TEDxUSC
Jane Poynter: Life in Biosphere 2
Jane Poynter: Elu Biosfääris 2
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Jane Poynter räägib loo oma kahe aasta ja 20 minuti pikkusest elust Biosfääris 2 – kogemusest, mis innustas teda uurima, kuidas hoida elu jätkusuutlikuna ka kõige karmimates keskkondades. See on esimene iseseisvalt TEDx-i ürituselt võetud kõne, mis peeti Lõuna-Californa Ülikoolis.
Jane Poynter - Biospherian
After weathering two years in Biosphere 2, Jane Poynter is trying to create technologies that allow us to live in hostile environments -- like outer space. Full bio
After weathering two years in Biosphere 2, Jane Poynter is trying to create technologies that allow us to live in hostile environments -- like outer space. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I have had the distinct pleasure
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00:15
of living inside two biospheres.
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elada kahes biosfääris.
00:18
Of course we all here in this room live in Biosphere 1.
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Meie siin ruumis elame loomulikult Biosfääris 1.
00:22
I've also lived in Biosphere 2.
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Mina olen elanud ka Biosfääris 2.
00:26
And the wonderful thing about that is that I get to compare biospheres.
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Ja asja võlu on selles, et ma saan biosfääre omavahel võrrelda
00:30
And hopefully from that I get to learn something.
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ja loodetavasti sellest midagi õppida.
00:33
So what did I learn? Well,
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Mida ma siis õppisin? Noh,
00:35
here I am inside Biosphere 2, making a pizza.
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siin ma olen Biosfääris 2, valmistan pitsat.
00:38
So I am harvesting the wheat, in order to make the dough.
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Niisiis ma koristan nisu, et teha sellest tainast.
00:41
And then of course I have to milk the goats
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Ja siis pean ma loomulikult kitsi lüpsma
00:43
and feed the goats in order to make the cheese.
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ja neid toitma, et teha juustu.
00:46
It took me four months in Biosphere 2 to make a pizza.
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Biosfääris 2 võttis mul pitsa tegemine aega neli kuud.
00:48
Here in Biosphere 1, well it takes me about two minutes,
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Siin, Biosfääris 1, võtab see umbes kaks minutit,
00:51
because I pick up the phone and I call and say,
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sest ma võtan telefonitoru ja helistan ja ütlen:
00:53
"Hey, can you deliver the pizza?"
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"Tere, kas te tooksite mulle pitsa koju?"
00:55
So Biosphere 2
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Biosfäär 2
00:58
was essentially a three-acre,
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oli põhimõtteliselt 3-aakrine
01:00
entirely sealed, miniature world
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täielikult suletud, miniatuurne maailm,
01:02
that I lived in for two years and 20 minutes.
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kus ma elasin kaks aastat ja 20 minutit.
01:05
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
01:08
Over the top it was sealed with steel and glass,
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Ülevalt oli see suletud terase ja klaasiga,
01:10
underneath it was sealed with a pan of steel --
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altpoolt terasest plaatidega --
01:13
essentially entirely sealed.
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põhimõtteliselt täiesti kinni pitseeritud.
01:15
So we had our own miniature rainforest,
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Meil oli oma miniatuurne vihmamets,
01:17
a private beach with a coral reef.
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korallrifiga isiklik rand.
01:19
We had a savanna, a marsh, a desert.
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Meil olid savann, soo, kõrb.
01:22
We had our own half-acre farm that we had to grow everything.
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Meil oli oma poole-aakrine farm, kus me pidime kõike kasvatama.
01:25
And of course we had our human habitat, where we lived.
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Ja loomulikult oli meil meie inimasula, kus me elasime.
01:28
Back in the mid-'80s when we were designing Biosphere 2,
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80ndatel, kui me Biosfäär 2-e kavandasime,
01:31
we had to ask ourselves some pretty basic questions.
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pidime endilt küsima mõningaid väga elementaarseid küsimusi.
01:33
I mean, what is a biosphere?
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Mis asi on üldse biosfäär?
01:35
Back then, yes, I guess we all know now
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Küllap me kõik nüüd teame,
01:37
that it is essentially the sphere of life around the Earth, right?
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et see on põhimõtteliselt eluslooduse sfäär ümber Maa, eksole?
01:40
Well, you have to get a little more specific than that if you're going to build one.
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Noh, sa pead natuke täpsem olema, kui sa kavatsed ühte sellist ehitada.
01:43
And so we decided that what it really is
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Ja nii me otsustasime, et tegelikult on see miski,
01:46
is that it is entirely materially closed --
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mis on täielikult, materiaalselt suletud -
01:49
that is, nothing goes in or out at all, no material --
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see tähendab, ükski aine ei lähe sisse ega tule välja -
01:52
and energetically open,
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ja samas energeetiliselt avatud,
01:54
which is essentially what planet Earth is.
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see on oma põhiolemuselt sama mis Maa.
01:56
This is a chamber that was 1/400th the size of Biosphere 2
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Siin on ruum, mis on 1/400 kogu Biosfäär 2 suurusest,
01:59
that we called our Test Module.
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me kutsusime seda testimismooduliks.
02:01
And the very first day that this fellow, John Allen,
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Ja esimesel päeval, mil see mees, John Allen,
02:03
walked in, to spend a couple of days in there
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sinna sisenes, et veeta seal paar päeva
02:05
with all the plants and animals and bacteria that we'd put in there
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koos kõikide taimede, loomade ja bakteritega, mis me olime sinna paigutanud,
02:07
to hopefully keep him alive,
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et teda loodetavasti elus hoida,
02:09
the doctors were incredibly concerned
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olid arstid sügavalt mures,
02:11
that he was going to succumb to some dreadful toxin,
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et ta langeb mõne kohutava mürkaine ohvriks
02:13
or that his lungs were going to get choked with bacteria or something, fungus.
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või et mõni bakter või seen lämmatab ta kopsud.
02:17
But of course none of that happened.
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Seda loomulikult ei juhtunud.
02:20
And over the ensuing few years,
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Järgneva mõne aasta jooksul
02:22
there were great sagas about designing Biosphere 2.
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saatsid Biosfäär 2 kavandamist mitmed suured saagad.
02:24
But by 1991
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Ent 1991. aastaks
02:26
we finally had this thing built.
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olime selle lõpuks valmis ehitanud.
02:28
And it was time for us to go in
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Meil oli aeg sisse kolida
02:30
and give it a go.
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ja tööd alustada.
02:32
We needed to know,
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Meil oli vaja teada,
02:34
is life this malleable?
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kas elusloodus ongi nii hästi kohanev?
02:36
Can you take this biosphere,
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Kas saab võtta selle biosfääri,
02:38
that has evolved on a planetary scale,
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mis on arenenud terve planeedi ulatuses,
02:40
and jam it into a little bottle,
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ja toppida selle väikesesse pudelisse,
02:42
and will it survive?
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kas see jääb siis ellu?
02:44
Big questions.
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Suured küsimused.
02:46
And we wanted to know this both for being able to go somewhere else
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Me tahtsime seda teada juhuks, kui me saaks minna kusagile mujale
02:49
in the universe -- if we were going to go to Mars, for instance,
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universumis - kui me tahaksime näiteks minna Marsile,
02:52
would we take a biosphere with us, to live in it?
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kas me võtaks biosfääri endaga kaasa, et selles elada?
02:54
We also wanted to know so we can understand more about
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Me tahtsime ka paremini mõista
02:56
the Earth that we all live in.
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planeet Maad, kus me kõik elame.
02:58
Well, in 1991 it was finally time for us to go in
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1991. aastal oli lõpuks aeg minna
03:01
and try out this baby.
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ja tehtu järele proovida.
03:03
Let's take it on a maiden voyage.
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Katsetame teda esimest korda.
03:05
Will it work? Or will something happen
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Kas see töötab? Või juhtub midagi,
03:07
that we can't understand and we can't fix,
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millest me aru ei saa ja mida me parandada ei oska,
03:11
thereby negating the concept of man-made biospheres?
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kandes seega maha inimese poolt ehitatud biosfääri idee?
03:15
So eight of us went in: four men and four women.
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Kaheksa inimest: neli meest ja neli naist, läksid sisse.
03:18
More on that later.
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Sellest hiljem.
03:20
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
03:22
And this is the world that we lived in.
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Ja see on maailm, kus me elasime.
03:25
So, on the top, we had
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Üleval olid
03:27
these beautiful rainforests and an ocean,
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need ilusad vihmametsad ja ookean,
03:29
and underneath we had all this technosphere, we called it,
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ja kõige selle all oli 'tehnosfäär', nagu me seda kutsusime,
03:33
which is where all the pumps and the valves
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kus olid kõik pumbad ja ventiilid
03:35
and the water tanks and the air handlers, and all of that.
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ja veepaagid ja õhuvahendajad ja kõik muu selline.
03:38
One of the Biospherians called it "garden of Eden
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Üks biosfäärlastest kutsus seda "Lennukikandja
03:40
on top of an aircraft carrier."
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peal asuvaks Eedeni aiaks".
03:42
And then also we had the human habitat of course,
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Ja siis oli loomulikult meie elupaik,
03:44
with the laboratories, and all of that.
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kus olid laborid ja kõik muu seesugune.
03:46
This is the agriculture.
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Siin on põllumajandus.
03:48
It was essentially an organic farm.
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See oli põhimõtteliselt orgaaniline farm.
03:51
The day I walked into Biosphere 2,
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Päeval, kui ma Biosfäär 2-e sisenesin,
03:53
I was, for the first time,
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hingasin ma esimest korda
03:55
breathing a completely different atmosphere
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sisse täiesti teistsugust atmosfääri
03:58
than everybody else in the world,
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kui keegi teine maailmas,
04:00
except seven other people.
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välja arvatud meie 7 inimest.
04:02
At that moment I became part of that biosphere.
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Sel hetkel sain ma osaks sellest biosfäärist.
04:06
And I don't mean that in an abstract sense;
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Ja ma ei mõtle seda kuidagi kujundlikult,
04:09
I mean it rather literally.
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vaid sõna otseses mõttes.
04:11
When I breathed out, my CO2
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Kui ma välja hingasin, läks minu CO2
04:14
fed the sweet potatoes that I was growing.
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nendesse maguskartulitesse, mida ma kasvatasin.
04:18
And we ate an awful lot of the sweet potatoes.
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Me sõime päris palju maguskartuleid.
04:21
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
04:23
And those sweet potatoes
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Ja need kartulid
04:25
became part of me.
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said osaks minust.
04:27
In fact, we ate so many sweet potatoes
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Õigupoolest, me sõime nii palju maguskartuleid,
04:29
I became orange with sweet potato.
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et ma värvusin nendest oranžiks.
04:31
I literally was eating the same carbon over and over again.
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Ma sõin kogu aeg sama süsinikku.
04:35
I was eating myself in some strange sort of bizarre way.
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Mingil veidral viisil sõin ma justkui iseennast.
04:39
When it came to our atmosphere, however,
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Mis puutub aga atmosfääri,
04:41
it wasn't that much of a joke over the long term,
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siis see ei olnud pikema aja möödudes enam naljakas,
04:45
because it turned out that we were losing oxygen, quite a lot of oxygen.
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kuna ilmnes, et me kaotame hapnikku, väga palju hapnikku.
04:49
And we knew that we were losing CO2.
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Ja me teadsime, et kaotame ka CO2-e.
04:51
And so we were working to sequester carbon.
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Ja nii me töötasime süsiniku eraldamise kallal.
04:54
Good lord -- we know that term now.
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Püha Jumal - nüüd me teame seda terminit.
04:56
We were growing plants like crazy.
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Me kasvatasime taimi nagu segased.
04:58
We were taking their biomass, storing them in the basement,
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Võtsime nende biomassi, paigutasime neid keldrisse,
05:00
growing plants, going around, around, around,
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kasvatasime taimi, uuesti ja uuesti ja uuesti,
05:02
trying to take all of that carbon out of the atmosphere.
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üritades kogu seda süsinikku atmosfäärist eemaldada.
05:04
We were trying to stop carbon from going into the atmosphere.
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Me üritasime takistada süsiniku liikumist atmosfääri.
05:07
We stopped irrigating our soil, as much as we could.
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Me lõpetasime pinnase niisutamise, nii palju kui võimalik.
05:09
We stopped tilling, so that we could prevent greenhouse gasses from going into the air.
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Me lõpetasime maaharimise, et takistada kasvuhoonegaaside eraldumist õhku.
05:13
But our oxygen was going down faster
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Aga meie hapnik vähenes kiiremini
05:15
than our CO2 was going up, which was quite unexpected,
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kui CO2 kogus suurenes, mis oli üsna ootamatu,
05:18
because we had seen them going in tandem in the test module.
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sest me olime testimiskapsli põhjal näinud, et nad muutuvad võrdsel tasemel.
05:21
And it was like playing atomic hide-and-seek.
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Ja see oli nagu aatomitega peitusemäng.
05:24
We had lost seven tons of oxygen.
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Me olime kaotanud 7 tonni hapnikku.
05:26
And we had no clue where it was.
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Ja meil polnud aimugi, kus see oli.
05:28
And I tell you, when you lose a lot of oxygen --
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Ma võin teile öelda, kui sa kaotad palju hapnikku -
05:31
and our oxygen went down quite far;
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ja meie hapnikutase langes päris kõvasti;
05:33
it went from 21 percent down to 14.2 percent --
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see langes 21 protsendilt 14,2 protsendini -
05:36
my goodness, do you feel dreadful.
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heldus, su enesetunne on kohutav.
05:39
I mean we were dragging ourselves around the Biosphere.
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Me lausa lohistasime end selles biosfääris ringi.
05:42
And we had sleep apnea at night.
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Ja öösiti oli meil uneapnoe.
05:44
So you'd wake up gasping with breath,
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Me ärkasime õhku ahmides üles,
05:47
because your blood chemistry has changed.
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sest meie vere koostis oli muutunud.
05:49
And that you literally do that. You stop breathing and then you -- (Gasps) --
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Ja see tõesti ongi nii. Sa lõpetad hingamise ja siis -
05:52
take a breath and it wakes you up. And it's very irritating.
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teed sügava hingetõmbe ja see äratab su üles. See on väga ärritav.
05:54
And everybody outside thought we were dying.
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Ja kõik väljaspool arvasid, et me oleme suremas.
05:56
I mean, the media was making it sound like were were dying.
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Meedia jättis mulje, otsekui oleks me suremas.
05:58
And I had to call up my mother every other day saying, "No, Mum, it's fine, fine.
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Ja ma pidin üle ühe päeva oma emale helistama ja ütlema "Ei, ema, kõik on korras.
06:01
We're not dead. We're fine. We're fine."
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Me pole surnud. Kõik on korras."
06:03
And the doctor was, in fact, checking us
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Ja arst ju õigupoolest kontrollis meid,
06:05
to make sure we were, in fact, fine.
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et teha kindlaks, et meiega on tõesti kõik korras.
06:07
But in fact he was the person who was most susceptible to the oxygen.
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Aga tema ise oli tegelikult hapnikule kõige vastuvõtlikum.
06:11
And one day he couldn't add up a line of figures.
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Ja ühel päeval ei suutnud ta rida numbreid kokku liita.
06:13
And it was time for us to put oxygen in.
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Meil oli aeg hapnik kunstlikult sisse lasta.
06:17
And you might think, well,
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Ja te võite ju mõelda:
06:19
"Boy, your life support system
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"Teid elus hoidev süsteem
06:21
was failing you. Wasn't that dreadful?"
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vedas teid alt. Kas see polnud kohutav?"
06:23
Yes. In a sense it was terrifying.
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Jah. Mõnes mõttes oli see hirmuäratav.
06:27
Except that I knew I could walk out the airlock door
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Ainult et ma teadsin, et võin õhulüüsi ukse kaudu iga kell välja kõndida,
06:30
at any time, if it really got bad,
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kui asjalood tõesti halvaks oleks muutunud,
06:32
though who was going to say, "I can't take it anymore!"?
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aga kes meist oleks öelnud: "Ma ei talu seda enam!"
06:35
Not me, that was for sure.
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Mina igatahes mitte, kohe kindlasti.
06:37
But on the other hand, it was the scientific gold of the project,
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Teisest küljest oli see projekti kullakaevandus,
06:41
because we could really crank this baby up,
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sest me saime selle teadusliku tööriista
06:43
as a scientific tool,
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tõeliselt käima lükata
06:45
and see if we could, in fact, find
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ja vaadata, kas me leiame,
06:47
where those seven tons of oxygen had gone.
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kuhu need 7 tonni hapnikku olid kadunud.
06:50
And we did indeed find it.
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Ja tõesti, leidsimegi.
06:52
And we found it in the concrete.
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Me leidsime selle betoonist.
06:54
Essentially it had done something very simple.
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Põhimõtteliselt oli toimunud midagi väga lihtsat.
06:56
We had put too much carbon in the soil in the form of compost.
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Me olime pinnasele lisanud liiga palju väetise kujul olevat süsinikku.
06:59
It broke down; it took oxygen out of the air;
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See lagunes; võttis õhust hapnikku;
07:01
it put CO2 into the air; and it went into the concrete.
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andis asemele CO2-e ja sisenes betooni.
07:04
Pretty straightforward really.
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Päris lihtne.
07:06
So at the end of the two years
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Nii et kahe aasta lõppedes,
07:08
when we came out, we were elated,
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kui me välja tulime, olime väga elevil,
07:10
because, in fact, although you might say
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sest kuigi me olime, kuidas öelda,
07:13
we had discovered something that was quite "uhh,"
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avastanud midagi päris nõmedat,
07:16
when your oxygen is going down,
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kui sul ei ole piisavalt hapnikku,
07:18
stopped working, essentially, in your life support system,
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kui sellest ei piisa sind elus hoidvasse süsteemi,
07:21
that's a very bad failure.
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see on väga tõsine läbikukkumine.
07:23
Except that we knew what it was. And we knew how to fix it.
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Ainult et meie teadsime, milles probleem oli. Ja me oskasime seda parandada.
07:26
And nothing else emerged
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Ja see oli kõige olulisem asi,
07:28
that really was as serious as that.
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mille me avastasime.
07:30
And we proved the concept, more or less.
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Ja me tõestasime oma kontseptsiooni, enam-vähem.
07:32
People, on the other hand, was a different subject.
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Inimesed, teisest küljest, olid hoopis teine teema.
07:35
We were -- yeah I don't know that we were fixable.
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Me olime - jah, ma ei tea, kas meiega sai midagi ette võtta.
07:38
We all went quite nuts, I will say.
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Me olime kõik peast põrunud.
07:40
And the day I came out of Biosphere 2,
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Päeval, mil ma Biosfäär 2-st välja tulin,
07:42
I was thrilled I was going to see all my family and my friends.
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olin oma pere ja sõprade nägemisest väga elevil.
07:46
For two years I'd been seeing people through the glass.
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Kahe aasta jooksul olin vaadanud inimesi läbi klaasi.
07:49
And everybody ran up to me.
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Kõik jooksid minu juurde.
07:51
And I recoiled. They stank!
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Ja ma põrkasin tagasi. Nad haisesid!
07:55
People stink!
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Inimesed haisevad!
07:57
We stink of hairspray and underarm deodorant,
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We haiseme juukselakist ja deodorandist,
08:00
and all kinds of stuff.
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kõigest.
08:02
Now we had stuff inside Biosphere to keep ourselves clean,
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Meil oli Biosfääris küll asju, millega ennast puhtana hoida,
08:05
but nothing with perfume.
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aga mitte midagi lõhnaainetega.
08:07
And boy do we stink out here.
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Ja appi, kuidas me siin haiseme.
08:10
Not only that,
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Mitte ainult seda,
08:12
but I lost touch of where my food came from.
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ma kaotasin ka kontakti oma toiduga.
08:16
I had been growing all my own food.
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Ma olin kasvatanud oma toitu ise.
08:19
I had no idea what was in my food, where it came from.
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Nüüd polnud mul aimugi, mis mu toidus oli, kustkohast see tuli.
08:22
I didn't even recognize half the names in most of the food that I was eating.
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Ma ei tundnud ära pooli koostisainete nimesid, mis mu toidus olid.
08:25
In fact, I would stand for hours in the aisles of shops,
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Ma veetsin tunde poes riiulite vahekäikudes,
08:28
reading all the names on all of the things.
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lugedes kõiki koostisaineid.
08:30
People must have thought I was nuts.
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Küllap inimesed arvasid, et olen peast põrunud.
08:32
It was really quite astonishing.
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See oli päris hämmastav.
08:38
And I slowly lost track
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Ja ma ei suutnud jälgida
08:41
of where I was in this big biosphere, in this big biosphere that we all live in.
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kus ma selles suures biosfääris olen, selles, kus me kõik elame.
08:45
In Biosphere 2 I totally understood
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Biosfäär 2-s sain ma täiesti aru,
08:48
that I had a huge impact on my biosphere, everyday,
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et ma mõjutasin oma biosfääri tohutult, iga päev,
08:52
and it had an impact on me,
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ja et see mõjutas mind,
08:54
very viscerally, very literally.
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väga tuntavalt, väga otseselt.
08:56
So I went about my business:
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Ma ajasin vaikselt oma asju:
08:58
Paragon Space Development Corporation,
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Paragoni Kosmosetehnoloogia Arendusettevõttes,
09:00
a little firm I started with people while I was in the Biosphere,
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väikses firmas, mille me Biosfääris koos teistega asutasime,
09:02
because I had nothing else to do.
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sest mul ei olnud midagi muud teha.
09:04
And one of the things we did was
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Üks asi, millega me tegelesime,
09:06
try to figure out: how small can you make these biospheres,
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oli uurida: kui väikseid biosfääre saab üldse teha,
09:08
and what can you do with them?
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ja mida nendega teha saab?
09:10
And so we sent one onto the Mir Space Station.
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Me saatsime ühe biosfääri Mir-i kosmosejaama.
09:13
We had one on the shuttle and one on the International Space Station,
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Üks oli süstikus ja teine rahvusvahelises kosmosejaamas,
09:16
for 16 months, where we managed to produce
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16 kuu jooksul õnnestus meil toota
09:18
the first organisms to go through
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esimesed organismid, mis läbisid
09:20
complete multiple life cycles in space --
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terve oma elutsükli kosmoses
09:22
really pushing the envelope
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laiendades meie elusüsteemide
09:24
of understanding how malleable
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kohanemisvõime mõistmise
09:26
our life systems are.
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piire.
09:29
And I'm also proud to announce
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Ma olen ka uhke,
09:31
that you're getting a sneak preview -- on Friday we're going to announce
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et te saate esimesena teada - reedel teatame me, et
09:34
that we're actually forming a team
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paneme kokku meeskonna,
09:36
to develop a system to grow plants on the Moon,
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kes arendaks välja süsteemi, kuidas Kuul taimi kasvatada,
09:39
which is going to be pretty fun.
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see saab lõbus olema.
09:41
And the legacy of that is a system that we were designing:
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Ja selle pärandiks saab süsteem, mida me arendasime,
09:44
an entirely sealed system to grow plants to grow on Mars.
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täiesti suletud süsteem kasvatamaks taimi Marsil.
09:48
And part of that is that we had to model
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Selle jaoks pidime modelleerima
09:50
very rapid circulation of CO2
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väga kiire CO2-e
09:54
and oxygen and water through this plant system.
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ja hapniku ja vee ringluse läbi selle taimesüsteemi.
09:57
As a result of that modeling
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Ja selle tulemusena
09:59
I ended up in all places,
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sattusin ma
10:01
in Eritrea, in the Horn of Africa.
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Eritreasse, Somaali poolsaarel.
10:04
Eritrea, formerly part of Ethiopia,
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Eritrea, varem Etioopia osa,
10:07
is one of those places that is astonishingly beautiful,
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on üks hämmastavalt ilusatest kohtadest,
10:12
incredibly stark, and I have no understanding
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uskumatult lage, ma ei mõista,
10:16
of how people eke out a living there.
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kuidas inimesed seal end ära elatavad.
10:18
It is so dry.
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Seal on nii kuiv.
10:20
This is what I saw.
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Ma nägin seda.
10:22
But this is also what I saw.
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Aga ma nägin ka seda.
10:24
I saw a company that had
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Firmat, mis
10:27
taken seawater
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merevee
10:30
and sand, and they were growing
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ja liivaga kasvatas
10:33
a kind of crop that will grow on pure salt water without having to treat it.
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taime, mis kasvab soolvees ilma, et seda harima peaks.
10:37
And it will produce a food crop.
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Sellest kasvab söödav vili.
10:39
In this case it was oilseed.
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Siinkohal õli sisaldavad seemned.
10:41
It was astonishing. They were also producing mangroves
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See oli hämmastav. Nad kasvatasid istanduses ka
10:44
in a plantation.
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mangroovipuid.
10:46
And the mangroves were providing wood
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Mangroovid andsid puitu,
10:48
and honey and leaves for the animals,
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mett ja lehti loomadele,
10:50
so that they could produce milk and whatnot,
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et loomad saaks toota piima ja muud,
10:52
like we had in the Biosphere.
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täpselt nagu meil Biosfääris.
10:54
And all of it was coming from this: shrimp farms.
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Ja kõik see tuli siit: krevetifarmidest.
10:58
Shrimp farms are a scourge on the earth,
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Krevetifarmid on keskkonna vaatepunktist
11:00
frankly, from an environmental point of view.
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üks suur nuhtlus.
11:02
They pour huge amounts of pollutants into the ocean.
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Nad valavad tohutul hulgal saasteained ookeani.
11:05
They also pollute their next-door neighbors.
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Samuti saastavad nad oma naabreid.
11:08
So they're all shitting each other's ponds, quite literally.
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Nad kõik kakavad üksteise tiikidesse, sõna otseses mõttes.
11:11
And what this project was doing
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Ja see projekt
11:14
was taking the effluent of these,
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võttis nende heitvee,
11:16
and turning them into all of this food.
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ja muutis selle toiduks.
11:18
They were literally turning pollution into abundance for a desert people.
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Nad muutsid saaste kõrbeinimeste jaoks külluseks.
11:23
They had created an industrial ecosystem, of a sense.
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Nad olid loonud tööstusliku ökosüsteemi.
11:27
I was there because I was actually modeling the mangrove portion
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Olin seal, sest ma modelleerisin osa mangroovidest
11:31
for a carbon credit program, under the U.N.
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kasvuhoonegaaside normi programmi jaoks,
11:33
Kyoto Protocol system.
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ÜRO Kyoto protokolli süsteemi all.
11:35
And as I was modeling this mangrove swamp,
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Kui ma selle mangroovisooga toimetasin,
11:37
I was thinking to myself, "How do you put a box around this?"
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mõtlesin ma: "Kuidas ma sellele kasti ümber teen?"
11:40
When I'm modeling a plant in a box, literally,
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Kui ma pean taime kasti panema,
11:43
I know where to draw the boundary.
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siis ma tean, kuhu piirjooned tõmmata.
11:45
In a mangrove forest like this I have no idea.
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Sellise mangroovimetsa puhul polnud mul aimugi.
11:48
Well, of course you have to draw the boundary around the whole of the Earth.
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Loomulikult sa pead terve Maa ümber piiri tõmbama
11:51
And understand its interactions with the entire Earth.
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ja saama aru tema vastastikusest toimest Maaga
11:54
And put your project in that context.
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ning oma projekti sellesse konteksti panema.
11:59
Around the world today we're seeing an incredible transformation,
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Täna näeme üle maailma uskumatut transformatsiooni,
12:04
from what I would call a biocidal species,
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millestki, mida ma nimetaks biotsiidseks liigiks.
12:08
one that -- whether we intentionally or unintentionally --
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Selline - kas siis kogemata või meelega -,
12:11
have designed our systems to kill life, a lot of the time.
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mis paneb meie elusüsteemid elu hävitama.
12:15
This is in fact, this beautiful photograph,
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See ilus foto on tehtud
12:19
is in fact over the Amazon.
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Amazonase kohal.
12:21
And here the light green are areas of massive deforestation.
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Helerohelised alad märgivad massilist raiet.
12:26
And those beautiful wispy clouds
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Ja need ilusad pilved
12:28
are, in fact, fires, human-made fires.
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on tegelikult inimeste lõkked.
12:32
We're in the process of transforming from this,
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Me oleme muutumas sellest
12:35
to what I would call a biophilic society,
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biofiilseks ühiskonnaks,
12:39
one where we learn to nurture society.
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kus me õpime ühiskonda aitama.
12:42
Now it may not seem like it, but we are.
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Praegu see nii ei tundu, aga see on nii.
12:45
It is happening all across the world,
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See on juhtumas üle maailma,
12:48
in every kind of walk of life,
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igal elualal,
12:50
and every kind of career
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igas ametis
12:52
and industry that you can think of.
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ja tööstuses.
12:56
And I think often times people get lost in that.
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Inimesed kaotavad tihti end sellesse ära.
12:59
They go, "But how can I possibly find my way in that?
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Nad mõtlevad: "Aga kuidas ma oma koha leian?
13:02
It's such a huge subject."
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See on tohutult lai teema."
13:04
And I would say that the small stuff counts. It really does.
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Ma ütleksin, et väiksed asjad loevad.
13:08
This is the story of a rake in my backyard.
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Lugu minu tagaaiast ja rehast.
13:13
This was my backyard,
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See oli minu tagaaed
13:15
very early on, when I bought my property.
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kunagi ammu, kui selle kinnisvara ostsin.
13:17
And in Arizona, of course, everybody puts gravel down.
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Arizonas muidugi kõik panevad maha kruusa.
13:20
And they like to keep everything beautifully raked. And they keep all the leaves away.
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Ja neile meeldib kõike ilusti rehitseda ja lehtedest puhas hoida.
13:24
And on Sunday morning the neighbors leaf blower comes out,
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Pühapäevahommikuti tuleb naaber oma lehepuhuriga
13:27
and I want to throttle them.
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ja ma tahaks teda kägistada.
13:29
It's a certain type of aesthetic.
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See on mingit sorti ilumeel.
13:32
We're very uncomfortable with untidiness.
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Meile ei meeldi segadus.
13:35
And I threw away my rake.
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Ma viskasin oma reha ära.
13:39
And I let all of the leaves fall from the trees that I have on my property.
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Ma lasen kõigil lehtedel maha langeda.
13:43
And over time, essentially what have I been doing?
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Ja aja jooksul, mis sellest tekib?
13:45
I've been building topsoil.
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Tekib pinnas.
13:47
And so now all the birds come in. And I have hawks.
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Ja siis tulevad linnud. Mul on seal kullid.
13:49
And I have an oasis.
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Ja oaas.
13:53
This is what happens every spring. For six weeks,
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See juhtub igal kevadel. Kuue kuni kaheksa
13:57
six to eight weeks, I have this flush of green oasis.
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nädala jooksul, on mul see roheline oaas.
14:00
This is actually in a riparian area.
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See on tegelikult kaldaäärne ala.
14:02
And all of Tucson could be like this
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Terve Tucson võiks selline olla,
14:04
if everybody would just revolt and throw away the rake.
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kui kõik lihtsalt mässaksid ja oma rehad ära viskaks.
14:07
The small stuff counts.
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Väiksed asjad loevad.
14:11
The Industrial Revolution -- and Prometheus --
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Tööstusrevolutsioon - ja Prometheus -
14:14
has given us this, the ability to light up the world.
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on andnud meile võimaluse maailma paremaks muuta.
14:19
It has also given us this,
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See on andnud meile ka
14:21
the ability to look at the world from the outside.
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võime näha maailma väljastpoolt.
14:25
Now we may not all have
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Meil kõigil ei pruugi küll olla
14:27
another biosphere that we can run to,
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teist biosfääri, kuhu põgeneda
14:29
and compare it to this biosphere.
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ja mida esimese biosfääriga võrrelda.
14:32
But we can look at the world,
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Aga me saame vaadata maailma
14:34
and try to understand where we are in its context,
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ja püüda mõista, kus meie sellesse konteksti mahume
14:39
and how we choose to interact with it.
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ja kuidas me sellega vastastikku toimime.
14:43
And if you lose where you are in your biosphere,
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Kui sa kaotad arusaama, kus sa oma biosfääris oled,
14:46
or are perhaps having a difficulty connecting
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või sul on raskusi oma biosfääriga
14:48
with where you are in the biosphere,
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kontakti leidmisel,
14:50
I would say to you,
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ütleksin sulle:
14:53
take a deep breath.
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hinga sügavalt sisse.
14:56
The yogis had it right.
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Joogidel oli õigus.
14:58
Breath does, in fact, connect us all
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Hingamine ühendab meid kõiki
15:01
in a very literal way.
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väga otsesel viisil.
15:03
Take a breath now.
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Hingake kohe sisse.
15:05
And as you breathe, think
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Ja kui te hingate, mõelge,
15:07
about what is in your breath.
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mis selles sissehingatavas õhus on.
15:11
There perhaps is the CO2 from the person sitting next-door to you.
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Võib-olla sinu kõrval istuva inimese süsihappegaas.
15:16
Maybe there is a little bit of oxygen
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Võib-olla natuke hapnikku
15:18
from some algae on the beach not far from here.
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mõnelt vetikalt siin lähedalasuvas rannas.
15:23
It also connects us in time.
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See ühendab meid ka ajas.
15:26
There may be some carbon in your breath
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Sinu hingetõmbes võib olla süsihappegaasi
15:30
from the dinosaurs.
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dinosaurustelt.
15:33
There could also be carbon that you are exhaling now
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See süsihappegaas, mida sa praegu välja hingad
15:38
that will be in the breath
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võib olla sinu
15:42
of your great-great-great-grandchildren.
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laste-laste-laste-laste hingetõmbes.
15:45
Thank you. (Applause)
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Aitäh. (Aplaus)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jane Poynter - BiospherianAfter weathering two years in Biosphere 2, Jane Poynter is trying to create technologies that allow us to live in hostile environments -- like outer space.
Why you should listen
Jane Poynter is one of only eight people to live in Biosphere 2 for two years. In 1991, she and seven others were locked in a three-acre, hermetically-sealed environment in the Arizona desert. Nothing was allowed in or out, and everything had to be recycled. Poynter, and the rest of the team, endured dangerously low oxygen levels and constant hunger, but they survived -- something many scientists said was impossible.
After leaving Biosphere 2, Poynter went on to found Paragon Space Development Corporation, along with her former fellow biospherian and now husband, Taber MacCallum. Paragon develops technologies that might allow humans to live in extreme environments such as outer space and underwater. As president of Paragon, Poynter has had experiments flown on the International Space Station, Russian Mir Space Station and US Space Shuttle, as well as working on underwater technologies with the US Navy.
However, Poynter has not given up on her homeland -- Biosphere 1. She continues to consult on and write about sustainable development and new green technologies. In concert with the World Bank, she has worked on projects to mitigate climate change and to grow crops in typically arid and hostile regions of Africa and Central America. Through talks and appearances, she builds awareness of the fragile state of the environment. After all, she knows what it's like to watch your biosphere begin to break down.
The New York Times looks back on the Biosphere 2 story >>
Jane Poynter | Speaker | TED.com