TED2011
Nina Tandon: Caring for engineered tissue
Nina Tendon - Razmišljanja o razvijanju tkiva u ćelijskoj kulturi
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Nina Tendon - inženjer tkiva u kulturi i TED stipendista - gaji veštačka srca i kosti u laboratoriji. Kako bi to uradila, neophodno je doći do novih načina uzgajanja ćelija u laboratoriji - a to su metode koje je ona razvila koristeći se jednostavnom, ali veoma moćnom metodom kopiranja prirodnih uslova u kojima date ćelije rastu u prirodnom okruženju.
Nina Tandon - Tissue engineering researcher
Nina Tandon studies ways to use electrical signals to grow artificial tissues for transplants and other therapies. Full bio
Nina Tandon studies ways to use electrical signals to grow artificial tissues for transplants and other therapies. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Good morning everybody.
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Dobro jutro svima.
00:18
I work with really amazing,
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Ja radim sa zaista fascinantnim
00:20
little, itty-bitty creatures called cells.
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malim stvorenjima koje zovemo ćelije.
00:23
And let me tell you what it's like
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I ispričaću vam sada kako izgleda
00:25
to grow these cells in the lab.
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uzgajati te ćelije u laboratoriji.
00:27
I work in a lab where we take cells out of their native environment.
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Ja radim u laboratoriji gde izolujemo ćelije iz njihove prirodne sredine.
00:30
We plate them into dishes
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Zasadimo ih u sudove
00:32
that we sometimes call petri dishes.
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koje ponekada zovemo Petri-šolje.
00:34
And we feed them -- sterilely of course --
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I onda ih hranimo - u sterilnim uslovima naravno -
00:37
with what we call cell culture media -- which is like their food --
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nečim što zovemo ćelijski medijum, što je isto što i hrana za ćelije,
00:40
and we grow them in incubators.
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a onda ih gajimo u inkubatorima.
00:43
Why do I do this?
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Zašto ja to radim?
00:45
We observe the cells in a plate,
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Mi posmatramo ćelije u kulturi
00:47
and they're just on the surface.
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i one su na površini tog suda.
00:49
But what we're really trying to do in my lab
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Ali ono što mi zaista pokušavamo da uradimo u mojoj laboratoriji
00:52
is to engineer tissues out of them.
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jeste da napravimo tkiva od ćelija.
00:55
What does that even mean?
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Šta to uopšte znači?
00:57
Well it means growing an actual heart,
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Pa to znači napraviti pravo srce,
00:59
let's say,
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na primer,
01:01
or grow a piece of bone
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ili napraviti deo kosti
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that can be put into the body.
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koji se može usaditi u telo.
01:05
Not only that, but they can also be used for disease models.
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I ne samo to, već se ti organi mogu koristiti i kao modeli za ispitivanje bolesti.
01:08
And for this purpose, traditional cell culture techniques
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I za ovakav cilj, tradicionalne tehinke uzgajanja ćelija
01:10
just really aren't enough.
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jednostavno nisu dovoljne.
01:12
The cells are kind of homesick;
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Ćelije su na neki način nostalgične,
01:14
the dish doesn't feel like their home.
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petri-šolje nisu zaista njihov pravi dom.
01:16
And so we need to do better at copying their natural environment
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Tako da je neophodno da unapredimo mogućnosti kopiranja njihovog prirodnog okruženja
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to get them to thrive.
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kako bi ćelije bolje napredovale.
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We call this the biomimetic paradigm --
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Ovaj proces nazivamo biomimetička paradigma -
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copying nature in the lab.
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kopiranje prirodnog okruženja u laboratoriji.
01:25
Let's take the example of the heart,
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Hajde da posmatramo srce kao primer,
01:27
the topic of a lot of my research.
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čime se moje istraživanje uglavnom bavi.
01:29
What makes the heart unique?
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Šta čini srce jedinstvenim?
01:31
Well, the heart beats,
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Pa, srce kuca,
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rhythmically, tirelessly, faithfully.
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u ritmu, bez odmora, i odano.
01:36
We copy this in the lab
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Mi kopiramo taj proces u laboratoriji
01:38
by outfitting cell culture systems with electrodes.
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tako što stimulišemo ćelije u kulturi elektrodama.
01:41
These electrodes act like mini pacemakers
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Ove elektrode funkcionišu kao mini-pejsmejkeri
01:43
to get the cells to contract in the lab.
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koje stimulišu kontrakciju ćelija u labratorijskim uslovima.
01:46
What else do we know about the heart?
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Šta još znamo o srcu?
01:48
Well, heart cells are pretty greedy.
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Pa, ćelije srca su poprlično pohlepne.
01:50
Nature feeds the heart cells in your body
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Priroda hrani ćelije srca u našem telu
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with a very, very dense blood supply.
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pomoću veoma, veoma guste mreže krvnih sudova.
01:54
In the lab, we micro-pattern channels
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U laboratoriji, mi uspotavljamo mikro šeme kanala
01:56
in the biomaterials
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u biomaterijalima
01:58
on which we grow the cells,
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na kojima uzgajamo ćelije.
02:00
and this allows us to flow the cell culture media, the cells' food,
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I to nam dozvoljava da uspostavimo protok medijuma za ćelije, tj. hrane za ćelije,
02:03
through the scaffolds where we're growing the cells --
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kroz mreže na kojima ćelije rastu -
02:06
a lot like what you might expect
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proces koji izgleda onako kako očekujete
02:08
from a capillary bed in the heart.
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da izgleda mreža kapilara u srcu.
02:10
So this brings me to lesson number one:
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Tako da sada dolazimo do lekcije broj jedan:
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life can do a lot with very little.
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život može učiniti veoma mnogo sa malo ponuđenih resursa.
02:16
Let's take the example of electrical stimulation.
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Uzmimo primer električne stimulacije.
02:18
Let's see how powerful just one of these essentials can be.
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Hajde da pogledamo koliko je moćan samo jedan od osnovnih elemenata.
02:22
On the left, we see a tiny piece of beating heart tissue
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Na levom delu ekrana, možete uočiti delić tkiva srca koje otkucava
02:25
that I engineered from rat cells in the lab.
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koji sam ja napravila od ćelija pacova u laboratoriji.
02:27
It's about the size of a mini marshmallow.
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Veličine je klikera.
02:29
And after one week, it's beating.
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I nakon jedne nedelje, ono otkucava.
02:31
You can see it in the upper left-hand corner.
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To možete uočiti u gornjem levom uglu slajda.
02:33
But don't worry if you can't see it so well.
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Ali ne brinite ukoliko ne možete da uočite to veoma dobro.
02:35
It's amazing that these cells beat at all.
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Potpuno je fascinantno da ove ćelije uopšte pulsiraju.
02:38
But what's really amazing
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Ali ono što je zaista zapanjujuće
02:40
is that the cells, when we electrically stimulate them,
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jeste da ove ćelije, kada ih stimulišemo elktricitetom
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like with a pacemaker,
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kao pejsmejkerom,
02:44
that they beat so much more.
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otkucavaju mnogo brže.
02:46
But that brings me to lesson number two:
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Ovo nsd dovodi do lekcije broj dva:
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cells do all the work.
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ćelije rade sav posao.
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In a sense, tissue engineers have a bit of an identity crisis here,
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U tom smislu, inženjeri tkiva doživljavaju krizu identiteta,
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because structural engineers
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s' obzirom da inženjeri građevine,
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build bridges and big things,
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grade mostove i velike tvorevine,
02:58
computer engineers, computers,
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kompjuterski inženjeri, računare,
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but what we are doing
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ali ono što mi radimo
03:02
is actually building enabling technologies for the cells themselves.
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u prinicpu se svodi na stvaranje tehonologija koje ćelije već same koriste.
03:05
What does this mean for us?
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Šta to znači za nas?
03:07
Let's do something really simple.
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Hajde da uradimo nešto veoma jednostavno.
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Let's remind ourselves
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Hajde da se podsetimo
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that cells are not an abstract concept.
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da ćelije nisu neki apstraktni koncept.
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Let's remember that our cells sustain our lives
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Podsetimo se da ćelije održavaju naše živote
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in a very real way.
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na veoma realan način.
03:19
"We are what we eat," could easily be described
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"Mi smo ono sto mi jedemo" može biti lako opisano
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as, "We are what our cells eat."
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kao, "mi smo ono što naše ćelije jedu."
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And in the case of the flora in our gut,
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I u slučaju flore u našem probavnom traktu,
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these cells may not even be human.
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ove ćelije čak ne moraju biti ljudske.
03:30
But it's also worth noting
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Ali je vredno pomena i to
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that cells also mediate our experience of life.
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da ćelije takođe prenose naš doživljaj života.
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Behind every sound, sight, touch, taste and smell
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Iza svakog zvuka, vizuelnog doživaljaja, dodira, ukusa i mirisa
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is a corresponding set of cells
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postoji odeređeni skup ćelija
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that receive this information
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koji prima tu informaciju
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and interpret it for us.
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i tumači je za nas.
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It begs the question:
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Stoga se javlja pitanje:
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shall we expand our sense of environmental stewardship
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da li treba da proširimo naš pogled na služenje životnoj sredini
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to include the ecosystem of our own bodies?
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kako bismo uključili tu i ekosistem naših samih tela?
03:52
I invite you to talk about this with me further,
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Ja vas pozivam da diskutujete o ovoj temi sa mnom i dalje,
03:54
and in the meantime, I wish you luck.
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a do tada, želim vam sreću.
03:57
May none of your non-cancer cells
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I želim vam da nijedna od vaših ne-kancerogenih ćelija
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become endangered species.
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postane ugrožena vrsta.
04:01
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
04:03
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nina Tandon - Tissue engineering researcherNina Tandon studies ways to use electrical signals to grow artificial tissues for transplants and other therapies.
Why you should listen
Nina Tandon studies electrical signaling in the context of tissue engineering, with the goal of creating “spare parts” for human implantation and/or disease models. After receiving a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from Cooper Union, Nina worked on an electronic nose used to “smell” lung cancer as a Fulbright scholar in Rome. She studied electrical stimulation for cardiac tissue engineering at MIT and Columbia, and now continues her research on electrical stimulation for broader tissue-engineering applications. Tandon was a 2011 TED Fellow and a 2012 Senior Fellow. Nina was also honored as one of Foreign Policy's 2015 Global Thinkers.
Nina Tandon | Speaker | TED.com