TED2011
Nina Tandon: Caring for engineered tissue
Nina Tandon: Pleje for ingeniørskabt væv
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Vævsingeniør og TED Fellow Nina Tandon dyrker kunstige knogler og hjerter. For at gøre det har hun brug for nye måder at pleje de kunstigt dyrkede celler
Nina Tandon - Tissue engineering researcher
Nina Tandon studies ways to use electrical signals to grow artificial tissues for transplants and other therapies. Full bio
Nina Tandon studies ways to use electrical signals to grow artificial tissues for transplants and other therapies. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Good morning everybody.
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Godmorgen allesammen.
00:18
I work with really amazing,
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Jeg arbejder med helt fantastiske
00:20
little, itty-bitty creatures called cells.
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bitte små væsner kaldet celler.
00:23
And let me tell you what it's like
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Og lad mig fortælle jer, hvad det vil sige
00:25
to grow these cells in the lab.
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at dyrke disse celler i laboratoriet.
00:27
I work in a lab where we take cells out of their native environment.
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Jeg arbejder i et laboratorium, hvor vi tager celler ud af deres oprindelige miljø.
00:30
We plate them into dishes
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Vi planter dem i skåle
00:32
that we sometimes call petri dishes.
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som vi nogengange kalder petriskåle.
00:34
And we feed them -- sterilely of course --
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Og vi fordrer dem - selvfølgelig sterilt -
00:37
with what we call cell culture media -- which is like their food --
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med noget vi kalder cellekulturmedie - som er deres mad -
00:40
and we grow them in incubators.
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og vi dyrker dem i varmeskabe.
00:43
Why do I do this?
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Hvorfor gør jeg det?
00:45
We observe the cells in a plate,
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Vi observerer cellerne i en skål
00:47
and they're just on the surface.
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og de er kun på overfladen.
00:49
But what we're really trying to do in my lab
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Men hvad vi virkelig prøver på i mit laboratorium
00:52
is to engineer tissues out of them.
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er at bygge væv ud af dem.
00:55
What does that even mean?
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Hvad betyder det egentlig?
00:57
Well it means growing an actual heart,
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Det betyder at man faktisk
00:59
let's say,
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kan gro et hjerte
01:01
or grow a piece of bone
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eller et knoglestykke
01:03
that can be put into the body.
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som kan sættes ind i kroppen.
01:05
Not only that, but they can also be used for disease models.
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Ikke nok med det, så kan de også bruges til sygdomsmodeller.
01:08
And for this purpose, traditional cell culture techniques
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Og til dette formål er traditionelle cellekultur-teknikker
01:10
just really aren't enough.
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bare ikke gode nok.
01:12
The cells are kind of homesick;
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Cellerne får nærmest hjemve,
01:14
the dish doesn't feel like their home.
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petriskålen føles ikke som deres hjem.
01:16
And so we need to do better at copying their natural environment
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Derfor er vi nødt til at blive bedre til at kopiere deres naturlige miljø
01:18
to get them to thrive.
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sådan at de kan trives.
01:20
We call this the biomimetic paradigm --
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Vi kalder dette for det biomimetiske paradigme
01:22
copying nature in the lab.
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hvor vi kopierer naturen i laboratoriet.
01:25
Let's take the example of the heart,
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Lad os bruge eksemplet med hjertet
01:27
the topic of a lot of my research.
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som er omdrejningspunkt for meget af min forskning.
01:29
What makes the heart unique?
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Hvad er det som gør hjertet unikt?
01:31
Well, the heart beats,
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Først og fremmest slår hjertet
01:33
rhythmically, tirelessly, faithfully.
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rytmisk, utrætteligt, trofast.
01:36
We copy this in the lab
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Vi kopierer dette i laboratoriet
01:38
by outfitting cell culture systems with electrodes.
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ved at udstyre cellekultur-systemer med elektroder.
01:41
These electrodes act like mini pacemakers
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Disse elektroder fungerer som mini-pacemakers
01:43
to get the cells to contract in the lab.
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for at få cellerne til at trække sig sammen i laboratoriet.
01:46
What else do we know about the heart?
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Hvad ved vi ellers om hjertet?
01:48
Well, heart cells are pretty greedy.
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Hjerteceller er temmelig grådige.
01:50
Nature feeds the heart cells in your body
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Naturen fodrer hjertecellerne i din krop
01:52
with a very, very dense blood supply.
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med en meget, meget tyk blodforsyning.
01:54
In the lab, we micro-pattern channels
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I laboratoriet former vi i mikro mønstre, kanaler
01:56
in the biomaterials
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i biomaterialet
01:58
on which we grow the cells,
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hvorpå vi dyrker cellerne.
02:00
and this allows us to flow the cell culture media, the cells' food,
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Det giver os mulighed for at få en slags strøm igennem folderne i cellekultur mediet,
02:03
through the scaffolds where we're growing the cells --
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cellernes mad, der hvor vi dyrker cellerne --
02:06
a lot like what you might expect
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det er en hel del som man ville forvente
02:08
from a capillary bed in the heart.
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i et af hjertets kapillære kammer.
02:10
So this brings me to lesson number one:
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Dette fører mig til lektion nr. 1:
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life can do a lot with very little.
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livet kan gøre utrolig meget med rigtig lidt
02:16
Let's take the example of electrical stimulation.
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Lad os bruge eksemplet om elektrisk stimulering.
02:18
Let's see how powerful just one of these essentials can be.
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Lad os se hvor kraftfuld en enkelt af disse essentielle dele kan være.
02:22
On the left, we see a tiny piece of beating heart tissue
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Til venstre ser vi et lille stykke hjertevæv der banker
02:25
that I engineered from rat cells in the lab.
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som jeg har lavet af celler fra en rotte i laboratoriet.
02:27
It's about the size of a mini marshmallow.
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Den er på størrelse med en lille skumfidus.
02:29
And after one week, it's beating.
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Og efter én uge banker hjertevævet.
02:31
You can see it in the upper left-hand corner.
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Det kan ses i øverste venstre hjørne.
02:33
But don't worry if you can't see it so well.
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Det går nok hvis ikke I kan se det så godt.
02:35
It's amazing that these cells beat at all.
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Det utrolige er at disse celler overhovedet banker.
02:38
But what's really amazing
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Men hvad der er endnu mere utroligt
02:40
is that the cells, when we electrically stimulate them,
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er at disse celler, når vi stimulerer dem med elektricitet,
02:42
like with a pacemaker,
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ligesom med en pacemaker,
02:44
that they beat so much more.
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begynder at banke så meget mere.
02:46
But that brings me to lesson number two:
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Det fører mig til lektion nummer to:
02:48
cells do all the work.
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cellerne gør alt arbejdet.
02:50
In a sense, tissue engineers have a bit of an identity crisis here,
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På en måde har vævsingeninører lidt af en identitetskrise;
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because structural engineers
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bygningsingeniører
02:55
build bridges and big things,
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bygger broer og store ting,
02:58
computer engineers, computers,
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computer-ingeniører bygger computere
03:00
but what we are doing
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men det vi laver
03:02
is actually building enabling technologies for the cells themselves.
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er faktisk at bygge teknologier der gør at cellerne selv kan.
03:05
What does this mean for us?
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Hvad betyder det for os?
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Let's do something really simple.
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Lad os prøve noget simpelt.
03:09
Let's remind ourselves
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Lad os huske os selv på
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that cells are not an abstract concept.
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at celler ikke er et abstrakt koncept.
03:14
Let's remember that our cells sustain our lives
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Lad os huske på at vores celler kan holde os i live
03:17
in a very real way.
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på en meget virkelig måde.
03:19
"We are what we eat," could easily be described
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"Man er hvad man spiser" kunne nemt beskrives
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as, "We are what our cells eat."
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som "Man er hvad ens celler spiser."
03:24
And in the case of the flora in our gut,
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Og for eksempel med floraen i vores tarme,
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these cells may not even be human.
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kunne det måske være sådan at de celler slet ikke er menneskelige.
03:30
But it's also worth noting
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Men det er også værd at notere
03:32
that cells also mediate our experience of life.
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at celler også formidler vores livserfaringer.
03:35
Behind every sound, sight, touch, taste and smell
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Bagved enhver lyd, syn, berøring, smag og lugt
03:38
is a corresponding set of cells
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er der et tilsvarende sæt af celler
03:40
that receive this information
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som modtager denne information
03:42
and interpret it for us.
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og fortolker den for os.
03:44
It begs the question:
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Det indbyder spørgsmålet:
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shall we expand our sense of environmental stewardship
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skal vi udvide vores forståelse af klimatisk forvaltning
03:49
to include the ecosystem of our own bodies?
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så det også inkluderer vores egen krops økosystem?
03:52
I invite you to talk about this with me further,
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Jeg inviterer jer til at tale mere om dette med mig
03:54
and in the meantime, I wish you luck.
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og i mellem tiden ønsker jeg jer held og lykke.
03:57
May none of your non-cancer cells
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Må ingen af jeres ikke-cancer celler
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become endangered species.
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blive en truet race.
04:01
Thank you.
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Tak.
04:03
(Applause)
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(Applaus)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nina Tandon - Tissue engineering researcherNina Tandon studies ways to use electrical signals to grow artificial tissues for transplants and other therapies.
Why you should listen
Nina Tandon studies electrical signaling in the context of tissue engineering, with the goal of creating “spare parts” for human implantation and/or disease models. After receiving a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from Cooper Union, Nina worked on an electronic nose used to “smell” lung cancer as a Fulbright scholar in Rome. She studied electrical stimulation for cardiac tissue engineering at MIT and Columbia, and now continues her research on electrical stimulation for broader tissue-engineering applications. Tandon was a 2011 TED Fellow and a 2012 Senior Fellow. Nina was also honored as one of Foreign Policy's 2015 Global Thinkers.
Nina Tandon | Speaker | TED.com