TEDGlobal 2013
Uri Alon: Why science demands a leap into the unknown
Uri Alon: Hvorfor virkelig innovativ forskning kræver et spring ind i det ukendte
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Readability: 4.3
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Da han var Ph.D. student i fysik troede Uri Alon at han var en fiasko, fordi alle hans forskningsplaner endte i blindgyder. Men med hjælp fra improteater indså han glæden ved at fare vild. En opfordring til forskere om at holde op med at tænke på forskning som en direkte vej fra spørgsmål til svar, men i stedet som noget mere kreativt. Det er et budskab som vækker genklang, uanset på hvilket felt.
Uri Alon - Systems biologist
Uri Alon studies how cells work, using an array of tools (including improv theater) to understand the biological circuits that perform the functions of life. Full bio
Uri Alon studies how cells work, using an array of tools (including improv theater) to understand the biological circuits that perform the functions of life. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
In the middle of my Ph.D.,
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Midt i min Ph.D. uddannelse
00:14
I was hopelessly stuck.
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kørte jeg håbløst fast.
00:17
Every research direction that I tried
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Alle veje jeg gik i min forskning
00:19
led to a dead end.
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førte til en blindgyde.
00:21
It seemed like my basic assumptions
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Det var som om mine antagelser
00:23
just stopped working.
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bare holdt op med at virke.
00:25
I felt like a pilot flying through the mist,
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Jeg følte mig som en pilot der flyver i tågen
00:28
and I lost all sense of direction.
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og jeg mistede orienteringen.
00:30
I stopped shaving.
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Jeg holdt op med at barbere mig.
00:32
I couldn't get out of bed in the morning.
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Jeg kunne ikke komme op af sengen om morgenen.
00:35
I felt unworthy
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Jeg følte mig uværdig
00:36
of stepping across the gates of the university,
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til at gå ind ad porten til universitetet,
00:39
because I wasn't like Einstein or Newton
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fordi jeg ikke var som Einstein eller Newton
00:42
or any other scientist whose results
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eller en anden af de videnskabsmænd,
hvis resultater
hvis resultater
00:44
I had learned about, because in science,
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jeg havde lært om, for i videnskab
00:45
we just learn about the results, not the process.
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lærer vi kun om resultaterne, ikke processen.
00:49
And so obviously, I couldn't be a scientist.
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Så jeg kunne åbenbart ikke blive videnskabsmand.
00:53
But I had enough support
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Men jeg havde støtte nok
00:55
and I made it through
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og jeg klarede mig igennem
00:56
and discovered something new about nature.
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og opdagede noget nyt om naturen.
00:59
This is an amazing feeling of calmness,
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Det er en utrolig følelse af ro,
01:01
being the only person in the world
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at være den eneste i verden
01:03
who knows a new law of nature.
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som kender en ny naturlov.
01:05
And I started the second project in my Ph.D,
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Jeg startede det andet projekt i min Ph.D.
01:08
and it happened again.
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og så skete det igen.
01:09
I got stuck and I made it through.
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Jeg sad fast og jeg kom igennem.
01:12
And I started thinking,
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Så jeg begyndte at tænke
01:13
maybe there's a pattern here.
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at måske er der et mønster her.
01:14
I asked the other graduate students, and they said,
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Jeg spurgte de andre Ph.D. studenter, som sagde
01:16
"Yeah, that's exactly what happened to us,
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ja, det er præcist hvad der skete for os,
01:18
except nobody told us about it."
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bortset fra at ingen havde fortalt om det.
01:20
We'd all studied science as if it's a series
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Vi havde alle studeret videnskab som om det var
01:22
of logical steps between question and answer,
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en serie af logiske skridt fra spørgsmål til svar,
01:26
but doing research is nothing like that.
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men forskning foregår ikke på den måde.
01:29
At the same time, I was also studying
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Samtidig øvede jeg mig på
01:31
to be an improvisation theater actor.
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at blive en improvisationsskuespiller.
01:33
So physics by day,
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Så fysik om dagen,
01:35
and by night, laughing, jumping, singing,
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og om aftenen le, hoppe, synge,
01:37
playing my guitar.
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og spille på min guitar.
01:38
Improvisation theater,
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Improvisationsteater,
01:39
just like science, goes into the unknown,
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ligesom forskning, går ind i det ukendte,
fordi du må skabe scenen mens du står der
01:42
because you have to make a scene onstage
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01:44
without a director, without a script,
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uden instruktør, uden manuskript,
01:46
without having any idea what you'll portray
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uden nogen ide om hvad du skal vise
01:48
or what the other characters will do.
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eller hvad de andre karakterer vil gøre.
01:50
But unlike science,
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Men til forskel fra videnskab
01:52
in improvisation theater, they tell you from day one
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fortæller de dig fra første dag
01:55
what's going to happen to
you when you get onstage.
you when you get onstage.
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hvad der sker når du går på scenen.
01:57
You're going to fail miserably.
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Du kommer til at fejle slemt.
02:00
You're going to get stuck.
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Du kommer til at sidde fast.
02:01
And we would practice staying creative
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Vi øvede os på at være kreative
02:03
inside that stuck place.
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når vi sad fast et sted.
02:05
For example, we had an exercise
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For eksempel havde vi en øvelse
02:06
where we all stood in a circle,
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hvor vi alle stod i en cirkel
02:08
and each person had to do
the world's worst tap dance,
the world's worst tap dance,
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og hver person skulle lave
verdens dårligste stepdans
verdens dårligste stepdans
02:11
and everybody else applauded
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mens de andre klappede
02:12
and cheered you on,
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og råbte heja
02:13
supporting you onstage.
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og støttede dig på scenen.
02:16
When I became a professor
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Da jeg blev professor
02:18
and had to guide my own students
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og skulle vejlede min egne studenter
02:19
through their research projects,
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gennem deres forskningsprojekter,
02:21
I realized again,
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indså jeg atter en gang
02:23
I don't know what to do.
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at jeg ikke ved hvad jeg skal gøre.
02:24
I'd studied thousands of hours of physics,
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Tusinder af timer havde jeg studeret fysik,
02:26
biology, chemistry,
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biologi, kemi,
02:28
but not one hour, not one concept
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men ikke en time, ikke et eneste begreb
02:30
on how to mentor, how to guide someone
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om hvordan man vejleder nogen
02:33
to go together into the unknown,
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i at begive sig ind i det ukendte
02:35
about motivation.
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eller om motivation.
02:37
So I turned to improvisation theater,
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Jeg brugte improvisationsteater
02:39
and I told my students from day one
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og jeg fortalte studenterne fra første dag
02:41
what's going to happen when you start research,
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hvad der sker når du forsker.
02:44
and this has to do with our mental schema
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Det har noget at gøre med vores mentale plan
02:45
of what research will be like.
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for hvordan forskning vil foregå.
02:47
Because you see, whenever people do anything,
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For når folk skal gøre et eller andet,
02:50
for example if I want to touch this blackboard,
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for eksempel hvis jeg vil røre tavlen,
02:52
my brain first builds up a schema,
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så laver hjernen en plan,
02:54
a prediction of exactly what my muscles will do
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en forudsigelse af hvad musklerne skal gøre
02:56
before I even start moving my hand,
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før jeg begynder at bevæge hånden
02:58
and if I get blocked,
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og hvis jeg bliver forhindret,
03:00
if my schema doesn't match reality,
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hvis planen ikke svarer til virkeligheden,
03:02
that causes extra stress called cognitive dissonance.
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giver det stress som kaldes kognitiv dissonans.
03:04
That's why your schemas had better match reality.
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Derfor bør planen svare til virkeligheden.
03:07
But if you believe the way science is taught,
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Men hvis man tror på måden
videnskab undervises på
videnskab undervises på
03:10
and if you believe textbooks, you're liable
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og hvis man skal tro på lærebøgerne
03:12
to have the following schema of research.
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så får man følgende plan for forskning.
03:18
If A is the question,
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Hvis A er spørgsmålet
03:22
and B is the answer,
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og B er svaret
03:25
then research is a direct path.
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så er forskning den direkte vej.
03:30
The problem is that if an experiment doesn't work,
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Problemet er at hvis et eksperiment ikke virker
03:33
or a student gets depressed,
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eller en student bliver deprimeret
03:36
it's perceived as something utterly wrong
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så opfattes det som noget forkert
03:38
and causes tremendous stress.
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og det forårsager en masse stress.
03:42
And that's why I teach my students
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Det er derfor jeg lærer mine studenter
03:43
a more realistic schema.
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en mere realistisk plan.
03:50
Here's an example
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Her er et eksempel
03:52
where things don't match your schema.
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hvor tingene ikke passer ind i planen.
03:58
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
04:01
(Applause)
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(Bifald)
Så jeg lærer mine studenter en anden plan.
04:13
So I teach my students a different schema.
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04:17
If A is the question,
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Hvis A er spørgsmålet,
04:19
B is the answer,
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B er svaret,
04:25
stay creative in the cloud,
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- vær kreativ i skyen -
04:26
and you start going,
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og du går i gang
04:28
and experiments don't work, experiments don't work,
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og eksperimenterne virker ikke...
eksperimenterne virker ikke...
eksperimenterne virker ikke...
04:31
experiments don't work, experiments don't work,
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eksperimenter virker ikke...
eksperimenter virker ikke...
eksperimenter virker ikke...
04:33
until you reach a place linked
with negative emotions
with negative emotions
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indtil du kommer til et sted med negative følelser
04:36
where it seems like your basic assumptions
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hvor det er som om dine basale antagelser
04:38
have stopped making sense,
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ikke giver mening længere
04:39
like somebody yanked the carpet beneath your feet.
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som om nogen trak tæppet væk under dig.
04:42
And I call this place the cloud.
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Og dette sted kalder jeg skyen.
04:59
Now you can be lost in the cloud
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Man kan fare vild i skyen
05:02
for a day, a week, a month, a year,
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i en dag, en uge, en måned, et år,
05:04
a whole career,
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en hel karriere,
05:06
but sometimes, if you're lucky enough
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men nogle gange, hvis du er heldig
05:08
and you have enough support,
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og har nok støtte,
05:10
you can see in the materials at hand,
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ser du i dit materiale
05:12
or perhaps meditating on the shape of the cloud,
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eller måske ved at meditere over skyens form
05:15
a new answer,
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et nyt svar C
05:19
C, and you decide to go for it.
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og du beslutter at gå for det.
05:22
And experiments don't work, experiments don't work,
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Og eksperimenter virker ikke...
eksperimenter virker ikke…
eksperimenter virker ikke…
05:25
but you get there,
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men du når frem
05:26
and then you tell everyone about it
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og fortæller det til alle
05:28
by publishing a paper that reads A arrow C,
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ved at publicere en artikel der siger "A pil C",
05:31
which is a great way to communicate,
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hvilket er en god måde at kommunikere på
05:33
but as long as you don't forget the path
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sålænge du ikke glemmer vejen
05:35
that brought you there.
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som bragte dig derhen.
05:37
Now this cloud is an inherent part
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Denne sky er en fast del af
05:39
of research, an inherent part of our craft,
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forskning, en del af håndværket,
05:42
because the cloud stands guard at the boundary.
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fordi skyen står vagt ved grænsen.
05:49
It stands guard at the boundary
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Den står vagt ved grænsen
05:51
between the known
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mellem det kendte
05:57
and the unknown,
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og det ukendte,
fordi for at opdage noget virkeligt nyt
06:05
because in order to discover something truly new,
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06:07
at least one of your basic
assumptions has to change,
assumptions has to change,
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må mindst en af dine antagelser ændres
06:10
and that means that in science,
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og det betyder at i videnskaben
06:12
we do something quite heroic.
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gør vi noget heroisk.
06:14
Every day, we try to bring ourselves
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Hver dag prøver vi at bringe os
06:15
to the boundary between
the known and the unknown
the known and the unknown
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til grænsen mellem det kendte og ukendte
06:17
and face the cloud.
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og møde skyen.
06:19
Now notice that I put B
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Læg mærke til at jeg placerer B
06:21
in the land of the known,
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i det kendtes land
06:22
because we knew about it in the beginning,
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fordi vi vidste noget om det fra starten,
06:23
but C is always more interesting
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men C er altid mere interessant
06:27
and more important than B.
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og vigtigere end B.
06:30
So B is essential in order to get going,
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Så B er nødvendig for at komme i gang
06:32
but C is much more profound,
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men C er meget større
06:34
and that's the amazing thing about resesarch.
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og det er det utrolige ved forskning.
06:38
Now just knowing that word, the cloud,
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Bare det at kende dette ord, skyen,
06:40
has been transformational in my research group,
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har ændret min forskningsgruppe
06:43
because students come to me and say,
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fordi studenter kommer og siger
06:45
"Uri, I'm in the cloud,"
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"Uri, jeg er i skyen"
06:46
and I say, "Great, you must be feeling miserable."
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og jeg siger "Fint, du må da have det elendigt".
06:50
(Laughter)
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(Latter)
06:52
But I'm kind of happy,
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Men jeg er glad
06:54
because we might be close to the boundary
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fordi vi måske er tæt på grænsen
06:55
between the known and the unknown,
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mellem det kendte og det ukendte
06:57
and we stand a chance of discovering
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og vi har en chance for at opdage
06:59
something truly new,
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noget virkeligt nyt.
07:01
since the way our mind works,
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På grund af måden sindet virker på,
07:02
it's just knowing that the cloud
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bare det at kende til at skyen
07:05
is normal, it's essential,
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er normal, det er noget essentielt,
07:10
and in fact beautiful,
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og faktisk noget smukt,
07:11
we can join the Cloud Appreciation Society,
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vi kan melde os ind i Skyforeningen,
07:14
and it detoxifies the feeling that something
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og det er en modgift til følelsen af
07:16
is deeply wrong with me.
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at noget er galt med mig.
07:19
And as a mentor, I know what to do,
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Og som mentor ved jeg hvad jeg skal gøre
07:21
which is to step up my support for the student,
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nemlig at optrappe min støtte til studenten,
07:24
because research in psychology shows
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fordi psykologisk forskning viser
07:25
that if you're feeling fear and despair,
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at hvis du føler frygt og fortvivlelse
bliver sindet indskrænket
07:29
your mind narrows down
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07:30
to very safe and conservative ways of thinking.
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til sikre og konservative tankebaner.
07:32
If you'd like to explore the risky paths
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Hvis du gerne vil udforske de risikable veje
07:34
needed to get out of the cloud,
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som fører ud af skyen
07:35
you need other emotions --
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må du have andre følelser,
07:37
solidarity, support, hope —
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solidaritet, støtte, håb,
07:39
that come with your connection from somebody else,
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som kommer med din kontakt med andre.
07:41
so like in improvisation theater,
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Så ligesom i improvisationsteater
07:43
in science, it's best to walk into the unknown
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er det i videnskaben bedst at gå ind i det ukendte
07:45
together.
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sammen.
Udover at kende til skyen,
07:47
So knowing about the cloud,
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07:49
you also learn from improvisation theater
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lærer man også i improvisationsteater
07:53
a very effective way to have conversations
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en effektiv måde at tale sammen på
07:55
inside the cloud.
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indeni skyen.
07:57
It's based on the central principle
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Den er baseret på det centrale princip
07:59
of improvisation theater,
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i improvisationsteater,
08:01
so here improvisation theater
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så her kom improvisationsteater
08:02
came to my help again.
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mig til hjælp igen.
08:03
It's called saying "Yes, and"
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Det kaldes at sige "ja, og"
08:05
to the offers made by other actors.
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til de andre skuespilleres tilbud.
08:16
That means accepting the offers
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Det betyder at man accepterer tilbuddene
og bygger videre på dem, ved at sige "ja, og..."
08:19
and building on them, saying, "Yes, and."
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Hvis for eksempel en skuespiller siger
08:21
For example, if one actor says,
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"Her er en svømmepøl"
08:22
"Here is a pool of water,"
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og den anden skuespiller siger
08:24
and the other actor says,
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"Nej, det er bare en scene"
08:25
"No, that's just a stage,"
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så er improvisationen forbi.
08:27
the improvisation is over.
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Den er død og alle er frustreret.
08:28
It's dead, and everybody feels frustrated.
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Det kaldes at blokere.
08:32
That's called blocking.
198
500520
1348
Hvis du ikke er bevidst om kommunikation
08:33
If you're not mindful of communications,
199
501868
1607
08:35
scientific conversations can have a lot of blocking.
200
503475
2937
kan videnskabelige dialoger
have mange blokeringer.
have mange blokeringer.
At sige "ja, og" ville lyde sådan her:
08:38
Saying "Yes, and" sounds like this.
201
506412
2236
"Her er en svømmepøl."
"Ja, lad os hoppe ud i."
"Ja, lad os hoppe ud i."
08:40
"Here is a pool of water."
"Yeah, let's jump in."
"Yeah, let's jump in."
202
508648
2508
08:43
"Look, there's a whale! Let's grab it by its tail.
203
511156
3009
"Se der er en hval.
Lad os gribe den i halen."
Lad os gribe den i halen."
08:46
It's pulling us to the moon!"
204
514165
2101
"Den trækker os afsted til månen!"
At sige "ja, og" går udenom den indre kritiker.
08:48
So saying "Yes, and" bypasses our inner critic.
205
516266
3020
Vi har alle en indre kritiker
08:51
We all have an inner critic
206
519286
1694
som passer på hvad vi siger
08:52
that kind of guards what we say,
207
520980
1241
08:54
so people don't think that we're obscene
208
522221
1923
så folk ikke synes vi er usømmelige
08:56
or crazy or unoriginal,
209
524144
1115
eller skøre eller uoriginale.
08:57
and science is full of the fear
210
525259
1260
Videnskab er fuld af frygt
08:58
of appearing unoriginal.
211
526519
1557
for at virke uoriginal.
09:00
Saying "Yes, and" bypasses the critic
212
528076
2167
At sige "ja, og" går udenom denne kritiker
09:02
and unlocks hidden voices of creativity
213
530243
2612
og åbner for gemte kreative stemmer
09:04
you didn't even know that you had,
214
532855
1525
som du ikke vidste du havde
09:06
and they often carry the answer
215
534380
2030
og de har ofte svaret
09:08
about the cloud.
216
536410
2405
på skyen.
09:10
So you see, knowing about the cloud
217
538815
2601
Så det at vide noget om skyen
og om at sige "ja, og"
09:13
and about saying "Yes, and"
218
541416
1404
09:14
made my lab very creative.
219
542820
2859
gjorde mit laboratorie meget kreativ.
09:17
Students started playing off of each others' ideas,
220
545679
2528
Studenterne begyndte at lege med hinandens ideer
og vi gjorde overraskende opdagelser
09:20
and we made surprising discoveries
221
548207
2114
09:22
in the interface between physics and biology.
222
550321
2869
på grænsen mellem fysik og biologi.
09:25
For example, we were stuck for a year
223
553190
2950
For eksempel kom vi ingen vegne i et år
09:28
trying to understand the intricate
224
556140
1149
med at forstå de indviklede
09:29
biochemical networks inside our cells,
225
557289
2693
biokemiske netværk indeni vores celler,
og vi sagde "vi er dybt inde i skyen"
09:31
and we said, "We are deeply in the cloud,"
226
559982
2457
og vi havde en legende samtale
09:34
and we had a playful conversation
227
562439
1980
hvor min student Shai Shen Orr sagde
09:36
where my student Shai Shen Orr said,
228
564419
1788
09:38
"Let's just draw this on a
piece of paper, this network,"
piece of paper, this network,"
229
566207
2843
"Lad os tegne det på et stykke papir, dette netværk".
Og istedet for at sige
09:41
and instead of saying,
230
569050
1453
09:42
"But we've done that so many times
231
570503
2151
"Men det har vi gjort så mange gange
09:44
and it doesn't work,"
232
572654
1034
og det ser ikke ud til at virke"
09:45
I said, "Yes, and
233
573688
2943
så sagde jeg "Ja, og...
lad os bruge et meget stort stykke papir".
09:48
let's use a very big piece of paper,"
234
576631
2041
Og så sagde Ron Milo
09:50
and then Ron Milo said,
235
578672
1092
09:51
"Let's use a gigantic architect's
236
579764
2220
"Lad os bruge et gigantisk papir til arkitekttegninger
09:53
blueprint kind of paper, and I know where to print it,"
237
581984
1796
og jeg ved hvor vi kan få printet det"
09:55
and we printed out the network and looked at it,
238
583780
2500
og vi printede netværket ud og kiggede på det
09:58
and that's where we made
our most important discovery,
our most important discovery,
239
586280
2509
og det var da vi gjorde vores vigtigste opdagelse,
at dette komplicerede netværk bare består af
10:00
that this complicated network is just made
240
588789
2201
en håndfuld simple repeterende mønstre af forbindelser
10:02
of a handful of simple, repeating interaction patterns
241
590990
3463
som motiver i et glasmaleri.
10:06
like motifs in a stained glass window.
242
594453
3163
Vi kalder dem network motifs
10:09
We call them network motifs,
243
597616
2048
og de er de elementære kredsløb
10:11
and they're the elementary circuits
244
599664
2152
som hjælper os til at forstå
10:13
that help us understand
245
601816
1385
10:15
the logic of the way cells make decisions
246
603201
2700
logikken i cellernes beslutningstagen
10:17
in all organisms, including our body.
247
605901
2849
i alle organismer, inklusiv vores krop.
Snart efter det
10:20
Soon enough, after this,
248
608750
1925
begyndte jeg at blive inviteret til at give foredrag
10:22
I started being invited to give talks
249
610675
1620
10:24
to thousands of scientists across the world,
250
612295
3011
for tusinder af forskere over hele verden,
men vores viden om skyen
10:27
but the knowledge about the cloud
251
615306
1833
og det at sige "ja, og"
10:29
and saying "Yes, and"
252
617139
1132
10:30
just stayed within my own lab,
253
618271
1839
forblev indenfor mit eget lab,
for ser du, i videnskab taler vi ikke om processen
10:32
because you see, in science,
we don't talk about the process,
we don't talk about the process,
254
620110
2131
eller noget subjektivt eller emotionelt.
10:34
anything subjective or emotional.
255
622241
2433
Vi taler om resultaterne.
10:36
We talk about the results.
256
624674
1863
Så der var ingen måde at snakke
om det på konferencer.
om det på konferencer.
10:38
So there was no way to talk about it in conferences.
257
626537
2069
10:40
That was unthinkable.
258
628606
1924
Det var utænkeligt.
10:42
And I saw scientists in other groups get stuck
259
630530
2076
Og jeg så forskere i andre grupper som sad fast
10:44
without even having a word to describe
260
632606
1774
uden at have et ord som beskriver
hvad de så.
10:46
what they're seeing,
261
634380
1321
10:47
and their ways of thinking
262
635701
1355
Og deres måde at tænke på
10:49
narrowed down to very safe paths,
263
637056
1528
holdt sig på de sikre veje,
10:50
their science didn't reach its full potential,
264
638584
1660
deres videnskab nåede ikke det fulde potentiale
10:52
and they were miserable.
265
640244
1753
og de havde det elendigt.
Jeg tænkte sådan er det.
10:53
I thought, that's the way it is.
266
641997
1939
Jeg prøver bare at gøre mit lab
så kreativt som muligt
så kreativt som muligt
10:55
I'll try to make my lab as creative as possible,
267
643936
2021
og hvis alle andre gjorde det samme
10:57
and if everybody else does the same,
268
645957
1680
ville videnskaben blive
10:59
science will eventually become
269
647637
2190
bedre og bedre.
11:01
more and more better and better.
270
649827
2214
11:04
That way of thinking got turned on its head
271
652041
2920
Denne måde at tænke på blev vendt om
da jeg tilfældigvis hørte Evelyn Fox Keller
11:06
when by chance I went to hear Evelyn Fox Keller
272
654961
2339
holde foredrag om sine erfaringer
11:09
give a talk about her experiences
273
657300
1358
11:10
as a woman in science.
274
658658
1691
som en kvinde i videnskab.
11:12
And she asked,
275
660349
1823
Og hun spurgte
"Hvorfor snakker vi ikke om de subjektive
11:14
"Why is it that we don't talk about the subjective
276
662172
1948
og følelsesmæssige aspekter af forskning?
11:16
and emotional aspects of doing science?
277
664120
2186
11:18
It's not by chance. It's a matter of values."
278
666306
3992
Det er ikke tilfældigt.
Det er et spørgsmål om værdier."
Det er et spørgsmål om værdier."
Videnskaben søger viden
11:22
You see, science seeks knowledge
279
670298
2178
som er objektiv og rationel.
11:24
that's objective and rational.
280
672476
1795
11:26
That's the beautiful thing about science.
281
674271
2198
Det er det smukke ved videnskab.
Men vi har også en kulturel myte
11:28
But we also have a cultural myth
282
676469
1956
11:30
that the doing of science,
283
678425
1254
om at videnskabelig forskning,
11:31
what we do every day to get that knowledge,
284
679679
2300
det vi gør hver dag for at få viden,
også kun er objektiv og rationel
11:33
is also only objective and rational,
285
681979
2440
11:36
like Mr. Spock.
286
684419
2432
som Mr. Spock.
11:38
And when you label something
287
686851
1414
Og når du forbinder noget
11:40
as objective and rational,
288
688265
1813
med det objektive og rationelle,
11:42
automatically, the other side,
289
690078
1642
så vil den anden side,
11:43
the subjective and emotional,
290
691720
1457
det subjektive og følelsesmæssige,
11:45
become labeled as non-science
291
693177
2102
automatisk blive stemplet som uvidenskabeligt
11:47
or anti-science or threatening to science,
292
695279
1971
eller anti-videnskab eller noget truende
11:49
and we just don't talk about it.
293
697250
1811
og det snakker vi bare ikke om.
11:51
And when I heard that,
294
699061
1954
Og da jeg hørte det,
at videnskab har en kultur,
11:53
that science has a culture,
295
701015
2167
faldt alting på plads for mig.
11:55
everything clicked into place for me,
296
703182
1547
For hvis videnskaben har en kultur
11:56
because if science has a culture,
297
704729
1664
så kan kulturen forandres
11:58
culture can be changed,
298
706393
1256
og jeg kan være en forandrings-agent
11:59
and I can be a change agent
299
707649
1593
12:01
working to change the culture
of science wherever I could.
of science wherever I could.
300
709242
2712
som arbejder for at ændre
videnskabens kultur hvor jeg kan.
videnskabens kultur hvor jeg kan.
12:03
And so the very next lecture I gave in a conference,
301
711954
3069
Så det næste foredrag jeg holdt på en konference
12:07
I talked about my science,
302
715023
1612
handlede om min forskning,
12:08
and then I talked about the importance
303
716635
1512
og så fortalte jeg om vigtigheden af
12:10
of the subjective and emotional
aspects of doing science
aspects of doing science
304
718147
2182
de subjektive og følelsesmæssige
aspekter ved forskningen
aspekter ved forskningen
12:12
and how we should talk about them,
305
720329
1120
og hvordan vi skulle snakke om den
12:13
and I looked at the audience,
306
721449
1234
og jeg kiggede på publikum
12:14
and they were cold.
307
722683
2360
og de var kolde.
12:17
They couldn't hear what I was saying
308
725043
3291
De hørte ikke efter det jeg prøvede at sige
midt i en serie af 10
12:20
in the context of a 10 back-to-back
309
728334
1251
12:21
PowerPoint presentation conference.
310
729585
1839
powerpoint-præsentationer på en konference.
12:23
And I tried again and again,
conference after conference,
conference after conference,
311
731424
2482
Jeg prøvede igen og igen,
konference efter konference,
konference efter konference,
12:25
but I wasn't getting through.
312
733906
2373
men budskabet nåede ikke igennem.
Jeg var i skyen.
12:28
I was in the cloud.
313
736279
2906
12:31
And eventually I managed to get out the cloud
314
739185
3514
Tilsidst klarede jeg at komme ud af skyen
med improvisation og musik.
12:34
using improvisation and music.
315
742699
2811
Siden da, på hver konference jeg går på
12:37
Since then, every conference I go to,
316
745510
2739
giver jeg et videnskabeligt foredrag
og et specielt foredrag
og et specielt foredrag
12:40
I give a science talk and a second, special talk
317
748249
2862
kaldet "Kærlighed og frygt i laboratoriet"
12:43
called "Love and fear in the lab,"
318
751111
1993
som jeg indleder med en sang
12:45
and I start it off by doing a song
319
753104
2217
om forskeres største frygt,
12:47
about scientists' greatest fear,
320
755321
2572
nemlig at vi arbejder hårdt
12:49
which is that we work hard,
321
757893
2912
og opdager noget nyt
12:52
we discover something new,
322
760805
2342
og nogle andre offentliggør det før os.
12:55
and somebody else publishes it before we do.
323
763147
3357
Vi kalder det at blive scooped
12:58
We call it being scooped,
324
766504
2616
og at blive scooped er forfærdeligt.
13:01
and being scooped feels horrible.
325
769120
3214
Det gør os bange for at snakke sammen
13:04
It makes us afraid to talk to each other,
326
772334
2213
hvilket ikke er sjovt
13:06
which is no fun,
327
774547
833
13:07
because we came to science to share our ideas
328
775380
2760
fordi vi kom til videnskaben for at dele vores ideer
og lære af hinanden.
13:10
and to learn from each other,
329
778140
1311
13:11
and so I do a blues song,
330
779451
3489
Så jeg synger en blues
som - (Bifald) -
13:17
which — (Applause) —
331
785040
5504
kaldes "Scooped igen"
13:22
called "Scooped Again,"
332
790544
3223
og jeg beder publikum om at være backing kor
13:25
and I ask the audience to be my backup singers,
333
793767
2658
13:28
and I tell them, "Your text is 'Scoop, Scoop.'"
334
796425
3980
og siger "teksten er scoop scoop".
Det lyder sådan: "Scoop scoop".
13:32
It sounds like this: "Scoop, scoop!"
335
800405
2645
Den lyder sådan.
13:35
Sounds like this.
336
803050
963
13:36
♪ I've been scooped again ♪
337
804013
2219
"Jeg er blevet scooped igen"
"Scoop scoop"
13:38
♪ Scoop! Scoop! ♪
338
806232
1743
Vi prøver det!
13:39
And then we go for it.
339
807975
1278
"Jeg er blevet scooped igen"
13:41
♪ I've been scooped again ♪
340
809253
2045
"Scoop scoop"
13:43
♪ Scoop! Scoop! ♪
341
811298
1286
"Jeg er blevet scooped igen"
13:44
♪ I've been scooped again ♪
342
812584
1895
13:46
♪ Scoop! Scoop! ♪
343
814479
1306
"Scoop scoop"
13:47
♪ I've been scooped again ♪
344
815785
1783
"Jeg er blevet scooped igen"
13:49
♪ Scoop! Scoop! ♪
345
817568
1639
"Scoop scoop"
"Jeg er blevet scooped igen"
13:51
♪ I've been scooped again ♪
346
819207
1668
13:52
♪ Scoop! Scoop! ♪
347
820875
1762
"Scoop scoop"
13:54
♪ Oh mama, can't you feel my pain ♪
348
822637
3275
"Oh mama, føler du ikke min smerte"
"Gud hjælpe mig, jeg er blevet scooped igen"
13:57
♪ Heavens help me, I've been scooped again ♪
349
825912
3786
14:02
(Applause)
350
830925
6391
(Applaus)
14:09
Thank you.
351
837735
1230
Tak...
Tak for jeres backingsang.
14:10
Thank you for your backup singing.
352
838965
1499
Alle starter så at grine og trække vejret,
14:12
So everybody starts laughing, starts breathing,
353
840464
2084
14:14
notices that there's other scientists around them
354
842548
2012
og ser at der er andre forskere omkring sig
med lignende problemer.
14:16
with shared issues,
355
844560
1307
Og vi begynder at snakke om de emotionelle
14:17
and we start talking about the emotional
356
845867
1805
og subjektive ting der sker i forskning.
14:19
and subjective things that go on in research.
357
847672
1850
Det føles som om et stort tabu er fjernet.
14:21
It feels like a huge taboo has been lifted.
358
849522
2184
14:23
Finally, we can talk about
this in a scientific conference.
this in a scientific conference.
359
851706
2799
Nu kan vi endelig snakke om dette
på en videnskabelig konference.
på en videnskabelig konference.
Og forskere er gået videre med at danne grupper
14:26
And scientists have gone on to form peer groups
360
854505
2186
som mødes jævnligt
14:28
where they meet regularly
361
856691
1610
og skaber et rum til at snakke om emotionelle
14:30
and create a space to talk about the emotional
362
858301
1629
og subjektive der sker når de vejleder
14:31
and subjective things that
happen as they're mentoring,
happen as they're mentoring,
363
859930
2301
og når de går ind i det ukendte,
14:34
as they're going into the unknown,
364
862231
1363
og de har også startet kurser
14:35
and even started courses
365
863594
1570
om forskningsprocessen
14:37
about the process of doing science,
366
865164
1675
og om at gå ind i det ukendte sammen
14:38
about going into the unknown together,
367
866839
1895
og mange andre ting.
14:40
and many other things.
368
868734
1416
Så min vision er at,
14:42
So my vision is that,
369
870150
1334
14:43
just like every scientist knows the word "atom,"
370
871484
3462
ligesom enhver forsker kender ordet atom
og at stof er lavet af atomer,
14:46
that matter is made out of atoms,
371
874946
1967
så skulle enhver forsker kende ord
14:48
every scientist would know the words
372
876913
1484
14:50
like "the cloud," saying "Yes, and,"
373
878397
2344
som "skyen", at sige "ja, og"
og videnskaben ville blive mere kreativ
14:52
and science will become much more creative,
374
880741
3079
14:55
make many, many more unexpected discoveries
375
883820
3004
og gøre mange flere uventede opdagelser
til gavn for os alle
14:58
for the benefit of us all,
376
886824
2536
og den ville også blive mere legende.
15:01
and would also be much more playful.
377
889360
2216
Det jeg kunne bede jer om
at huske fra dette foredrag
at huske fra dette foredrag
15:03
And what I might ask you to remember from this talk
378
891576
2590
er at næste gang du møder
15:06
is that next time you face
379
894166
2696
et problem du ikke kan løse
15:08
a problem you can't solve
380
896862
1726
på arbejdet eller i livet
15:10
in work or in life,
381
898588
2592
så er der et ord for det du ser:
15:13
there's a word for what you're going to see:
382
901180
1876
Skyen.
15:15
the cloud.
383
903056
1177
Og du kan komme igennem skyen
15:16
And you can go through the cloud
384
904233
1533
15:17
not alone but together
385
905766
1408
ikke alene men sammen
15:19
with someone who is your source of support
386
907174
2038
med nogen som støtter dig
og siger "ja, og" til dine ideer
15:21
to say "Yes, and" to your ideas,
387
909212
2048
og hjælper dig til selv at sige "ja, og" til egne ideer
15:23
to help you say "Yes, and" to your own ideas,
388
911260
2317
og forøge chancen for,
15:25
to increase the chance that,
389
913577
1887
gennem skyens slør,
15:27
through the wisps of the cloud,
390
915464
1726
at du vil finde det øjeblik af ro
15:29
you'll find that moment of calmness
391
917190
1498
15:30
where you get your first glimpse
392
918688
1803
hvor du får dit første glimt
15:32
of your unexpected discovery,
393
920491
3250
af din uventede opdagelse,
dit C.
15:35
your C.
394
923741
2724
Tak.
15:38
Thank you.
395
926465
2320
(Bifald)
15:40
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Uri Alon - Systems biologistUri Alon studies how cells work, using an array of tools (including improv theater) to understand the biological circuits that perform the functions of life.
Why you should listen
First trained as a physicist, Uri Alon found a passion for biological systems. At the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel, he and his lab investigate the protein circuits within a cell (they focus on E. coli), looking for basic interaction patterns that recur throughout biological networks. It's a field full of cross-disciplinary thinking habits and interesting problems. And in fact, Alon is the author of a classic paper on lab behavior called "How to Choose a Good Scientific Problem," which takes a step back from the rush to get grants and publish papers to ask: How can a good lab foster growth and self-motivated research?
In Alon's lab, students use tools from physics, neurobiology and computer science -- and concepts from improv theatre -- to study basic principles of interactions. Using a theater practice called the "mirror game," they showed that two people can create complex novel motion together without a designated leader or follower. He also works on an addicting site called BioNumbers -- all the measurements you need to know about biology. The characteristic heart rate of a pond mussel? Why it's 4-6 beats per minute.
More profile about the speakerIn Alon's lab, students use tools from physics, neurobiology and computer science -- and concepts from improv theatre -- to study basic principles of interactions. Using a theater practice called the "mirror game," they showed that two people can create complex novel motion together without a designated leader or follower. He also works on an addicting site called BioNumbers -- all the measurements you need to know about biology. The characteristic heart rate of a pond mussel? Why it's 4-6 beats per minute.
Uri Alon | Speaker | TED.com