TEDxUSC
Jane Poynter: Life in Biosphere 2
Jane Poynter 談生態圈二號的生活
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Jane Poyter 說她在生態圈二號裡住了二年又20分鐘的故事 -- 這個經驗讓她探討我們如何可能在最困難的環境下維持生活。 這是由獨立組織的 TEDx 活動所推出的首次 TED 演講, 在南加州大學舉行。
Jane Poynter - Biospherian
After weathering two years in Biosphere 2, Jane Poynter is trying to create technologies that allow us to live in hostile environments -- like outer space. Full bio
After weathering two years in Biosphere 2, Jane Poynter is trying to create technologies that allow us to live in hostile environments -- like outer space. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I have had the distinct pleasure
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我十分榮幸地
00:15
of living inside two biospheres.
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住過兩個生態圈。
00:18
Of course we all here in this room live in Biosphere 1.
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當然，這房間裡的每個人，都住在生態圈一號裡。
00:22
I've also lived in Biosphere 2.
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我還曾在生態圈二號裡住過。
00:26
And the wonderful thing about that is that I get to compare biospheres.
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妙的是，我可以比較這兩個生態圈。
00:30
And hopefully from that I get to learn something.
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希望藉此能學到一些東西。
00:33
So what did I learn? Well,
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那麼，我學到了什麼呢？嗯，
00:35
here I am inside Biosphere 2, making a pizza.
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這是我在生態圈二號裡做披薩。
00:38
So I am harvesting the wheat, in order to make the dough.
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我正在收割小麥，用來做麵糰。
00:41
And then of course I have to milk the goats
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然後，當然我也必須去擠羊奶
00:43
and feed the goats in order to make the cheese.
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以及餵山羊，這樣才能做出乳酪。
00:46
It took me four months in Biosphere 2 to make a pizza.
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在生態圈二號裡，我花了四個月才做出披薩。
00:48
Here in Biosphere 1, well it takes me about two minutes,
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在生態圈一號裡，這只要大約兩分鐘。
00:51
because I pick up the phone and I call and say,
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因為我只用打個電話，說，
00:53
"Hey, can you deliver the pizza?"
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“嘿，你能送個披薩過來嗎?“
00:55
So Biosphere 2
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生態圈二號
00:58
was essentially a three-acre,
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基本上是一個佔地三英畝，
01:00
entirely sealed, miniature world
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完全封閉的小型世界
01:02
that I lived in for two years and 20 minutes.
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我在那裡住了二年又20分鐘。
01:05
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:08
Over the top it was sealed with steel and glass,
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頂端是由鋼骨和玻璃封起來的。
01:10
underneath it was sealed with a pan of steel --
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底部也是由一塊大鐵盤封閉的。
01:13
essentially entirely sealed.
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基本上，這是完全封閉的。
01:15
So we had our own miniature rainforest,
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因此，我們有自己的迷你雨林，
01:17
a private beach with a coral reef.
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私人海灘帶有珊瑚礁。
01:19
We had a savanna, a marsh, a desert.
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我們有熱帶草原、沼澤、沙漠。
01:22
We had our own half-acre farm that we had to grow everything.
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我們有半英畝的農場，用來養植任何東西。
01:25
And of course we had our human habitat, where we lived.
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當然，我們也有人類住處，供我們居住。
01:28
Back in the mid-'80s when we were designing Biosphere 2,
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1980年代中期，當我們設計生態圈二號的時候
01:31
we had to ask ourselves some pretty basic questions.
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我們必須問自己一些很基本的問題。
01:33
I mean, what is a biosphere?
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例如說，什麼是生態圈?
01:35
Back then, yes, I guess we all know now
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在那個時候，是的，我想現在我們都知道了
01:37
that it is essentially the sphere of life around the Earth, right?
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基本上那是一個供生命存活的圍繞著地球的圈子，對吧？
01:40
Well, you have to get a little more specific than that if you're going to build one.
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嗯，如果你要造一個的話，就必須比那個定義更明確一點。
01:43
And so we decided that what it really is
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因此，我們決定，它最必要的就是
01:46
is that it is entirely materially closed --
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它在物質上必須完全封閉，
01:49
that is, nothing goes in or out at all, no material --
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也就是說，沒有任何材料的進出，
01:52
and energetically open,
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而能量是開放的。
01:54
which is essentially what planet Earth is.
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基本上地球就是這樣。
01:56
This is a chamber that was 1/400th the size of Biosphere 2
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這是一個只有生態圈二號1/400大小的密室。
01:59
that we called our Test Module.
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我們稱它為測試模組。
02:01
And the very first day that this fellow, John Allen,
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就在第一天，這位伙伴 John Allen，
02:03
walked in, to spend a couple of days in there
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走了進去，在那花了幾天，
02:05
with all the plants and animals and bacteria that we'd put in there
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和我們放進去的植物、動物、細菌一起
02:07
to hopefully keep him alive,
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希望他能活著。
02:09
the doctors were incredibly concerned
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醫生十分擔心
02:11
that he was going to succumb to some dreadful toxin,
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他會感染上一些十分致命的病毒，
02:13
or that his lungs were going to get choked with bacteria or something, fungus.
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或者他的肺會嗆到細菌或別的東西，如菌類。
02:17
But of course none of that happened.
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但是，當然這些都沒發生。
02:20
And over the ensuing few years,
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在接下來的幾年裡，
02:22
there were great sagas about designing Biosphere 2.
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有著不少關於生態圈二號設計的傳奇。
02:24
But by 1991
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但是到了1991年
02:26
we finally had this thing built.
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我們終於建了這個東西。
02:28
And it was time for us to go in
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同時也到了我們進入的時間
02:30
and give it a go.
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去實測一下。
02:32
We needed to know,
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我們需要知道，
02:34
is life this malleable?
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生命具有適應能力嗎?
02:36
Can you take this biosphere,
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你能把這個生態圈
02:38
that has evolved on a planetary scale,
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從星球規模推演而來的，
02:40
and jam it into a little bottle,
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將它壓縮成小瓶子，
02:42
and will it survive?
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而還能存活嗎？
02:44
Big questions.
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都是大問題。
02:46
And we wanted to know this both for being able to go somewhere else
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我們想知道，一方面為了能夠到宇宙他處，
02:49
in the universe -- if we were going to go to Mars, for instance,
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例如說，我們要去火星，
02:52
would we take a biosphere with us, to live in it?
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我們要否帶個生態圈，住進去?
02:54
We also wanted to know so we can understand more about
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我們也想知道，以便我們能更了解
02:56
the Earth that we all live in.
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我們賴以生存的地球。
02:58
Well, in 1991 it was finally time for us to go in
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1991年，終於到了我們入住的時候
03:01
and try out this baby.
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試驗一下我們的心血結晶。
03:03
Let's take it on a maiden voyage.
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讓我們來一趟處女航吧。
03:05
Will it work? Or will something happen
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它會成功嗎？會不會有
03:07
that we can't understand and we can't fix,
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我們不了解或應付不了的事發生？
03:11
thereby negating the concept of man-made biospheres?
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從而否定了人造生態圈的概念？
03:15
So eight of us went in: four men and four women.
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我們進去了八個人，四男四女。
03:18
More on that later.
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以後會更多。
03:20
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
03:22
And this is the world that we lived in.
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這就是我們生活的世界。
03:25
So, on the top, we had
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在上層，我們有
03:27
these beautiful rainforests and an ocean,
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美麗的雨林和海洋。
03:29
and underneath we had all this technosphere, we called it,
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下面，有我們所稱的科技空間。
03:33
which is where all the pumps and the valves
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那裡有所有的幫浦和閥門
03:35
and the water tanks and the air handlers, and all of that.
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儲水槽和空氣處理裝置，以及其他設備。
03:38
One of the Biospherians called it "garden of Eden
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一位圈中人稱它為：“航空母艦上的伊甸園"。
03:40
on top of an aircraft carrier."
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一位圈中人稱它為：“航空母艦上的伊甸園"。
03:42
And then also we had the human habitat of course,
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當然，我們也有人類居住處，
03:44
with the laboratories, and all of that.
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有實驗室，諸如此類。
03:46
This is the agriculture.
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這是農業空間。
03:48
It was essentially an organic farm.
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它基本上是個有機農場。
03:51
The day I walked into Biosphere 2,
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我走進生態圈二號的那天，
03:53
I was, for the first time,
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我第一次
03:55
breathing a completely different atmosphere
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呼吸著和世界所有人
03:58
than everybody else in the world,
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都不一樣的大氣。
04:00
except seven other people.
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除了另外和我同行的七人。
04:02
At that moment I became part of that biosphere.
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那一刻開始, 我成了那個生態圈的一部分。
04:06
And I don't mean that in an abstract sense;
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我這可不是抽象地說說而已。
04:09
I mean it rather literally.
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而是有十分具體的意思。
04:11
When I breathed out, my CO2
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當我呼出空氣時，二氧化碳
04:14
fed the sweet potatoes that I was growing.
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供養著我種植的紅薯。
04:18
And we ate an awful lot of the sweet potatoes.
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而我們吃了無數的紅薯。
04:21
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
04:23
And those sweet potatoes
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而這些紅薯
04:25
became part of me.
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又變成了我身體的一部分。
04:27
In fact, we ate so many sweet potatoes
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實際上，我們吃了那麼多的紅薯，
04:29
I became orange with sweet potato.
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因著紅薯, 我變成橙色的。
04:31
I literally was eating the same carbon over and over again.
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我實際上一次次吃著同樣的碳化物。
04:35
I was eating myself in some strange sort of bizarre way.
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說得奇怪點，我不停地吃我自己。
04:39
When it came to our atmosphere, however,
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然而, 當提到我們的大氣圈時,
04:41
it wasn't that much of a joke over the long term,
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從長遠來看, 這可不僅僅是個笑話。
04:45
because it turned out that we were losing oxygen, quite a lot of oxygen.
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因為它顯示出，我們在失去氧氣，數量可觀的氧氣。
04:49
And we knew that we were losing CO2.
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而且我們也知道，我們在失去二氧化碳。
04:51
And so we were working to sequester carbon.
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所以我們努力固碳。
04:54
Good lord -- we know that term now.
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感謝上帝，我們現在知道了這個術語。
04:56
We were growing plants like crazy.
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我們像瘋了一樣地種著植物。
04:58
We were taking their biomass, storing them in the basement,
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我們把那些生物質移到地下室儲存，
05:00
growing plants, going around, around, around,
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不停地種植，不停地種，
05:02
trying to take all of that carbon out of the atmosphere.
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試圖吸收大氣圈裡多餘的碳。
05:04
We were trying to stop carbon from going into the atmosphere.
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我們也試圖阻止碳進入大氣圈。
05:07
We stopped irrigating our soil, as much as we could.
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我們盡可能停止灌溉土壤。
05:09
We stopped tilling, so that we could prevent greenhouse gasses from going into the air.
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我們停止翻土，這樣我們可能避免溫室氣體進入空氣。
05:13
But our oxygen was going down faster
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但我們失去氧氣的速度更快，
05:15
than our CO2 was going up, which was quite unexpected,
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比二氧化碳增加的速度還快，這是意料外的。
05:18
because we had seen them going in tandem in the test module.
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因為在測試模組裡，我們同步檢驗過。
05:21
And it was like playing atomic hide-and-seek.
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這就像玩原子的捉迷藏。
05:24
We had lost seven tons of oxygen.
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我們已經失去了七噸的氧氣。
05:26
And we had no clue where it was.
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而我們絲毫不知它藏在哪裡。
05:28
And I tell you, when you lose a lot of oxygen --
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我告訴你，當你失去了很多氧氣時 --
05:31
and our oxygen went down quite far;
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而我們失去的氧氣是很多的，
05:33
it went from 21 percent down to 14.2 percent --
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從21%降到到14.2% --
05:36
my goodness, do you feel dreadful.
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天哪，感覺是很恐怖的。
05:39
I mean we were dragging ourselves around the Biosphere.
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我指的是，我們在生態圈裡勉強度日。
05:42
And we had sleep apnea at night.
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睡覺時，我們會呼吸暫停。
05:44
So you'd wake up gasping with breath,
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因而你會醒過來緊急吸氣。
05:47
because your blood chemistry has changed.
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因為你的血液化學已經起了改變。
05:49
And that you literally do that. You stop breathing and then you -- (Gasps) --
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你真的會那樣。你會停止呼吸，然後你 -- (喘息) --
05:52
take a breath and it wakes you up. And it's very irritating.
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吸一口氣，就會驚醒，這十分討厭。
05:54
And everybody outside thought we were dying.
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外面的人都以為我們快死了。
05:56
I mean, the media was making it sound like were were dying.
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我是說，媒體讓這看起來，像是我們快死了。
05:58
And I had to call up my mother every other day saying, "No, Mum, it's fine, fine.
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我得每隔一天打電話給我媽, 說, “沒事，媽，沒問題。
06:01
We're not dead. We're fine. We're fine."
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我們沒有死，我們很好，我們很好。"
06:03
And the doctor was, in fact, checking us
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事實上, 醫生檢查著我們
06:05
to make sure we were, in fact, fine.
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來確定我們沒有事。
06:07
But in fact he was the person who was most susceptible to the oxygen.
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但實際上，他才是最容易缺氧的那個人。
06:11
And one day he couldn't add up a line of figures.
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有一天，他幾乎不能做簡單的算術。
06:13
And it was time for us to put oxygen in.
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那也是我們該放氧氣進來的時候。
06:17
And you might think, well,
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你也許會在想，看吧，
06:19
"Boy, your life support system
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"天呀, 你們的生命支援系統
06:21
was failing you. Wasn't that dreadful?"
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正在殺你。那不可怕嗎?”
06:23
Yes. In a sense it was terrifying.
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是的，某個觀點上，那很可怕。
06:27
Except that I knew I could walk out the airlock door
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除了我知道，我可以走出那扇氣密門
06:30
at any time, if it really got bad,
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隨時都可以，如果事情變得很糟。
06:32
though who was going to say, "I can't take it anymore!"?
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不過，誰會說 “我不行了!”？
06:35
Not me, that was for sure.
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顯然不會是我。
06:37
But on the other hand, it was the scientific gold of the project,
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但是另一方面，這是科學研究計畫的黃金。
06:41
because we could really crank this baby up,
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因為我們真的可能把這搞定，
06:43
as a scientific tool,
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當成科學工具，
06:45
and see if we could, in fact, find
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看看我們能否真的找到
06:47
where those seven tons of oxygen had gone.
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那七噸氧氣到底去哪了。
06:50
And we did indeed find it.
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我們的確找到了它。
06:52
And we found it in the concrete.
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我們是在水泥裡找到的。
06:54
Essentially it had done something very simple.
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基本上, 那很簡單。
06:56
We had put too much carbon in the soil in the form of compost.
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我們以堆肥方式在土壤裡存了太多的碳。
06:59
It broke down; it took oxygen out of the air;
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它分解了，把空氣中的氧氣帶走了。
07:01
it put CO2 into the air; and it went into the concrete.
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把二氧化碳放入空氣，然後它又跑進水泥裡。
07:04
Pretty straightforward really.
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其實十分直截了當。
07:06
So at the end of the two years
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所以在兩年後，
07:08
when we came out, we were elated,
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當我們出去的時候，我們都十分高興。
07:10
because, in fact, although you might say
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因為，實際上，儘管你會說
07:13
we had discovered something that was quite "uhh,"
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我們發現的只是個 "原來如此" 的問題，
07:16
when your oxygen is going down,
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當你的氧氣下降，
07:18
stopped working, essentially, in your life support system,
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基本上，在你的生存系統裡停止工作，
07:21
that's a very bad failure.
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那是十分失敗的。
07:23
Except that we knew what it was. And we knew how to fix it.
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除非我們知道是怎麼回事，以及我們知道如何修復。
07:26
And nothing else emerged
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而且不再發生別的
07:28
that really was as serious as that.
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像那麼嚴重的問題。
07:30
And we proved the concept, more or less.
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我們多多少少證明了這個概念可行。
07:32
People, on the other hand, was a different subject.
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另一方面，人類則是另一回事。
07:35
We were -- yeah I don't know that we were fixable.
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我們 -- 我不知道我們是不是可修復。
07:38
We all went quite nuts, I will say.
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我會說，我們都變得怪怪的。
07:40
And the day I came out of Biosphere 2,
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當我從生態圈二號中走出來
07:42
I was thrilled I was going to see all my family and my friends.
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我很激動，就要見到我的家人和朋友。
07:46
For two years I'd been seeing people through the glass.
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兩年來，我都是透著玻璃看人。
07:49
And everybody ran up to me.
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當每個人走向我而來。
07:51
And I recoiled. They stank!
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我退縮。他們臭死了！
07:55
People stink!
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人臭死了！
07:57
We stink of hairspray and underarm deodorant,
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我們發臭，因為噴了髮膠和腋下除臭劑，
08:00
and all kinds of stuff.
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以及其他各種東西。
08:02
Now we had stuff inside Biosphere to keep ourselves clean,
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我們在生態圈裡有東西保持我們乾淨。
08:05
but nothing with perfume.
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但不是用香水。
08:07
And boy do we stink out here.
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而外面的人, 卻那麼臭。
08:10
Not only that,
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不僅僅是那樣，
08:12
but I lost touch of where my food came from.
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在外面, 我不知道食物從哪裡來的。
08:16
I had been growing all my own food.
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我一直在種植我們自己的糧食。
08:19
I had no idea what was in my food, where it came from.
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在外面, 我不知道我的食物裡有什麼，從哪來的。
08:22
I didn't even recognize half the names in most of the food that I was eating.
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我幾乎不能認出一半我吃的是什麼。
08:25
In fact, I would stand for hours in the aisles of shops,
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實際上，我會在商店裡站一個來小時，
08:28
reading all the names on all of the things.
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讀著商品上事物的名字。
08:30
People must have thought I was nuts.
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人們一定以為我是怪人。
08:32
It was really quite astonishing.
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這實在是令人震驚的。
08:38
And I slowly lost track
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我漸漸地迷失
08:41
of where I was in this big biosphere, in this big biosphere that we all live in.
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於此大生態圈中，這個大家一起生活的生態圈。
08:45
In Biosphere 2 I totally understood
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在生態圈二號中，我完全懂得
08:48
that I had a huge impact on my biosphere, everyday,
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我對我的生態圈每天都有巨大的影響，
08:52
and it had an impact on me,
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它也對我有影響，
08:54
very viscerally, very literally.
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十分直覺，十分具象。
08:56
So I went about my business:
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所以我開辦了自己的公司。
08:58
Paragon Space Development Corporation,
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Paragon 太空發展公司，
09:00
a little firm I started with people while I was in the Biosphere,
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在生態圈二號中與人草創的小公司，
09:02
because I had nothing else to do.
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因為閒著沒事可做。
09:04
And one of the things we did was
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其中一件事情就是
09:06
try to figure out: how small can you make these biospheres,
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試著確定生態圈可以做多小。
09:08
and what can you do with them?
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以及可以做什麼用？
09:10
And so we sent one onto the Mir Space Station.
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因此我們送一個上 Muir 太空站，
09:13
We had one on the shuttle and one on the International Space Station,
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我們有一個在太空梭裡，還有一個在國際太空站裡，
09:16
for 16 months, where we managed to produce
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16個月來，在那裡我們可以生產
09:18
the first organisms to go through
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第一個有機物，在太空裡
09:20
complete multiple life cycles in space --
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經歷多次的完整生命周期。
09:22
really pushing the envelope
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真正推進了極限
09:24
of understanding how malleable
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去了解我們生命系統的適應能力。
09:26
our life systems are.
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去了解我們生命系統的適應能力。
09:29
And I'm also proud to announce
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現在我自豪地宣布，
09:31
that you're getting a sneak preview -- on Friday we're going to announce
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你們將提前知道 -- 星期五我們將宣布
09:34
that we're actually forming a team
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我們要組成一個小組
09:36
to develop a system to grow plants on the Moon,
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去開發月球上的種植系統。
09:39
which is going to be pretty fun.
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那將是十分有趣。
09:41
And the legacy of that is a system that we were designing:
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它的前身就是我們過去設計的系統。
09:44
an entirely sealed system to grow plants to grow on Mars.
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一個完全封閉的，能在火星上栽培植物的系統。
09:48
And part of that is that we had to model
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其中一部分是，我們必須模擬
09:50
very rapid circulation of CO2
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十分快速的二氧化碳、氧
09:54
and oxygen and water through this plant system.
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和水的循環，在此種植系統中。
09:57
As a result of that modeling
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模擬的結果是
09:59
I ended up in all places,
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許多地方中，我找到了
10:01
in Eritrea, in the Horn of Africa.
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厄立特里亞，位於非洲之角。
10:04
Eritrea, formerly part of Ethiopia,
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厄立特里亞，曾是衣索比亞的一部分，
10:07
is one of those places that is astonishingly beautiful,
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是一個驚人美麗的地方，
10:12
incredibly stark, and I have no understanding
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極度嚴酷，我一無所知
10:16
of how people eke out a living there.
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那裡的人是怎麼謀生的。
10:18
It is so dry.
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那麼乾燥。
10:20
This is what I saw.
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這是我看到的。
10:22
But this is also what I saw.
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但這也是我看到的。
10:24
I saw a company that had
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我看到一個公司
10:27
taken seawater
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利用海水，
10:30
and sand, and they were growing
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和沙去種植
10:33
a kind of crop that will grow on pure salt water without having to treat it.
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一種作物，它能純靠未經處理的鹹水生長。
10:37
And it will produce a food crop.
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而且它將產生一種食物。
10:39
In this case it was oilseed.
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那就是油籽。
10:41
It was astonishing. They were also producing mangroves
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我震驚。他們同時也生產紅樹林
10:44
in a plantation.
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在人工林裡。
10:46
And the mangroves were providing wood
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而紅樹林會提供木材、
10:48
and honey and leaves for the animals,
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蜂蜜，和葉子給動物吃，
10:50
so that they could produce milk and whatnot,
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因而它們可以產奶等等，
10:52
like we had in the Biosphere.
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像我們在生態圈二號中一樣。
10:54
And all of it was coming from this: shrimp farms.
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所有資源都來自這個，養蝦場。
10:58
Shrimp farms are a scourge on the earth,
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養蝦場是地球的一個禍害，
11:00
frankly, from an environmental point of view.
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坦白說，從環境的角度來說。
11:02
They pour huge amounts of pollutants into the ocean.
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它往海洋裡排放大量的污染。
11:05
They also pollute their next-door neighbors.
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同時也污染它的鄰居。它們各自排泄到對方的池裡。
11:08
So they're all shitting each other's ponds, quite literally.
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十分形象的。
11:11
And what this project was doing
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但是這個專案所做的，
11:14
was taking the effluent of these,
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是把這些排出物，
11:16
and turning them into all of this food.
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全部轉化為食物。
11:18
They were literally turning pollution into abundance for a desert people.
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他們實際上是把污染轉為資源，送給沙漠居民。
11:23
They had created an industrial ecosystem, of a sense.
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某種意義上，他們創造了一種環保工業系統。
11:27
I was there because I was actually modeling the mangrove portion
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我去那裡，因為我實際去模擬紅樹林部分
11:31
for a carbon credit program, under the U.N.
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為一個碳信用額計畫，來自
11:33
Kyoto Protocol system.
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聯合國的京都議定書。
11:35
And as I was modeling this mangrove swamp,
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就當我在模擬紅樹林沼澤時，
11:37
I was thinking to myself, "How do you put a box around this?"
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我想，“你如何在周圍加個盒子?”
11:40
When I'm modeling a plant in a box, literally,
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當我在盒子裡模擬植物時，實際上，
11:43
I know where to draw the boundary.
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我知道界限在哪裡。
11:45
In a mangrove forest like this I have no idea.
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像這樣的紅樹林，我則完全沒有概念。
11:48
Well, of course you have to draw the boundary around the whole of the Earth.
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嗯，當然你也可以把整個地球當界限。
11:51
And understand its interactions with the entire Earth.
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然後，去理解它與整個地球的互動。
11:54
And put your project in that context.
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把你的專案放在那個脈絡裡。
11:59
Around the world today we're seeing an incredible transformation,
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今天我們正在全球看到一個驚人的變化。
12:04
from what I would call a biocidal species,
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從原本我稱之為 "殺生" 的物種，
12:08
one that -- whether we intentionally or unintentionally --
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一個無論我們是故意或無意
12:11
have designed our systems to kill life, a lot of the time.
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設計我們的系統來消滅生命，常常是這樣的。
12:15
This is in fact, this beautiful photograph,
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這真是一張美麗的照片，
12:19
is in fact over the Amazon.
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是在亞馬遜河上面照的。
12:21
And here the light green are areas of massive deforestation.
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這裡的淺綠色地區有大量的森林砍伐。
12:26
And those beautiful wispy clouds
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而這裡美麗的細細雲彩
12:28
are, in fact, fires, human-made fires.
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則是火，人造大火。
12:32
We're in the process of transforming from this,
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我們正在這個轉變的過程，
12:35
to what I would call a biophilic society,
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轉變為我將稱之為 "愛生" 的社會，
12:39
one where we learn to nurture society.
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一個我們學會培育的社會。
12:42
Now it may not seem like it, but we are.
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現在還不怎麼像，但我們是這樣的。
12:45
It is happening all across the world,
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這就在全世界發生著，
12:48
in every kind of walk of life,
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在所有活著的生命中、
12:50
and every kind of career
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各種事業和工業中，
12:52
and industry that you can think of.
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任何你能想得到的。
12:56
And I think often times people get lost in that.
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我常常認為，人們會迷失在那裡。
12:59
They go, "But how can I possibly find my way in that?
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他們說，“但我如何在那裡找到自己的方法?”
13:02
It's such a huge subject."
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那是個很大的話題。
13:04
And I would say that the small stuff counts. It really does.
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但我會說，小事情也有影響，真的。
13:08
This is the story of a rake in my backyard.
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這是我家後院一個耙子的故事。
13:13
This was my backyard,
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這是我家後院，
13:15
very early on, when I bought my property.
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很早前，當我剛買下房子的時候。
13:17
And in Arizona, of course, everybody puts gravel down.
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在亞利桑那州，大家當然都鋪碎石子。
13:20
And they like to keep everything beautifully raked. And they keep all the leaves away.
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他們喜歡把地面耙得乾淨美麗，而且總把葉子清掉。
13:24
And on Sunday morning the neighbors leaf blower comes out,
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星期天早上，鄰居的樹葉吹集機響起，
13:27
and I want to throttle them.
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我真想掐他們脖子。
13:29
It's a certain type of aesthetic.
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這是一種審美觀，
13:32
We're very uncomfortable with untidiness.
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我們不能容忍不整潔。
13:35
And I threw away my rake.
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因此我扔掉我的耙子。
13:39
And I let all of the leaves fall from the trees that I have on my property.
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我讓從樹上掉子的所有葉子，都留在房產上。
13:43
And over time, essentially what have I been doing?
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長時來，基本上我做的是什麼呢？
13:45
I've been building topsoil.
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我在培育表層土壤。
13:47
And so now all the birds come in. And I have hawks.
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現在所有鳥類都來，我還有老鷹。
13:49
And I have an oasis.
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我有一個綠洲。
13:53
This is what happens every spring. For six weeks,
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這是每年春天時，每六星期，
13:57
six to eight weeks, I have this flush of green oasis.
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六到八個星期，我就有這個繁茂的綠州。
14:00
This is actually in a riparian area.
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這裡其實是個河岸區。
14:02
And all of Tucson could be like this
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整個圖森地區都可以變成這樣
14:04
if everybody would just revolt and throw away the rake.
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只要每個人改變一下，扔掉耙子。
14:07
The small stuff counts.
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小事物也有其份量。
14:11
The Industrial Revolution -- and Prometheus --
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工業革命和普羅米修士，
14:14
has given us this, the ability to light up the world.
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給我們帶來了這個，點亮世界的能力。
14:19
It has also given us this,
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同時也帶來了這個，
14:21
the ability to look at the world from the outside.
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從外太空看世界的能力。
14:25
Now we may not all have
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現在也許我們不會有
14:27
another biosphere that we can run to,
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另一個可移住的生態圈，
14:29
and compare it to this biosphere.
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將它和現在這個的生態圈相比
14:32
But we can look at the world,
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但是我們可以看看世界，
14:34
and try to understand where we are in its context,
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試著理解我們在此脈絡中的位置，
14:39
and how we choose to interact with it.
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以及我們要如何和它互動。
14:43
And if you lose where you are in your biosphere,
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如果你在自己的生態圈中迷失了自己，
14:46
or are perhaps having a difficulty connecting
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或者無法聯繫上
14:48
with where you are in the biosphere,
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你是身在此生態圈中的何處，
14:50
I would say to you,
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我會跟你說，
14:53
take a deep breath.
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做個深呼吸。
14:56
The yogis had it right.
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瑜珈人士是對的。
14:58
Breath does, in fact, connect us all
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呼吸的確把大家都聯繫了起來，
15:01
in a very literal way.
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以一個十分具體的方式。
15:03
Take a breath now.
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現在深呼吸一下。
15:05
And as you breathe, think
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呼吸時，思考一下，
15:07
about what is in your breath.
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你的呼吸裡有什麼。
15:11
There perhaps is the CO2 from the person sitting next-door to you.
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也許裡面含有你鄰座所呼出的二氧化碳。
15:16
Maybe there is a little bit of oxygen
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也許有一點點的氧氣
15:18
from some algae on the beach not far from here.
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來自離此不遠沙灘上的藻類。
15:23
It also connects us in time.
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呼吸也從時間上聯繫我們。
15:26
There may be some carbon in your breath
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也許你呼吸中含有的碳
15:30
from the dinosaurs.
341
918000
3000
是來自於恐龍。
15:33
There could also be carbon that you are exhaling now
342
921000
5000
也許你現在呼出的碳，
15:38
that will be in the breath
343
926000
4000
將會出現在你子子孫孫的呼吸中。
15:42
of your great-great-great-grandchildren.
344
930000
3000
將會出現在你子子孫孫的呼吸中。
15:45
Thank you. (Applause)
345
933000
2000
謝謝。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jane Poynter - BiospherianAfter weathering two years in Biosphere 2, Jane Poynter is trying to create technologies that allow us to live in hostile environments -- like outer space.
Why you should listen
Jane Poynter is one of only eight people to live in Biosphere 2 for two years. In 1991, she and seven others were locked in a three-acre, hermetically-sealed environment in the Arizona desert. Nothing was allowed in or out, and everything had to be recycled. Poynter, and the rest of the team, endured dangerously low oxygen levels and constant hunger, but they survived -- something many scientists said was impossible.
After leaving Biosphere 2, Poynter went on to found Paragon Space Development Corporation, along with her former fellow biospherian and now husband, Taber MacCallum. Paragon develops technologies that might allow humans to live in extreme environments such as outer space and underwater. As president of Paragon, Poynter has had experiments flown on the International Space Station, Russian Mir Space Station and US Space Shuttle, as well as working on underwater technologies with the US Navy.
However, Poynter has not given up on her homeland -- Biosphere 1. She continues to consult on and write about sustainable development and new green technologies. In concert with the World Bank, she has worked on projects to mitigate climate change and to grow crops in typically arid and hostile regions of Africa and Central America. Through talks and appearances, she builds awareness of the fragile state of the environment. After all, she knows what it's like to watch your biosphere begin to break down.
The New York Times looks back on the Biosphere 2 story >>
Jane Poynter | Speaker | TED.com