ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rebecca Brachman - Neuroscientist, writer, entrepreneur
Rebecca Brachman is a pioneer in the field of preventative psychopharmacology, developing drugs to enhance stress resilience and prevent mental illness.

Why you should listen

Current treatments for mood disorders only suppress symptoms without addressing the underlying disease, and there are no known cures. The drugs Rebecca Brachman is developing would be the first to prevent psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression.

Brachman completed her PhD at Columbia University, prior to which she was a fellow at the National Institutes of Health, where she discovered that immune cells carry a memory of psychological stress and that white blood cells can act as antidepressants and resilience-enhancers. Brachman's research has been featured in The Atlantic, WIRED and Business Insider, and her work was recently described by Dr. George Slavich on NPR as a "moonshot project that is very much needed in the mental health arena."

In addition to conducting ongoing research at Columbia, Brachman is an NYCEDC Entrepreneurship Lab Fellow and cofounder of Paravax -- a biotech startup developing vaccine-like prophylactic drugs ("paravaccines") -- along with her scientific collaborator, Christine Ann Denny. She is also working on a non-profit venture to repurpose existing generic drugs for use as prophylactics, and previously served as the Interim Program Director for Outreach at the Zuckerman Institute at Columbia University.

Brachman is also a playwright and screenwriter. She holds Bachelor's degrees in both neuroscience and creative wWriting, and she is currently working on a tech-focused writing project with her long-time writing partner, Sean Calder ("Grimm," "Damages," "ER"). She served as the director of NeuWrite, a national network of science-writing groups that fosters ongoing collaboration between scientists, writers and artists, and she has been featured as a storyteller at The Story Collider.

(Photo: Kenneth Willardt)

More profile about the speaker
Rebecca Brachman | Speaker | TED.com
TED2017

Rebecca Brachman: A new class of drug that could prevent depression and PTSD

丽贝卡 · 布拉赫曼: 预防抑郁症和创伤后应激障碍的新药

Filmed:
2,091,035 views

目前对抑郁症和创伤后应激障碍的治疗,即使有效,也只能抑制症状。如果我们能够完全阻止这些疾病的发展会怎样?影片中神经科学家和TED成员丽贝卡 · 布拉赫曼分享她的团队意外发现新药物的故事,是有史以来第一次有药物可以预防压力带来的负面影响,并能提高复原力和成长的能力。通过她的演讲可了解这药物如何改变我们治疗精神疾病的方式。
- Neuroscientist, writer, entrepreneur
Rebecca Brachman is a pioneer in the field of preventative psychopharmacology, developing drugs to enhance stress resilience and prevent mental illness. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
So the first antidepressants抗抑郁药
were made制作 from, of all things,
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治疗抑郁症和创伤后
应激障碍的药物
00:16
rocket火箭 fuel汽油, left over after World世界 War战争 IIII.
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是由第二次世界大战后
剩下的火箭燃料制成
00:20
Which哪一个 is fitting配件, seeing眼看 as today今天,
one in five soldiers士兵 develop发展 depression萧条,
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对于有五分之一士兵患上抑郁症
或创伤后应激障碍的现代社会
00:25
or post-traumatic创伤后 stress强调 disorder紊乱 or both.
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似乎是个合适的话题
00:29
But it's not just soldiers士兵
that are at high risk风险 for these diseases疾病.
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事实上,士兵不是
唯一的高危族群
00:33
It's firefighters消防员, ERER doctors医生,
cancer癌症 patients耐心, aid援助 workers工人, refugees难民 --
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消防员,急诊医生,癌症患者,
援助者,难民
00:38
anyone任何人 exposed裸露 to trauma外伤
or major重大的 life stress强调.
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以及面对创伤或巨大压力的人,
都有患病的可能
00:42
And yet然而, despite尽管 how commonplace平凡
these disorders障碍 are,
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尽管这些病症很常见
00:45
our current当前 treatments治疗,
if they work at all,
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现时的治疗方法,假设有效
00:49
only suppress压制 symptoms症状.
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也只能到抑制症状的程度
00:53
In 1798, when Edward爱德华 Jenner詹纳
discovered发现 the first vaccine疫苗 --
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1798年, 爱德华·詹纳发明了第一支疫苗
00:57
it happened发生 to be for smallpox天花 --
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用于预防天花
00:59
he didn't just discover发现
a prophylactic预防性 for a disease疾病,
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他不单发现了预防疾病的药物
01:03
but a whole整个 new way of thinking思维:
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更开创了崭新的思考方式:
01:05
that medicine医学 could prevent避免 disease疾病.
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药物可以预防疾病
01:08
However然而, for over 200 years年份,
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可是,在之后的二百多年里
01:10
this prevention预防 was not believed相信
to extend延伸 to psychiatric精神病 diseases疾病.
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民众认为预防式药物
不能拓展治疗到精神疾病
01:14
Until直到 2014, when my colleague同事 and I
accidentally偶然 discovered发现
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直到2014年, 我和
同僚意外地发现了
01:18
the first drugs毒品 that might威力 prevent避免
depression萧条 and PTSDPTSD.
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首个或可预防抑郁症和
创伤后应激障碍的药物
01:22
We discovered发现 the drugs毒品 in mice老鼠,
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药是从老鼠中发现的
01:24
and we're currently目前 studying研究
whether是否 they work in humans人类.
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我们正研究在人类身上的作用
01:28
And these preventative预防
psychopharmaceuticals精神药物
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这类预防性精神药物
01:30
are not antidepressants抗抑郁药.
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不等于抗抑郁药
01:32
They are a whole整个 new class of drug药物.
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而是一种全新类别的药
01:34
And they work by increasing增加
stress强调 resilience弹性,
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能增加压力复原力
01:37
so let's call them resilience弹性 enhancers.
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姑且将它命名为
复原力增强剂
01:39
So think back to a stressful压力 time
that you've since以来 recovered恢复 from.
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回想一下,你上次
遇到压力的时候——
01:43
Maybe a breakup分手 or an exam考试,
you missed错过 a flight飞行.
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可能是经历了分手,
考试,错过了飞机
01:47
Stress强调 resilience弹性
is the active活性 biological生物 process处理
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压力复原是一个有效的生理过程
01:51
that allows允许 us
to bounce弹跳 back after stress强调.
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令人从压力中恢复过来
01:54
Similar类似 to if you have a cold
and your immune免疫的 system系统 fights打架 it off.
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这过程类似感冒后免疫
系统会进行抵抗
01:57
And insufficient不足 resilience弹性
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当抗复原力不足够
01:59
in the face面对 of a significant重大
enough足够 stressor压力,
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来面对巨大压力源时
02:02
can result结果 in a psychiatric精神病 disorder紊乱,
such这样 as depression萧条.
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就会导致精神疾病,例如抑郁症
02:04
In fact事实, most cases
of major重大的 depressive抑郁 disorder紊乱
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事实上,大部分严重抑郁症的个案
02:07
are initially原来 triggered触发 by stress强调.
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都是由压力引起的

02:10
And from what we've我们已经 seen看到 so far in mice老鼠,
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我们从老鼠中看到
02:12
resilience弹性 enhancers can protect保护
against反对 purely纯粹 biological生物 stressors压力源,
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复原力增强剂可以
抵抗生理压力源
02:17
like stress强调 hormones激素,
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例如压力激素
02:18
and social社会 and psychological心理 stressors压力源,
like bullying欺凌 and isolation隔离.
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以及社会及心里压力源,
例如被欺凌和孤立
02:23
So here is an example where we gave mice老鼠
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我们在老鼠上做了个测试
02:27
three weeks of high levels水平
of stress强调 hormones激素.
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老鼠连续三周接受
大量压力激素
02:31
So, in other words, a biological生物 stressor压力
without a psychological心理 component零件.
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也就是说,纯粹只有生理压力源,
没有任何心理压力源的成分、
02:34
And this causes原因 depressive抑郁 behavior行为.
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结果是老鼠表现出抑郁症状
02:37
And if we give three weeks
of antidepressant抗抑郁剂 treatment治疗 beforehand预先,
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即使在事前已提供了
三星期的抗抑郁药
02:41
it has no beneficial有利 effects效果.
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也沒有任何作用
02:43
But a single dose剂量 of a resilience弹性
enhancer增强 given特定 a week before
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但在一周前注射一剂
复原力增强剂
02:49
completely全然 prevents防止
the depressive抑郁 behavior行为.
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就能完全预防抑郁
02:53
Even after three weeks of stress强调.
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即使是压力已经持续三周
02:55
This is the first time
a drug药物 has ever been shown显示
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这是史上首次有药物
02:59
to prevent避免 the negative effects效果 of stress强调.
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能有效地预防压力
所带来的负面影响
03:01
Depression萧条 and PTSDPTSD are chronic慢性,
often经常 lifelong终身, clinical临床 diseases疾病.
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抑郁症和创伤后应激障碍都属于慢性,
甚至是终身的临床病
03:08
They also increase增加 the risk风险
of substance物质 abuse滥用, homelessness无家可归,
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患者会增加滥用药物,无家可归,
03:11
heart disease疾病, Alzheimer's老年痴呆症, suicide自杀.
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心脏病, 阿尔茨海默症,
自杀的几率
03:15
The global全球 cost成本 of depression萧条 alone单独
is over three trillion dollars美元 per year.
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光是忧抑郁症全球每年所
产生的费用就超过三兆美元。
03:20
But now, imagine想像 a scenario脚本
where we know someone有人 is predictively预测地
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到了今天,假设有
这么一个情况:
03:24
at high risk风险 for exposure曝光
to extreme极端 stress强调.
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我们预先得知某人会
处于高压力的环境。
03:28
Say, a red cross交叉 volunteer志愿者
going into an earthquake地震 zone.
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比如说,一位红十字会志愿者
到地震灾区救援
03:31
In addition加成 to the typhoid伤寒症 vaccine疫苗,
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除了为她提供伤寒疫苗,
03:33
we could give her a pill or an injection注射
of a resilience弹性 enhancer增强
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我们也可以在她出发前提供
复原力增强剂的药丸或注射剂。
03:37
before she leaves树叶.
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03:38
So when she is held保持 at gunpoint枪口下
by looters乱兵 or worse更差,
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这样,即使她在枪口下遭到掠夺,
甚至是遇到更严重的情况,
03:42
she would at least最小 be protected保护
against反对 developing发展 depression萧条 or PTSDPTSD
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至少,在事后可以防止
患上抑郁症和创伤后应激障碍。
03:46
after the fact事实.
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03:47
It won't惯于 prevent避免 her
from experiencing经历 the stress强调,
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虽然这药不能让患者
避免经历受创,
03:50
but it will allow允许 her to recover恢复 from it.
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但可以使患者从创伤中复原。
03:53
And that's what's revolutionary革命的 here.
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称得上是个革命性的改变。
03:55
By increasing增加 resiliency弹性,
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只要增强复原力
03:57
we can dramatically显着 reduce减少
her susceptibility感受性 to depression萧条 and PTSDPTSD,
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就能大幅地减少患上
忧郁症和创伤后应激障碍的机率
04:02
possibly或者 saving保存 her from losing失去 her job工作,
her home, her family家庭 or even her life.
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避免发生失去工作,家庭,亲人,
甚至性命的情況。
04:09
After Jenner詹纳 discovered发现
the smallpox天花 vaccine疫苗,
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詹纳发现首支天花疫苗后
04:12
a lot of other vaccines疫苗 rapidly急速 followed其次.
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不同类型的疫苗如
雨后春笋般出现
04:15
But it was over 150 years年份
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但过了150年
04:17
before a tuberculosis结核 vaccine疫苗
was widely广泛 available可得到.
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肺结核疫苗才能被广泛使用
04:21
Why?
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为什么?
04:23
In part部分 because society社会 believed相信
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部分原因的是,人们相信肺结核
04:25
that tuberculosis结核 made制作 people more
sensitive敏感 and creative创作的 and empathetic感情移入的.
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能让患者变得更敏感,
有创意,及富同情心,
04:30
And that it was caused造成
by constitution宪法 and not biology生物学.
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他们相信这是个人体质造成的,
和生物学没有关系。
04:34
And similar类似 things are still said
today今天 about depression萧条.
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对于抑郁症,
也有坊间相似的传闻。
04:39
And just as Jenner's詹纳的 discovery发现
opened打开 the door
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正如詹纳的发现
04:42
for all of the vaccines疫苗
that followed其次 after,
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为日后的疫苗发明,
打开了一扇门,
04:45
the drugs毒品 we've我们已经 discovered发现
open打开 the possibility可能性 of a whole整个 new field领域:
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而新发明的药物开创了领域的先河
04:49
preventative预防 psychopharmacology精神药理学.
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也就是预防性精神药理学。
04:52
But whether是否 that's 15 years年份 away,
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至于结果是要等15年
04:55
or 150 years年份 away,
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还是150年,
04:57
depends依靠 not just on the science科学,
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不只是取决於科学
04:59
but on what we as a society社会
choose选择 to do with it.
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还在於我们的社会如何看待处理。
05:03
Thank you.
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谢谢。
05:04
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Hoi Fei Cheung
Reviewed by Homer Li

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rebecca Brachman - Neuroscientist, writer, entrepreneur
Rebecca Brachman is a pioneer in the field of preventative psychopharmacology, developing drugs to enhance stress resilience and prevent mental illness.

Why you should listen

Current treatments for mood disorders only suppress symptoms without addressing the underlying disease, and there are no known cures. The drugs Rebecca Brachman is developing would be the first to prevent psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression.

Brachman completed her PhD at Columbia University, prior to which she was a fellow at the National Institutes of Health, where she discovered that immune cells carry a memory of psychological stress and that white blood cells can act as antidepressants and resilience-enhancers. Brachman's research has been featured in The Atlantic, WIRED and Business Insider, and her work was recently described by Dr. George Slavich on NPR as a "moonshot project that is very much needed in the mental health arena."

In addition to conducting ongoing research at Columbia, Brachman is an NYCEDC Entrepreneurship Lab Fellow and cofounder of Paravax -- a biotech startup developing vaccine-like prophylactic drugs ("paravaccines") -- along with her scientific collaborator, Christine Ann Denny. She is also working on a non-profit venture to repurpose existing generic drugs for use as prophylactics, and previously served as the Interim Program Director for Outreach at the Zuckerman Institute at Columbia University.

Brachman is also a playwright and screenwriter. She holds Bachelor's degrees in both neuroscience and creative wWriting, and she is currently working on a tech-focused writing project with her long-time writing partner, Sean Calder ("Grimm," "Damages," "ER"). She served as the director of NeuWrite, a national network of science-writing groups that fosters ongoing collaboration between scientists, writers and artists, and she has been featured as a storyteller at The Story Collider.

(Photo: Kenneth Willardt)

More profile about the speaker
Rebecca Brachman | Speaker | TED.com