ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Lauren Hodge - Science fair winner
Lauren Hodge won the 2011 Google Science Fair in the age 13-14 category.

Why you should listen

Lauren Hodge has been competing in science fair projects since she was 7 years old. For her latest project, she investigated the formation of carcinogens in different methods of preparing chicken -- and found a surprising result. That work won first prize in the Google Science Fair's age 13-14 category.

More profile about the speaker
Lauren Hodge | Speaker | TED.com
Shree Bose - Science fair winner
Shree Bose was the grand prize winner at the 2011 Google Science Fair.

Why you should listen

Shree Bose's school system doesn't officially participate in science fairs, so for ten years she entered herself in as many fairs as she could. In 2011 she presented her latest project: determining the mechanism of chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer -- a breakthrough that could improve future treatments. That project earned her the grand prize at the inaugural Google Science Fair.

More profile about the speaker
Shree Bose | Speaker | TED.com
Naomi Shah - Science fair winner
Naomi Shah won the 2011 Google Science Fair in the age 15-16 category.

Why you should listen

Naomi Shah's first word was "why." She went from pestering her parents with questions about organic chemistry and nuclear energy, to a resarch project that developed a novel mathematical model for the effects of air polution on asthmatics. That work won her first place in the Google Science Fair age 15-16 category.

More profile about the speaker
Naomi Shah | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxWomen 2011

Lauren Hodge, Shree Bose + Naomi Shah: Award-winning teenage science in action

青少年的獲獎科學實驗

Filmed:
1,029,643 views

在2011年,三位年青女性拿到谷哥科展(Google Science Fair)頭獎。Lauren Hodge、Shree Bose和Naomi在TEDxWomen中談她們非凡的實驗及她們對科學的熱誠。
- Science fair winner
Lauren Hodge won the 2011 Google Science Fair in the age 13-14 category. Full bio - Science fair winner
Shree Bose was the grand prize winner at the 2011 Google Science Fair. Full bio - Science fair winner
Naomi Shah won the 2011 Google Science Fair in the age 15-16 category. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:15
Lauren勞倫 Hodge霍奇: If you were going to a restaurant餐廳 and wanted a healthier健康 option選項,
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Lauren Hodge:如果你去一家餐廳然要選一樣比較健康的食物,
00:18
which哪一個 would you choose選擇, grilled or fried油炸 chicken?
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你會選烤雞還是炸雞呢?
00:20
Now most people would answer回答 grilled,
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大部份人會選擇烤雞,
00:22
and it's true真正 that grilled chicken does contain包含 less fat脂肪 and fewer calories卡路里.
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沒錯烤雞的脂肪和熱量都較少。
00:25
However然而, grilled chicken poses姿勢 a hidden danger危險.
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但是,烤雞也有一些隱藏的危險。
00:27
The hidden danger危險 is heterocyclic雜環 amines --
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這個隱藏的危險叫作雜環胺--
00:29
specifically特別 phenomethylimidazopyridinephenomethylimidazopyridine,
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更明確地說是phenomethylimidazopyridine,
00:31
or PhIPPHIP --
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簡稱為PhIP
00:33
(laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
00:35
which哪一個 is the immunogenic免疫原性 or carcinogenic致癌 compound複合.
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是一種造成免疫病變及癌症產生的化合物。
00:38
A carcinogen致癌物 is any substance物質 or agent代理人
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致癌物是任何
00:40
that causes原因 abnormal不正常 growth發展 of cells細胞,
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可造成細胞異常生長的的物質。
00:42
which哪一個 can also cause原因 them to metastasize轉移 or spread傳播.
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這會造成轉移也就是到身體其他部位。
00:45
They are also organic有機 compounds化合物
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它們也是有機化合物,
00:47
in which哪一個 one or more of the hydrogens in ammonia
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其中氨官能基中一個或多個氫
00:50
is replaced更換 with a more complex複雜 group.
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被其他更複雜的東西取代。
00:52
Studies學習 show顯示 that antioxidants抗氧化劑
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研究顯示抗氧化物
00:54
are known已知 to decrease減少 these heterocyclic雜環 amines.
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會減少這些雜環胺的形成。
00:56
However然而, no studies學習 exist存在 yet然而
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但是目前沒有任何研究
00:58
that show顯示 how or why.
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顯示抗氧化物如何達成這個功效。
01:00
These here are five different不同 organizations組織 that classify分類 carcinogens致癌物.
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這邊是五個不同組織對致癌物的分類。
01:03
And as you can see, none沒有 of the organizations組織 consider考慮 the compounds化合物 to be safe安全,
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你們可以看到,沒有任何組織把這些致癌物歸為安全,
01:06
which哪一個 justifies證明 the need to decrease減少 them in our diet飲食.
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也就是為什麼我們在日常飲食中要減少其攝取量。
01:09
Now you might威力 wonder奇蹟 how a 13 year-old girl女孩 could come up with this idea理念.
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你們可能會問一個13歲女生怎麼會有這樣的想法呢?
01:12
And I was led to it through通過 a series系列 of events事件.
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我是被一系列事情引導到這裡的。
01:14
I first learned學到了 about it through通過 a lawsuit訴訟 I read about in my doctor's醫生 office辦公室 --
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我最早是從醫生辦公室的一件官司看到這個消息的。
01:17
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
01:20
which哪一個 was between之間 the Physician's醫師 Committee委員會 for Responsible主管 Medicine醫學
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這是一個醫生藥物責任委員會(Physician's Committee for Responsible Medicine)
01:23
and seven different不同 fast快速 food餐飲 restaurants餐館.
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與七家速食餐廳間的官司。
01:25
They weren't sued起訴 because there was carcinogens致癌物 in the chicken,
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他們並不是因為雞裡有致癌物被告,
01:28
but they were sued起訴 because of California's加州 Proposition主張 65,
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而是因為加州第六十五號提案
01:32
which哪一個 stated聲明 that if there's anything dangerous危險 in the products製品
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說如果產品中有任何危險物,
01:35
then the companies公司 had to give a clear明確 warning警告.
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公司必須給一個明確的警告。
01:37
So I was very surprised詫異 about this.
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我感到非常驚訝。
01:39
And I was wondering想知道 why nobody沒有人 knew知道 more
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然後我想為什麼沒有人知道
01:41
about this dangerous危險 grilled chicken,
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烤雞裡面有這些
01:43
which哪一個 doesn't seem似乎 very harmful有害.
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感覺起來不大有害的危險物質。
01:45
But then one night, my mom媽媽 was cooking烹飪 grilled chicken for dinner晚餐,
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然後有一天,我媽媽正在做烤雞當晚餐,
01:48
and I noticed注意到 that the edges邊緣 of the chicken,
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我發現烤雞邊緣
01:50
which哪一個 had been marinated醃製 in lemon檸檬 juice果汁, turned轉身 white白色.
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就是有被檸檬汁醃製過的部份變白色了。
01:53
And later後來 in biology生物學 class, I learned學到了 that it's due應有 to a process處理 called denaturing變性,
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後來在生物課上,我學到這叫做蛋白質變性,
01:56
which哪一個 is where the proteins蛋白質 will change更改 shape形狀
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也就是說蛋白質的形狀改變
01:58
and lose失去 their ability能力 to chemically化學 function功能.
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及失去了它們原本的化學性質。
02:01
So I combined結合 these two ideas思路 and I formulated制定 a hypothesis假設,
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所以我把這兩種想法結合起來成立了一個假設,
02:04
saying that, could possibly或者
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就是說致癌物
02:06
the carcinogens致癌物 be decreased下降 due應有 to a marinade醃泡汁
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可不可能因為醃製而減少呢?
02:09
and could it be due應有 to the differences分歧 in PHPH?
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是不是因為PH值的差異呢?
02:11
So my idea理念 was born天生,
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所以我有了想法、
02:13
and I had the project項目 set up and a hypothesis假設,
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有了計畫、也有了假設,
02:15
so what was my next下一個 step?
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那接下來呢?
02:17
Well obviously明顯 I had to find a lab實驗室 to work at
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很顯然的我需要找一個實驗室,
02:19
because I didn't have the equipment設備 in my school學校.
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因為我的學校沒有這樣的儀器。
02:22
I thought this would be easy簡單,
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我以為找實驗室不會很難,
02:24
but I emailed電子郵件 about 200 different不同 people
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但我寄電子郵件給離我住的地方
02:26
within a five-hour五小時 radius半徑 of where I lived生活,
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距離五小時內的約200個人,
02:28
and I got one positive response響應 that said that they could work with me.
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而我僅收到一個願意讓我去做實驗的回應。
02:31
Most of the others其他 either never responded回應 back,
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其他的大部份沒有回應、
02:33
said they didn't have the time
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說他們沒有時間、
02:35
or didn't have the equipment設備 and couldn't不能 help me.
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或是他們沒有那樣的儀器所以不能幫我。
02:37
So it was a big commitment承諾
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這是個很大的投入
02:39
to drive駕駛 to the lab實驗室 to work multiple times.
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因為我們需要開很多次車去實驗室做實驗。
02:42
However然而, it was a great opportunity機會 to work in a real真實 lab實驗室 --
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但是,能夠在真正的實驗室做事是個很棒的機會。
02:44
so I could finally最後 start開始 my project項目.
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我終於可以開始做我的研究。
02:46
The first stage階段 was completed完成 at home,
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第一部份是在家裡做的。
02:48
which哪一個 consisted of marinating醃製 the chicken,
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這部份包含醃製雞肉、
02:50
grilling燒烤 the chicken, amassing再再 it
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烤雞肉、將雞肉放在一起
02:52
and preparing準備 it to be transported to the lab實驗室.
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然後準備將雞肉帶到實驗室去。
02:55
The second第二 stage階段 was completed完成
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第二部份是在賓州州立大學
02:57
at the Penn佩恩 State University大學 main主要 campus校園 lab實驗室,
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主校區的實驗室完成的。
02:59
which哪一個 is where I extracted提取 the chemicals化學製品,
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這部份包含萃取化學物質、
03:01
changed the PHPH so I could run it through通過 the equipment設備
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改變PH質讓我可以使用儀器
03:03
and separated分離 the compounds化合物 I needed需要
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來從雞肉中
03:05
from the rest休息 of the chicken.
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分離我需要的化合物。
03:07
The final最後 stages階段, when I ran the samples樣本
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最後一部份,我將樣本
03:09
through通過 a high-pressure高壓力
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拿去跑高壓
03:11
liquid液體 chromatography色譜 mass spectrometer光譜儀,
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液態層析質譜儀,
03:14
which哪一個 separated分離 the compounds化合物 and analyzed分析 the chemicals化學製品
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這會將化合物分離並分析,
03:17
and told me exactly究竟 how much carcinogens致癌物 I had
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進而告訴我我的雞肉裡面
03:19
in my chicken.
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有多少致癌物。
03:21
So when I went through通過 the data數據, I had very surprising奇怪 results結果,
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所以當我在整理這些資料時,我得到非常有趣的結果,
03:24
because I found發現 that four out of the five marinating醃製 ingredients配料
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因為我發現五種醃製材料中有四種
03:27
actually其實 inhibited抑制 the carcinogen致癌物 formation編隊.
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會抑制致癌物產生。
03:29
When compared相比 with the unmarinatedunmarinated chicken,
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當與對照組也就是
03:31
which哪一個 is what I used as my control控制,
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未醃製雞肉比較時,
03:34
I found發現 that lemon檸檬 juice果汁 worked工作 by far the best最好,
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我發現檸檬汁比其它好很多,
03:36
which哪一個 decreased下降 the carcinogens致癌物
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它可以將致癌物減少
03:38
by about 98 percent百分.
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百分之98。
03:40
The saltwater鹽水 marinade醃泡汁 and the brown棕色 sugar marinade醃泡汁
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鹽水和黑糖醃製法
03:43
also worked工作 very well,
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也很不錯,
03:45
decreasing減少 the carcinogens致癌物 by about 60 percent百分.
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可以將致癌物減少百分之60。
03:47
Olive橄欖 oil slightly decreased下降 the PhIPPHIP formation編隊,
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橄欖油會稍微減少PhIP產生,
03:50
but it was nearly幾乎 negligible微不足道.
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但這幾乎可以忽略。
03:52
And the soy黃豆 sauce results結果 were inconclusive尚無定論
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而醬油醃製沒有得到很明顯的結論,
03:54
because of the large data數據 range範圍,
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因為我們得到的數據範圍太廣了。
03:56
but it seems似乎 like soy黃豆 sauce
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但似乎醬油
03:58
actually其實 increased增加 the potential潛在 carcinogens致癌物.
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會增加致癌物的產生。
04:00
Another另一個 important重要 factor因子 that I didn't take into account帳戶 initially原來
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另外一個我沒有預期的重要因素
04:02
was the time cooked.
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是烹飪時間。
04:04
And I found發現 that if you increase增加 the time cooked,
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我發現如果你增加烹飪時間,
04:06
the amount of carcinogens致癌物 rapidly急速 increases增加.
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致癌物含量會快速上升。
04:09
So the best最好 way to marinate chicken, based基於 on this,
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所以根據這些數據,最好的醃製雞肉方式
04:12
is to, not under-cook欠廚師,
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是當然不要沒煮熟,
04:14
but definitely無疑 don't over-cook過廚師 and char燒焦 the chicken,
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但絕對不要讓雞肉燒焦,
04:16
and marinate in either lemon檸檬 juice果汁, brown棕色 sugar or saltwater鹽水.
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及使用檸檬汁、黑糖或鹽水醃製。
04:21
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
04:26
Based基於 on these findings發現, I have a question for you.
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根據這些發現,我有一個問題想要問你們。
04:29
Would you be willing願意 to make a simple簡單 change更改 in your diet飲食
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你們會願意在你們日常飲食中
04:32
that could potentially可能 save保存 your life?
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做一個可能救你一命的簡單改變嗎?
04:34
Now I'm not saying that if you eat grilled chicken that's not marinated醃製,
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我不是說如果你的烤雞沒有醃製過
04:36
you're definitely無疑 going to catch抓住 cancer癌症 and die.
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你就一定會得到癌症病死亡。
04:38
However然而, anything you can do
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但是任何可以
04:40
to decrease減少 the risk風險 of potential潛在 carcinogens致癌物
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減少致癌物產生的事情
04:42
can definitely無疑 increase增加 the quality質量 of lifestyle生活方式.
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都有可能使你的生活更加美好。
04:45
Is it worth價值 it to you?
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這對你們來說值得嗎?
04:47
How will you cook廚師 your chicken now?
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你以後會如何烹調你的雞肉呢?
04:49
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
05:05
Shree斯里 Bose百色: Hi你好 everyone大家. I'm Shree斯里 Bose百色.
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Shree Bose:大家好。我是Shree Bose。
05:07
I was the 17-18 year-old age年齡 category類別 winner優勝者
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我是這次17-18歲組得獎者
05:09
and then the grand盛大 prize winner優勝者.
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也是大獎得獎者。
05:12
And I want all of you
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我想要你們大家
05:14
to imagine想像 a little girl女孩
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想像一個小女孩
05:16
holding保持 a dead blue藍色 spinach菠菜 plant.
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拿著一個死掉的藍色菠菜株。
05:19
And she's standing常設 in front面前 of you and she's explaining說明 to you
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她站在你們面前並試著解釋
05:22
that little kids孩子 will eat their vegetables蔬菜
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如果青菜有很多不同的顏色,
05:24
if they're different不同 colors顏色.
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小朋友們可能會願意吃青菜。
05:26
Sounds聲音 ridiculous荒謬, right.
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聽起來很怪對吧?
05:28
But that was me years年份 ago.
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但那就是我好幾年前做的事。
05:30
And that was my first science科學 fair公平 project項目.
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那是我的第一個科展計畫。
05:33
It got a bit more complicated複雜 from there.
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在那之後越來越複雜。
05:36
My older舊的 brother哥哥 PanakiPanaki Bose百色
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我哥哥Panaki Bose
05:38
spent花費 hours小時 of his time explaining說明 atoms原子 to me
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花了很多時間在我還只會簡單代數時
05:41
when I barely僅僅 understood了解 basic基本 algebra代數.
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跟我解釋原子。
05:44
My parents父母 suffered遭遇 through通過 many許多 more of my science科學 fair公平 projects項目,
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我的父母親接下來受我一推科展計畫折磨,
05:47
including包含 a remote遠程 controlled受控 garbage垃圾 can.
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這其中包含了一個遙控垃圾桶。
05:49
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
05:51
And then came來了 the summer夏季 after my freshman新生 year,
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然後九年級後的那年暑假,
05:54
when my grandfather祖父 passed通過 away due應有 to cancer癌症.
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我祖父因為癌症過世。
05:57
And I remember記得 watching觀看 my family家庭 go through通過 that
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我記得看著我的家人接受這個事實
05:59
and thinking思維 that I never wanted another另一個 family家庭
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然後想著我不想要有另外一個家庭
06:02
to feel that kind of loss失利.
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要感受到這樣的離別。
06:05
So, armed武裝 with all the wisdom智慧
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所以,我帶著九年級
06:07
of freshman新生 year biology生物學,
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生物的知識,
06:09
I decided決定 I wanted to do cancer癌症 research研究
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在十五歲的那年決定要做
06:12
at 15.
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癌症研究。
06:14
Good plan計劃.
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很棒的計畫。
06:16
So I started開始 emailing電子郵件 all of these professors教授 in my area
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所以我開始寄信給我周圍的教授們,
06:18
asking to work under their supervision監督 in a lab實驗室.
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問他們我是否可以在他們實驗室工作。
06:22
Got rejected拒絕 by all except one.
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除了一個以外都拒絕我了。
06:24
And then went on, my next下一個 summer夏季,
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所以在接下來的暑假,
06:26
to work under Dr博士. Basu巴蘇
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我到位於德州沃斯堡的UNT Health Center,
06:28
at the UNTUNT Health健康 Center中央 at Fort Worth價值, Texas德州.
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Basu博士底下工作。
06:31
And that is where the research研究 began開始.
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而那就是研究開始的地方。
06:34
So ovarian卵巢 cancer癌症
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卵巢癌是一種
06:36
is one of those cancers癌症 that most people don't know about,
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大家比較不熟知的癌症,
06:39
or at least最小 don't pay工資 that much attention注意 to.
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至少大家比較不會注意到這種癌症。
06:42
But yet然而, it's the fifth第五 leading領導 cause原因 of cancer癌症 deaths死亡
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但他卻高居美國女人癌症死因
06:45
among其中 women婦女 in the United聯合的 States狀態.
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的第五位。
06:48
In fact事實, one in 70 women婦女
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事實上,每70個女人中
06:50
will be diagnosed確診 with ovarian卵巢 cancer癌症.
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會有一個被發現有卵巢癌。
06:52
One in 100
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每一百個之中
06:54
will die from it.
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有一個會因此死亡。
06:56
Chemotherapy化療, one of the most effective有效 ways方法
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化療是現今治療癌症
06:58
used to treat對待 cancer癌症 today今天,
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最有效的方式,
07:00
involves涉及 giving patients耐心 really high doses劑量 of chemicals化學製品
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這包含給病患大量的化學藥劑
07:02
to try and kill off cancer癌症 cells細胞.
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來試圖殺死癌症細胞。
07:05
Cisplatin順鉑 is a relatively相對 common共同
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順鉑是一個常用來治療
07:07
ovarian卵巢 cancer癌症 chemotherapy化療 drug藥物 --
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卵巢癌的一種化學藥物。
07:10
a relatively相對 simple簡單 molecule分子 made製作 in the lab實驗室
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他是一種在實驗室生產的簡單分子
07:13
that messes混亂 with the DNA脫氧核糖核酸 of cancer癌症 cells細胞
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可以影響癌症細胞中的去氧核糖核酸(DNA)
07:15
and causes原因 them to kill themselves他們自己.
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並使細胞自殺。
07:17
Sounds聲音 great, right?
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聽起來很不錯對吧?
07:19
But here's這裡的 the problem問題:
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但有一個問題:
07:21
sometimes有時 patients耐心 become成為 resistant to the drug藥物,
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有時候病人會有抗藥性,
07:24
and then years年份 after they've他們已經 been declared聲明 to be cancer癌症 free自由,
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然後治癒後幾年
07:27
they come back.
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又發病了。
07:29
And this time, they no longer respond響應 to the drug藥物.
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而這次他們不再對這個藥物有反應。
07:31
It's a huge巨大 problem問題.
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這是很大的問題。
07:33
In fact事實, it's one of the biggest最大 problems問題
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事實上,這是現今
07:35
with chemotherapy化療 today今天.
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化療最大的問題。
07:37
So we wanted to figure數字 out
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所以我們想要知道
07:39
how these ovarian卵巢 cancer癌症 cells細胞 are becoming變得 resistant
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卵巢癌症細胞如何對順鉑
07:42
to this drug藥物 called Cisplatin順鉑.
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產生抗藥性。
07:44
And we wanted to figure數字 this out,
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我們想要找到原因,
07:46
because if we could figure數字 that out,
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因為如果我們可以找到原因,
07:48
then we might威力 be able能夠 to prevent避免 that resistance抵抗性 from ever happening事件.
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我們有可能可以防止抗藥性產生。
07:51
So that's what we set out to do.
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所以這就是我們想要做的。
07:53
And we thought it had something to do with this protein蛋白 called AMPAMP kinase激酶,
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我們猜想這可能跟一個叫作AMP kinase
07:56
an energy能源 protein蛋白.
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的能量蛋白有關。
07:58
So we ran all of these tests測試 blocking閉塞 the protein蛋白,
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所以我們做了一系列阻擋這個蛋白的實驗,
08:01
and we saw this huge巨大 shift轉移.
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然後我們看到這個大改變。
08:03
I mean, on the slide滑動, you can see
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我的意思是,在這個投影片,
08:05
that on our sensitive敏感 side,
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你們可以看到敏感的這邊,
08:07
these cells細胞 that are responding響應 to the drug藥物,
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這是對藥物有反應的細胞,
08:09
when we start開始 blocking閉塞 the protein蛋白,
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當我們開始阻擋這個蛋白的時候,
08:11
the number of dying垂死 cells細胞 -- those colored有色 dots --
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垂死細胞數目--有顏色的點點--
08:14
they're going down.
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正在減少。
08:16
But then on this side, with the same相同 treatment治療,
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但在另外一邊,同一種療法,
08:19
they're going up -- interesting有趣.
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很有趣的,他們卻在增加。
08:22
But those are dots on a screen屏幕 for you;
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但那些對你們來說只是點點,
08:24
what exactly究竟 does that mean?
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他們到底是什麼意思呢?
08:26
Well basically基本上 that means手段
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基本上這個的意思是
08:28
that this protein蛋白 is changing改變
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蛋白質正在從
08:30
from the sensitive敏感 cell細胞 to the resistant cell細胞.
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敏感細胞轉變成抗藥細胞。
08:32
And in fact事實, it might威力 be changing改變 the cells細胞 themselves他們自己
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而事實上,這有可能將細胞轉變成
08:36
to make the cells細胞 resistant.
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抗藥細胞。
08:39
And that's huge巨大.
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而這很重要。
08:41
In fact事實, it means手段 that if a patient患者 comes in
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事實上,這表示如果有一個病人
08:43
and they're resistant to this drug藥物,
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是對這個藥物有抗藥性,
08:45
then if we give them a chemical化學 to block this protein蛋白,
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而且如果我們給他們一個可以阻擋這個蛋白的藥物,
08:48
then we can treat對待 them again
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那我們就可以用
08:50
with the same相同 drug藥物.
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同一種藥為他們治療。
08:52
And that's huge巨大 for chemotherapy化療 effectiveness效用 --
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而這對化療功效是非常重要的,
08:55
possibly或者 for many許多 different不同 types類型 of cancer癌症.
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很有可能對很多不同種癌症都很有用。
08:59
So that was my work,
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所以那是我做的東西,
09:01
and it was my way of reimaginingreimagining the future未來
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且這是我對未來研究的看法,
09:04
for future未來 research研究, with figuring盤算 out exactly究竟 what this protein蛋白 does,
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我認為如果能找出這個蛋白質的功能,
09:08
but also for the future未來 of chemotherapy化療 effectiveness效用 --
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這也可以改變未來的化療功效。
09:11
so maybe all grandfathers祖父 with cancer癌症
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所以以後染上癌症的祖父們
09:14
have a little bit more time to spend with their grandchildren孫子.
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可以有更多的時間跟他們的孫子們相處。
09:17
But my work wasn't just about the research研究.
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但我的工作並不只是研究。
09:21
It was about finding發現 my passion.
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這還包含了尋找我的熱情。
09:24
That's why being存在 the grand盛大 prize winner優勝者
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這是身為
09:26
of the Google谷歌 Global全球 Science科學 Fair公平 --
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谷哥全球科展頭獎得主
09:28
cute可愛 picture圖片, right --
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很可愛的照片吧!
09:30
it was so exciting扣人心弦 to me and it was such這樣 an amazing驚人 honor榮譽.
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這太令人興奮了、超棒的榮耀。
09:33
And ever since以來 then,
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從那時後開始,
09:35
I've gotten得到 to do some pretty漂亮 cool stuff東東 --
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我有機會做一些很酷的事,
09:37
from getting得到 to meet遇到 the president主席
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像是跟總統見面、
09:39
to getting得到 to be on this stage階段
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站在這個舞台上
09:41
to talk to all of you guys.
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跟你們大家講話。
09:43
But like I said, my journey旅程 wasn't just about the research研究,
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就像我說的,我的旅程不只是做研究,
09:46
it was about finding發現 my passion,
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是找到我的熱情、
09:48
and it was about making製造 my own擁有 opportunities機會
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創造自己的機會,
09:50
when I didn't even know what I was doing.
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尤其是當我自己都不是很確定自己在做什麼的時候。
09:53
It was about inspiration靈感
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這也是靈感
09:55
and determination決心
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和意志力
09:57
and never giving up on my interest利益
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和永遠不放棄自己對
09:59
for science科學 and learning學習 and growing生長.
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科學、學習、成長的興趣。
10:02
After all, my story故事 begins開始
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畢竟,我的故事
10:05
with a dried, withered乾枯 spinach菠菜 plant
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是從一株垂死的菠菜開始的,
10:07
and it's only getting得到 better from there.
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而這個故事越來越棒。
10:09
Thank you.
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謝謝。
10:11
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
10:23
Naomi娜奧米 Shah沙阿: Hi你好 everyone大家. I'm Naomi娜奧米 Shah沙阿,
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Naomi Shah:哈囉,大家好。我是Naomi Shah,
10:26
and today今天 I'll be talking to you about my research研究
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今天我想要談談我在
10:28
involving涉及 indoor室內 air空氣 quality質量
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室內空氣品質和氣喘病患
10:30
and asthmatic哮喘 patients耐心.
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這方面的研究。
10:32
1.6 million百萬 deaths死亡 worldwide全世界.
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全球160萬條人命。
10:35
One death死亡 every一切 20 seconds.
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每20秒一條人命。
10:38
People spend over 90 percent百分 of their lives生活 indoors在室內.
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人們超過百分之九十的時間在室內。
10:42
And the economic經濟 burden負擔 of asthma哮喘
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而氣喘造成的經濟負擔
10:44
exceeds超過 that of HIVHIV and tuberculosis結核 combined結合.
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比愛滋病和肺結咳加起來還多。
10:47
Now these statistics統計 had a huge巨大 impact碰撞 on me,
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這些數據對我的影響很大,
10:50
but what really sparked引發 my interest利益 in my research研究
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但真正讓我想要做這個研究的原因
10:53
was watching觀看 both my dad and my brother哥哥
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是看我父親和兄弟
10:55
suffer遭受 from chronic慢性 allergies過敏 year-round常年.
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常年受過敏所擾。
10:57
It confused困惑 me;
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這讓我感到很困惑。
10:59
why did these allergy過敏 symptoms症狀 persist堅持
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為什麼這些過敏反應
11:01
well past過去 the pollen花粉 season季節?
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在花粉季過後很久還存在呢?
11:03
With this question in mind心神, I started開始 researching研究,
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心裡想著這個問題,我開始搜尋。
11:06
and I soon不久 found發現 that indoor室內 air空氣 pollutants污染物 were the culprit罪魁禍首.
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我發現元兇是室內空氣污染。
11:09
As soon不久 as I realized實現 this,
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當我一發現這件事,
11:11
I investigated調查 the underlying底層 relationship關係
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我開始查四種主要空氣污染物
11:13
between之間 four prevalent流行 air空氣 pollutants污染物
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和氣喘病人
11:15
and their affect影響 on the lung health健康 of asthmatic哮喘 patients耐心.
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肺部健康間的關係。
11:18
At first, I just wanted to figure數字 out
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一開始,我只是想要知道
11:21
which哪一個 of these four pollutants污染物 have the largest最大 negative health健康 impact碰撞
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這四種污染物哪一種
11:24
on the lung health健康 of asthmatic哮喘 patients耐心.
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對氣喘病患的健康負面影響最大。
11:27
But soon不久 after, I developed發達 a novel小說 mathematical數學的 model模型
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但很快的,我開發了一個新的數學模型
11:30
that essentially實質上 quantifies量詞 the effect影響
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可以將環境中污染物
11:32
of these environmental環境的 pollutants污染物
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對氣喘病患肺部健康
11:35
on the lung health健康 of asthmatic哮喘 patients耐心.
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影響量化。
11:37
And it surprises驚喜 me
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我很訝異
11:39
that no model模型 currently目前 exists存在
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竟然沒有現有的模型
11:41
that quantifies量詞 the effect影響 of environmental環境的 factors因素
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可以將環境對人類肺部健康
11:43
on human人的 lung health健康,
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作量化分析,
11:45
because that relationship關係 seems似乎 so important重要.
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因為這樣的關係似乎是很重要的。
11:48
So with that in mind心神,
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所以腦筋裡這麼想,
11:50
I started開始 researching研究 more, I started開始 investigating調查 more,
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我開始更深入研究、探索,
11:52
and I became成為 very passionate多情.
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我開始對這件事感到非常熱情。
11:54
Because I realized實現
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因為我理解到
11:56
that if we could find a way to target目標 remediation整治,
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如果我們可以找到一個整治的方法,
11:58
we could also find a way
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我們就可以
12:00
to treat對待 asthmatic哮喘 patients耐心 more effectively有效.
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找到一個更有效治療氣喘病患的方法。
12:04
For example, volatile揮發物 organic有機 compounds化合物
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舉例來說,易揮發有機化合物
12:06
are chemical化學 pollutants污染物
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是我們在學校、家裡、
12:08
that are found發現 in our schools學校, homes家園 and workplaces工作場所.
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工作場合常見的化學污染物。
12:10
They're everywhere到處.
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污染物無所不在。
12:12
These chemical化學 pollutants污染物
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這些化學污染物
12:14
are currently目前 not a criteria標準 air空氣 pollutant污染物,
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目前根據美國清潔空氣法案
12:16
as defined定義 by the U.S. Clean清潔 Air空氣 Act法案.
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尚未被列為空氣污染物。
12:18
Which哪一個 is surprising奇怪 to me,
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這讓我感到很驚訝,
12:20
because these chemical化學 pollutants污染物, through通過 my research研究,
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因為根據我的研究這些化學污染物
12:22
I show顯示 that they had a very large negative impact碰撞
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對氣喘病患的肺部健康
12:25
on the lung health健康 of asthmatic哮喘 patients耐心
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是有非常大的負面影響的,
12:27
and thus從而 should be regulated調控.
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所以應該有所規範。
12:29
So today今天 I want to show顯示 you
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所以今天我想要給你們看
12:31
my interactive互動 software軟件 model模型 that I created創建.
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我設計的一個互動軟體模型。
12:34
I'm going to show顯示 it to you on my laptop筆記本電腦.
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我要用我的筆電展示給你們看。
12:36
And I have a volunteer志願者 subject學科 in the audience聽眾 today今天,
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然後我在今天的觀眾席裡找到一個自願者
12:38
Julie朱麗葉.
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茱莉。
12:40
And all of Julie's朱莉 data數據 has been pre-entered預先輸入
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這邊茱莉的資料已經
12:43
into my interactive互動 software軟件 model模型.
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事先放到這個互動軟體裡了。
12:45
And this can be used by anyone任何人.
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任何人都可以使用這個軟體。
12:47
So I want you to imagine想像 that you're in Julie's朱莉 shoes,
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所以我要你們想像自己是茱莉,
12:49
or someone有人 who's誰是 really close to you
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或是你們身邊任何一個
12:51
who suffers患有 from asthma哮喘 or another另一個 lung disorder紊亂.
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氣喘或肺部健康有問題的人。
12:54
So Julie's朱莉 going to her doctor's醫生 office辦公室
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想像茱莉正要去醫生那裡
12:56
to get treated治療 for her asthma哮喘.
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治療她的氣喘問題。
12:58
And the doctor醫生 has her sit down,
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醫生讓她坐下,
13:00
and he takes her peak expiratory呼氣 flow rate --
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測量她的呼氣峰流速,
13:03
which哪一個 is essentially實質上 her exhalation呼氣 rate,
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換句話說就是她的呼氣速度
13:05
or the amount of air空氣 that she can breathe呼吸 out in one breath呼吸.
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她一口氣可以呼出的空氣量。
13:08
So that peak expiratory呼氣 flow rate,
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這個呼氣峰流速的數據
13:10
I've entered進入 it up into the interactive互動 software軟件 model模型.
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我把它輸到這個互動軟體裡面。
13:12
I've also entered進入 in her age年齡, her gender性別 and her height高度.
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我也輸入了她的年紀、性別和身高。
13:15
I've assumed假定 that she lives生活 in an average平均 household家庭
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我預設了她住在一個正常的環境,
13:17
with average平均 air空氣 pollutant污染物 levels水平.
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有正常的污染量。
13:19
So any user用戶 can come in here
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所以任何一個使用者可以來這裡
13:21
and click點擊 on "lung function功能 report報告"
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然後按「肺部功能報告」,
13:23
and it'll它會 take them to this report報告 that I created創建.
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就可以看到這個我設計的報告。
13:25
And this report報告 really drives驅動器 home the crux癥結 of my research研究.
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而這個報告就是我的研究最重要的部份。
13:29
So what it shows節目 -- if you want to focus焦點 on that top最佳 graph圖形 in the right-hand右手 corner --
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所以如果你們看這個圖表的右上方,
13:33
it shows節目 Julie's朱莉 actual實際 peak expiratory呼氣 flow rate
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這個黃色的長方形告訴我們
13:35
in the yellow黃色 bar酒吧.
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茱莉的呼氣峰流速。
13:37
This is the measurement測量 that she took in her doctor's醫生 office辦公室.
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這是她在醫院測量到的數據。
13:40
In the blue藍色 bar酒吧 at the bottom底部 of the graph圖形,
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圖表下方這個藍色的長方形
13:42
it shows節目 what her peak expiratory呼氣 flow rate,
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代表著根據她的年紀、性別和身高
13:45
what her exhalation呼氣 rate or lung health健康, should be
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所應有的呼氣峰流速
13:47
based基於 on her age年齡, gender性別 and height高度.
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也就是她肺部呼出的空氣量。
13:50
So the doctor醫生 sees看到 this difference區別 between之間 the yellow黃色 bar酒吧 and the blue藍色 bar酒吧,
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醫生可以看出黃色和藍色的差異,
13:53
and he says, "Wow, we need to give her steroids類固醇,
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然後說:「哇!我們要給她類固醇、
13:56
medication藥物治療 and inhalers吸入器."
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藥物和呼吸器。」
13:59
But I want everyone大家 here to reimagine重新構想 a world世界
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但我想要各位想像一個世界,
14:02
where instead代替 of prescribing處方 steroids類固醇,
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不是給類固醇、藥物、
14:04
inhalers吸入器 and medication藥物治療,
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呼吸器這樣的治療方式,
14:06
the doctor醫生 turns to Julie朱麗葉 and says,
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而是醫生轉向茱莉跟她說:「
14:08
"Why don't you go home and clean清潔 out your air空氣 filters過濾器.
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你回家清理你的空氣過濾器。
14:10
Clean清潔 out the air空氣 ducts管道 in your home,
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清理你家裡、工作環境、
14:12
in your workplace職場, in your school學校.
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學校中的空氣孔道。
14:14
Stop the use of incense and candles蠟燭.
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不要再用芳香器和蠟燭。
14:17
And if you're remodeling重塑 your house,
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然後如果你們家要重新改裝的話,
14:19
take out all the carpeting地毯 and put in hardwood硬木 flooring地板."
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不要再放地毯了,改放木頭地板。」
14:22
Because these solutions解決方案 are natural自然,
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因為這樣的解決方式是自然的、
14:24
these solutions解決方案 are sustainable可持續發展,
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永續的,
14:26
and these solutions解決方案 are long-term長期 investments投資 --
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且這樣的解決方式有長期的投資效果,
14:29
long-term長期 investments投資 that we're making製造
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對我們這一代也為子孫們
14:31
for our generation and for future未來 generations.
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有幫助的。
14:33
Because these environmental環境的 solutions解決方案
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因位茱莉可以在家裡、工作地、
14:36
that Julie朱麗葉 can make in her home, her workplace職場 and her school學校
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學校所做的這些環境改變
14:39
are impacting影響 everyone大家 that lives生活 around her.
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是會影響她周遭的所有人的。
14:42
So I'm very passionate多情 about this research研究
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所以我對這個研究很有熱情
14:44
and I really want to continue繼續 it
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且很想要繼續做下去,
14:46
and expand擴大 it to more disorders障礙 besides除了 asthma哮喘,
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希望能夠擴展到氣喘以外的疾病,
14:49
more respiratory呼吸 disorders障礙, as well as more pollutants污染物.
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像是其它氣管疾病和其他污染物。
14:52
But before I end結束 my talk today今天,
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但在我結束之前,
14:54
I want to leave離開 you with one saying.
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我想要跟你們說一句話。
14:56
And that saying is that genetics遺傳學 loads負載 the gun,
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而這句話是「基因將子彈裝進槍裡,
14:59
but the environment環境 pulls the trigger觸發.
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而環境扣下扣板。」
15:01
And that made製作 a huge巨大 impact碰撞 on me
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這在我做這個研究的時候
15:03
when I was doing this research研究.
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對我的影響很大。
15:05
Because what I feel, is a lot of us think
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因為我跟很多人一樣
15:07
that the environment環境 is at a macro level水平,
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認為環境是巨觀的,
15:10
that we can't do anything to change更改 our air空氣 quality質量
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也就是說我們沒有辦法感變空氣品質
15:12
or to change更改 the climate氣候 or anything.
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或是天氣之類的東西。
15:15
But if each one of us takes initiative倡議 in our own擁有 home,
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但若我們每一個人都在自己家裡、
15:18
in our own擁有 school學校 and in our own擁有 workplace職場,
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學校、工作環境做一些改變,
15:21
we can make a huge巨大 difference區別 in air空氣 quality質量.
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那麼我們可以對空氣品質有很大的影響。
15:23
Because remember記得, we spend 90 percent百分 of our lives生活 indoors在室內.
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因為記住,我們花百分之九十的時間在室內。
15:27
And air空氣 quality質量 and air空氣 pollutants污染物
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而且空氣品質和空氣污染物
15:30
have a huge巨大 impact碰撞 on the lung health健康 of asthmatic哮喘 patients耐心,
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對氣喘病患、任何有氣管疾病的人、
15:33
anyone任何人 with a respiratory呼吸 disorder紊亂
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或是我們之中任何人
15:35
and really all of us in general一般.
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的肺部健康都有很大的影響。
15:37
So I want you to reimagine重新構想 a world世界
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所以我要你們想像一個
15:39
with better air空氣 quality質量,
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對每一個人及子孫們
15:41
better quality質量 of life
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有更好空氣品質、
15:43
and better quality質量 of living活的 for everyone大家
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更好人生、
15:45
including包含 our future未來 generations.
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及更好生活品質的世界。
15:47
Thank you.
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謝謝。
15:49
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
15:56
Lisa麗莎 Ling: Right.
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Lisa Ling:很好。
15:58
Can I have Shree斯里 and Lauren勞倫 come up really quickly很快?
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我可以請Shree和Lauren也一起上來嗎?
16:03
Your Google谷歌 Science科學 Fair公平 champions冠軍.
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這是谷哥科展頭獎
16:05
Your winners獲獎者.
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得獎者。
16:07
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Joan Liu
Reviewed by Sunny Kan Ngai Hang 簡毅恒

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ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Lauren Hodge - Science fair winner
Lauren Hodge won the 2011 Google Science Fair in the age 13-14 category.

Why you should listen

Lauren Hodge has been competing in science fair projects since she was 7 years old. For her latest project, she investigated the formation of carcinogens in different methods of preparing chicken -- and found a surprising result. That work won first prize in the Google Science Fair's age 13-14 category.

More profile about the speaker
Lauren Hodge | Speaker | TED.com
Shree Bose - Science fair winner
Shree Bose was the grand prize winner at the 2011 Google Science Fair.

Why you should listen

Shree Bose's school system doesn't officially participate in science fairs, so for ten years she entered herself in as many fairs as she could. In 2011 she presented her latest project: determining the mechanism of chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer -- a breakthrough that could improve future treatments. That project earned her the grand prize at the inaugural Google Science Fair.

More profile about the speaker
Shree Bose | Speaker | TED.com
Naomi Shah - Science fair winner
Naomi Shah won the 2011 Google Science Fair in the age 15-16 category.

Why you should listen

Naomi Shah's first word was "why." She went from pestering her parents with questions about organic chemistry and nuclear energy, to a resarch project that developed a novel mathematical model for the effects of air polution on asthmatics. That work won her first place in the Google Science Fair age 15-16 category.

More profile about the speaker
Naomi Shah | Speaker | TED.com

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