been declared to be cancer free,
173
429000
3000
i godinama nakon momenta kada im je rečeno da su izlečeni,
07:27
they come back.
174
432000
2000
rak se povrati.
07:29
And this time, they no longer respond to the drug.
175
434000
2000
U tom slučaju, pacijenti više ne reaguju na taj lek.
07:31
It's a huge problem.
176
436000
2000
To je ogroman problem.
07:33
In fact, it's one of the biggest problems
177
438000
2000
U principu, to je i najveći problem
07:35
with chemotherapy today.
178
440000
2000
danas u hemoterapiji.
07:37
So we wanted to figure out
179
442000
2000
Želeli smo da shvatimo
07:39
how these ovarian cancer cells are becoming resistant
180
444000
3000
kako ove ćelije raka jajnika razvijaju rezistentnost
07:42
to this drug called Cisplatin.
181
447000
2000
na lek Cisplatin.
07:44
And we wanted to figure this out,
182
449000
2000
Želeli smo to da shvatimo,
07:46
because if we could figure that out,
183
451000
2000
jer ako to razumemo,
07:48
then we might be able to prevent that resistance from ever happening.
184
453000
3000
onda bismo možda bili u stanju da sprečimo razvijanje rezistentnosti.
07:51
So that's what we set out to do.
185
456000
2000
To je ono što smo hteli da uradimo.
07:53
And we thought it had something to do with this protein called AMP kinase,
186
458000
3000
Mislili smo da je protein, AMP kinaza, uključen u taj proces,
07:56
an energy protein.
187
461000
2000
to je protein uključen u proizvodnju energije.
07:58
So we ran all of these tests blocking the protein,
188
463000
3000
Odradili smo sve ove testove kako bismo blokirali protein,
08:01
and we saw this huge shift.
189
466000
2000
i uočili smo ovu ogromnu razliku.
08:03
I mean, on the slide, you can see
190
468000
2000
Na ovom slajdu možete videti
08:05
that on our sensitive side,
191
470000
2000
da na strani gde su osetljive ćelije
08:07
these cells that are responding to the drug,
192
472000
2000
one reaguju na lek,
08:09
when we start blocking the protein,
193
474000
2000
kada počnemo da blokiramo protein,
08:11
the number of dying cells -- those colored dots --
194
476000
3000
dolazi do smanjenja broja
08:14
they're going down.
195
479000
2000
ćelija koje umiru, to su ove obojene tačke.
08:16
But then on this side, with the same treatment,
196
481000
3000
Ali na ovom delu, uz isti tretman
08:19
they're going up -- interesting.
197
484000
3000
broj se povećava, interesantno.
08:22
But those are dots on a screen for you;
198
487000
2000
Ovo su za vas tačke na ekranu,
08:24
what exactly does that mean?
199
489000
2000
šta to tačno znači?
08:26
Well basically that means
200
491000
2000
To u suštini znači
08:28
that this protein is changing
201
493000
2000
da se ovaj protein menja
08:30
from the sensitive cell to the resistant cell.
202
495000
2000
kod osetljivih i rezistentnih ćelija.
08:32
And in fact, it might be changing the cells themselves
203
497000
4000
U principu, možda menja i same ćelije
08:36
to make the cells resistant.
204
501000
3000
i čini ih rezistentnim.
08:39
And that's huge.
205
504000
2000
To je ogromno otkriće.
08:41
In fact, it means that if a patient comes in
206
506000
2000
To u principu znači da ukoliko
08:43
and they're resistant to this drug,
207
508000
2000
je pacijent otporan na lek,
08:45
then if we give them a chemical to block this protein,
208
510000
3000
mi ćemo biti u stanju da ga lečimo istim lekom,
08:48
then we can treat them again
209
513000
2000
ukoliko mu damo hemikaliju
08:50
with the same drug.
210
515000
2000
koja blokira ovaj protein.
08:52
And that's huge for chemotherapy effectiveness --
211
517000
3000
Ovo je ogroman korak u usavršavanju hemoterapije,
08:55
possibly for many different types of cancer.
212
520000
4000
moguće za mnoge različite vrste raka.
08:59
So that was my work,
213
524000
2000
To je moje delo,
09:01
and it was my way of reimagining the future
214
526000
3000
tako ja zamišljanjam budućnost
09:04
for future research, with figuring out exactly what this protein does,
215
529000
4000
za buduća istraživanja, razumevanje onoga šta tačno taj protein radi,
09:08
but also for the future of chemotherapy effectiveness --
216
533000
3000
ali to je i put razvoja efektnosti hemoterapije,
09:11
so maybe all grandfathers with cancer
217
536000
3000
tako da će možda sve deke koje boluju od raka
09:14
have a little bit more time to spend with their grandchildren.
218
539000
3000
provesti malo više vremena sa svojim unucima.
09:17
But my work wasn't just about the research.
219
542000
4000
Moj rad ne predstavlja samo moje istraživanje.
09:21
It was about finding my passion.
220
546000
3000
Radi se o pronalaženju moje strasti.
09:24
That's why being the grand prize winner
221
549000
2000
Zbog toga je osvajanje glavne nagrade
09:26
of the Google Global Science Fair --
222
551000
2000
na Guglovom Sajmu nauke,
09:28
cute picture, right --
223
553000
2000
dobra slika, zar ne-
09:30
it was so exciting to me and it was such an amazing honor.
224
555000
3000
meni toliko značilo i predstavlja mi veliku čast.
09:33
And ever since then,
225
558000
2000
Od tod trenutka sam
09:35
I've gotten to do some pretty cool stuff --
226
560000
2000
bila u prilici da se nađem u veoma kul situacijama,
09:37
from getting to meet the president
227
562000
2000
od upoznavanja predsednika
09:39
to getting to be on this stage
228
564000
2000
do toga da sam sada na ovoj bini
09:41
to talk to all of you guys.
229
566000
2000
i pričam sa vama.
09:43
But like I said, my journey wasn't just about the research,
230
568000
3000
Ali kao što sam rekla, moje putovanje ne predstavlja samo istraživanje,
09:46
it was about finding my passion,
231
571000
2000
to je put pronalaženja moje strasti,
09:48
and it was about making my own opportunities
232
573000
2000
i to je način kreiranja sopstvenih prilika
09:50
when I didn't even know what I was doing.
233
575000
3000
u momentima kada čak nisam ni znala šta radim.
09:53
It was about inspiration
234
578000
2000
Tu se radi o inspiraciji,
09:55
and determination
235
580000
2000
i posvećenosti
09:57
and never giving up on my interest
236
582000
2000
i neodustajanja od mojih interesvoanja
09:59
for science and learning and growing.
237
584000
3000
prema nauci, učenju i razvitku.
10:02
After all, my story begins
238
587000
3000
Na kraju, moja priča počinje
10:05
with a dried, withered spinach plant
239
590000
2000
sa osušenim, oštećenim spanaćem
10:07
and it's only getting better from there.
240
592000
2000
i od tada je postajalo samo bolje.
10:09
Thank you.
241
594000
2000
Hvala vam.
10:11
(Applause)
242
596000
10000
(aplauz)
10:23
Naomi Shah: Hi everyone. I'm Naomi Shah,
243
608000
3000
Naomi Ša: Zdravo svima. Ja sam Naomi Ša,
10:26
and today I'll be talking to you about my research
244
611000
2000
i pričaću vam o svom istraživanju
10:28
involving indoor air quality
245
613000
2000
kvaliteta vazduha u zatvorenom prostoru
10:30
and asthmatic patients.
246
615000
2000
i pacijentima koji boluju od astme.
10:32
1.6 million deaths worldwide.
247
617000
3000
Od toga umre 1.6 miliona ljudi širom sveta.
10:35
One death every 20 seconds.
248
620000
3000
Svakih 20 sekundi neko umre zbog toga.
10:38
People spend over 90 percent of their lives indoors.
249
623000
4000
Ljudi provedu više od 90 odsto vremena u zatvorenom prostoru.
10:42
And the economic burden of asthma
250
627000
2000
Ekonomska šteta koju astma nanosi
10:44
exceeds that of HIV and tuberculosis combined.
251
629000
3000
je veća od uticaja HIV-a i tuberkuloze zajedno.
10:47
Now these statistics had a huge impact on me,
252
632000
3000
Ovi podaci su značajno uticali na mene,
10:50
but what really sparked my interest in my research
253
635000
3000
ali ono što me je zaista zainteresovalo za istraživanje
10:53
was watching both my dad and my brother
254
638000
2000
jeste patnja moga oca i brata
10:55
suffer from chronic allergies year-round.
255
640000
2000
koji se bore sa hroničnim alregijama tokom cele godine.
10:57
It confused me;
256
642000
2000
To me je zbunilo,
10:59
why did these allergy symptoms persist
257
644000
2000
zašto simptomi alergije ne nestanu
11:01
well past the pollen season?
258
646000
2000
nakon završetka sezone polena?
11:03
With this question in mind, I started researching,
259
648000
3000
Ovim pitanjem sam započela istraživanja
11:06
and I soon found that indoor air pollutants were the culprit.
260
651000
3000
i ubrzo sam shvatila da su zagađivači vazduha u zatvorenom prostoru glavni krivci.
11:09
As soon as I realized this,
261
654000
2000
Čim sam to shvatila,
11:11
I investigated the underlying relationship
262
656000
2000
počela sam da istražujem odnos
11:13
between four prevalent air pollutants
263
658000
2000
između glavnih zagađivača vazduha
11:15
and their affect on the lung health of asthmatic patients.
264
660000
3000
i efekta koji imaju na pluća asmatičara.
11:18
At first, I just wanted to figure out
265
663000
3000
Na početku sam samo želela da shvatim
11:21
which of these four pollutants have the largest negative health impact
266
666000
3000
koji od ova četiri zagađivača imaju najsnažniji negativni uticaj
11:24
on the lung health of asthmatic patients.
267
669000
3000
na zdravlje pluća asmatičara.
11:27
But soon after, I developed a novel mathematical model
268
672000
3000
Ubrzo nakon toga razvila sam novi matematički model
11:30
that essentially quantifies the effect
269
675000
2000
koji u suštini kvantifikuje efekat
11:32
of these environmental pollutants
270
677000
3000
ovih zagađivača sredine
11:35
on the lung health of asthmatic patients.
271
680000
2000
na zdravlje pluća asmatičara.
11:37
And it surprises me
272
682000
2000
Iznenađuje me to
11:39
that no model currently exists
273
684000
2000
što takav model nije postojao do danas,
11:41
that quantifies the effect of environmental factors
274
686000
2000
model koji bi merio efekat faktora sredine
11:43
on human lung health,
275
688000
2000
na zdravlje pluća ljudi,
11:45
because that relationship seems so important.
276
690000
3000
s obzirom na to da se ta veza čini značajnom.
11:48
So with that in mind,
277
693000
2000
Imajući to u vidu
11:50
I started researching more, I started investigating more,
278
695000
2000
počela sam da istražujem više, da pronalazim više,
11:52
and I became very passionate.
279
697000
2000
i postala sam veoma obuzeta time.
11:54
Because I realized
280
699000
2000
Shvatila sam da ukoliko
11:56
that if we could find a way to target remediation,
281
701000
2000
bismo našli način da targetiramo štetni uticaj,
11:58
we could also find a way
282
703000
2000
mogli bismo i da nađemo način
12:00
to treat asthmatic patients more effectively.
283
705000
4000
da lečimo asmatičare efektnije.
12:04
For example, volatile organic compounds
284
709000
2000
Na primer, isparljiva organska jedinjenja
12:06
are chemical pollutants
285
711000
2000
su hemijski zagađivači
12:08
that are found in our schools, homes and workplaces.
286
713000
2000
kojih ima u našim školama, kućama i radnom mestu.
12:10
They're everywhere.
287
715000
2000
Posvuda se nalaze.
12:12
These chemical pollutants
288
717000
2000
Ovi hemijski zagađivači se
12:14
are currently not a criteria air pollutant,
289
719000
2000
ne nalaze na listi registrovanih zagađivača,
12:16
as defined by the U.S. Clean Air Act.
290
721000
2000
po kriterijumima akta "Čist vazduh" Sjedinjenih Država.
12:18
Which is surprising to me,
291
723000
2000
To me iznenađuje,
12:20
because these chemical pollutants, through my research,
292
725000
2000
jer sam kroz svoje istraživanje shvatila da ovi hemijski zagađivači
12:22
I show that they had a very large negative impact
293
727000
3000
imaju izrazito loš uticaj
12:25
on the lung health of asthmatic patients
294
730000
2000
na zdravlje pluća asmatičara
12:27
and thus should be regulated.
295
732000
2000
i usled toga bi trebalo da budu regulisani.
12:29
So today I want to show you
296
734000
2000
Danas želim da vam pokažem
12:31
my interactive software model that I created.
297
736000
3000
interaktivni model softvera koji sam izumela.
12:34
I'm going to show it to you on my laptop.
298
739000
2000
Prikazaću ga na svom laptopu.
12:36
And I have a volunteer subject in the audience today,
299
741000
2000
Moj volonter je u publici danas,
12:38
Julie.
300
743000
2000
Džuli.
12:40
And all of Julie's data has been pre-entered
301
745000
3000
Svi Džilini podaci su ubačeni u
12:43
into my interactive software model.
302
748000
2000
moj interaktivni model softvera.
12:45
And this can be used by anyone.
303
750000
2000
Ovo svako može da koristi.
12:47
So I want you to imagine that you're in Julie's shoes,
304
752000
2000
Želim da zamislite da ste Džuli,
12:49
or someone who's really close to you
305
754000
2000
ili neko ko vam je veoma blizak,
12:51
who suffers from asthma or another lung disorder.
306
756000
3000
a pati od astme ili druge bolesti pluća.
12:54
So Julie's going to her doctor's office
307
759000
2000
Džuli odlazi kod svog lekara
12:56
to get treated for her asthma.
308
761000
2000
kako bi dobila lek za astmu.
12:58
And the doctor has her sit down,
309
763000
2000
Doktor je posadi na stolicu,
13:00
and he takes her peak expiratory flow rate --
310
765000
3000
i analizira njen maksimalni kapacitet plućnog izdisaja,
13:03
which is essentially her exhalation rate,
311
768000
2000
to je jačina njenog izdaha,
13:05
or the amount of air that she can breathe out in one breath.
312
770000
3000
ili količina vazduha koji ona pri jednom izdahu izbaci iz pluća.
13:08
So that peak expiratory flow rate,
313
773000
2000
Tako da sam ja u ovaj interaktivni model softvera
13:10
I've entered it up into the interactive software model.
314
775000
2000
unela kapacitet njenog izdisaja.
13:12
I've also entered in her age, her gender and her height.
315
777000
3000
Unela sam takođe njene godine, pol i visinu.
13:15
I've assumed that she lives in an average household
316
780000
2000
Pretpostavila sam da živi u prosečnom domaćinstvu
13:17
with average air pollutant levels.
317
782000
2000
sa prosečnom količinom zagađivača vazduha.
13:19
So any user can come in here
318
784000
2000
Tako da bilo koji korisnik
13:21
and click on "lung function report"
319
786000
2000
može samo da klikne na dugme "izveštaj o radu pluća"
13:23
and it'll take them to this report that I created.
320
788000
2000
i to će ga usmeriti na ovaj izveštaj koji sam kreirala.
13:25
And this report really drives home the crux of my research.
321
790000
4000
Ovaj izveštaj je zaista najvažniji aspekat mog istraživanja.
13:29
So what it shows -- if you want to focus on that top graph in the right-hand corner --
322
794000
4000
Ono što ovde vidite, ukoliko se fokusirate na gornji grafik u desnom uglu,
13:33
it shows Julie's actual peak expiratory flow rate
323
798000
2000
jeste Džulin izmereni kapacitet izdisaja
13:35
in the yellow bar.
324
800000
2000
predstavljen žutom bojom.
13:37
This is the measurement that she took in her doctor's office.
325
802000
3000
To je merenje koje je sproveo njen lekar.
13:40
In the blue bar at the bottom of the graph,
326
805000
2000
U plavoj boji na dnu samog grafika,
13:42
it shows what her peak expiratory flow rate,
327
807000
3000
vidite koliki bi maksimalan kapacitet izdisaja,
13:45
what her exhalation rate or lung health, should be
328
810000
2000
njena stopa izdisaja ili funkcionalnost pluća trebalo da budu
13:47
based on her age, gender and height.
329
812000
3000
na osnovu njenih godina, pola i visine.
13:50
So the doctor sees this difference between the yellow bar and the blue bar,
330
815000
3000
Tako da lekar može uočiti razliku između žutog i plavog grafika
13:53
and he says, "Wow, we need to give her steroids,
331
818000
3000
i zaključi: "Opa, moramo primeniti steroide,
13:56
medication and inhalers."
332
821000
3000
lekove i inhalatore."
13:59
But I want everyone here to reimagine a world
333
824000
3000
Želim da svi zamislite svet u kom će,
14:02
where instead of prescribing steroids,
334
827000
2000
umesto prepisivanja steroida,
14:04
inhalers and medication,
335
829000
2000
inhalatora i lekova,
14:06
the doctor turns to Julie and says,
336
831000
2000
doktor reći Džuli sledeće:
14:08
"Why don't you go home and clean out your air filters.
337
833000
2000
"Zašto ne biste otišli kući i zamenili filtere za vazduh.
14:10
Clean out the air ducts in your home,
338
835000
2000
Očistite provodnike vazduha u kući,
14:12
in your workplace, in your school.
339
837000
2000
na vašem radnom mestu, u školi.
14:14
Stop the use of incense and candles.
340
839000
3000
Nemojte koristiti tamjan i sveće.
14:17
And if you're remodeling your house,
341
842000
2000
Ukoliko renovirate svoj dom,
14:19
take out all the carpeting and put in hardwood flooring."
342
844000
3000
izbacite sve tepihe i postavite drveni parket."
14:22
Because these solutions are natural,
343
847000
2000
To govorim jer su rešenja u prirodi,
14:24
these solutions are sustainable,
344
849000
2000
ova rešenja su održiva,
14:26
and these solutions are long-term investments --
345
851000
3000
i ovakva rešenja predstavljaju dugoročna ulaganja,
14:29
long-term investments that we're making
346
854000
2000
dugoročna ulaganja koja činimo
14:31
for our generation and for future generations.
347
856000
2000
za našu generaciju i generacije koje dolaze.
14:33
Because these environmental solutions
348
858000
3000
Rešenja koja menjaju okolinu,
14:36
that Julie can make in her home, her workplace and her school
349
861000
3000
što Džuli može uraditi u svojoj kući, radnom mestu i u školi
14:39
are impacting everyone that lives around her.
350
864000
3000
utiču na sve ljude sa kojima ona živi.
14:42
So I'm very passionate about this research
351
867000
2000
Ja veoma pasionirano doživaljavam ovo istraživanje
14:44
and I really want to continue it
352
869000
2000
i zaista želim da to nastavim
14:46
and expand it to more disorders besides asthma,
353
871000
3000
i uključim u istraživanje ne samo astmu
14:49
more respiratory disorders, as well as more pollutants.
354
874000
3000
već više respiratornih bolesti, a i više zagađivača vazduha.
14:52
But before I end my talk today,
355
877000
2000
Želim da završim svoje izlaganje
14:54
I want to leave you with one saying.
356
879000
2000
sa jednom porukom.
14:56
And that saying is that genetics loads the gun,
357
881000
3000
A to je da genetika zaista jeste metak u pištolju,
14:59
but the environment pulls the trigger.
358
884000
2000
ali sredina je okidač tog pištolja.
15:01
And that made a huge impact on me
359
886000
2000
To je značajno uticalo na mene
15:03
when I was doing this research.
360
888000
2000
dok sam sprovodila istraživanje.
15:05
Because what I feel, is a lot of us think
361
890000
2000
Mislim da mnogi od nas smatraju
15:07
that the environment is at a macro level,
362
892000
3000
da je životna sredina na makro nivou,
15:10
that we can't do anything to change our air quality
363
895000
2000
da mi ne možemo učiniti ništa kako bismo promenili kvalitet vazduha,
15:12
or to change the climate or anything.
364
897000
3000
ili promenili klimu ili bilo šta.
15:15
But if each one of us takes initiative in our own home,
365
900000
3000
Ali ukoliko bi svako od nas preduzeo prve korake u svom domu,
15:18
in our own school and in our own workplace,
366
903000
3000
u našim školama, radnim mestima,
15:21
we can make a huge difference in air quality.
367
906000
2000
mogli bismo vrlo značajno da utičemo na kvalitet vazduha.
15:23
Because remember, we spend 90 percent of our lives indoors.
368
908000
4000
Jer, zapamtite, mi provodimo 90 odsto vremena u zatvorenom prostoru.
15:27
And air quality and air pollutants
369
912000
3000
Kvalitet vazduha i zagađivači vazduha
15:30
have a huge impact on the lung health of asthmatic patients,
370
915000
3000
imaju ogroman uticaj na zdravlje pluća asmatičara,
15:33
anyone with a respiratory disorder
371
918000
2000
svih koji pate od respiratornih bolesti,
15:35
and really all of us in general.
372
920000
2000
i zaista na sve nas.
15:37
So I want you to reimagine a world
373
922000
2000
Tako da ja želim da zamislite svet
15:39
with better air quality,
374
924000
2000
u kom je vazduh boljeg kvaliteta,
15:41
better quality of life
375
926000
2000
u kom je život kvalitetniji,
15:43
and better quality of living for everyone
376
928000
2000
u kom je kvalitet života bolji za sve
15:45
including our future generations.
377
930000
2000
uključujući i generacije koje dolaze.
15:47
Thank you.
378
932000
2000
Hvala vam.
15:49
(Applause)
379
934000
7000
(aplauz)
15:56
Lisa Ling: Right.
380
941000
2000
Liza Ling: Baš tako.
15:58
Can I have Shree and Lauren come up really quickly?
381
943000
5000
Da li bi Šri i Lauren mogle da nam se pridruže na kratko?
16:03
Your Google Science Fair champions.
382
948000
2000
Vi ste šampionke Guglovog Sajma nauke.
16:05
Your winners.
383
950000
2000
Vi ste pobednice.
16:07
(Applause)
384
952000
3000
(aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Lauren Hodge - Science fair winnerLauren Hodge won the 2011 Google Science Fair in the age 13-14 category.
Why you should listen
Lauren Hodge has been competing in science fair projects since she was 7 years old. For her latest project, she investigated the formation of carcinogens in different methods of preparing chicken -- and found a surprising result. That work won first prize in the Google Science Fair's age 13-14 category.
Lauren Hodge | Speaker | TED.com
Shree Bose - Science fair winner
Shree Bose was the grand prize winner at the 2011 Google Science Fair.
Why you should listen
Shree Bose's school system doesn't officially participate in science fairs, so for ten years she entered herself in as many fairs as she could. In 2011 she presented her latest project: determining the mechanism of chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer -- a breakthrough that could improve future treatments. That project earned her the grand prize at the inaugural Google Science Fair.
Shree Bose | Speaker | TED.com
Naomi Shah - Science fair winner
Naomi Shah won the 2011 Google Science Fair in the age 15-16 category.
Why you should listen
Naomi Shah's first word was "why." She went from pestering her parents with questions about organic chemistry and nuclear energy, to a resarch project that developed a novel mathematical model for the effects of air polution on asthmatics. That work won her first place in the Google Science Fair age 15-16 category.
Naomi Shah | Speaker | TED.com