Juan Enriquez: We can reprogram life. How to do it wisely
خوان انریکز: ما میتوانیم حیات را تغییر دهیم، چگونه خردمندانه عمل کنیم
Juan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society. Full bio
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called Dustin Hoffman.
which some of you may have heard of,
by the old guy to the pool,
استخر میبره،
the old guy basically says one word,
یک کلمه میگه
what that word is.
it was completely the wrong advice.
اشتباه بود.
for semiconductors had already been made,
being built in 1967,
the right one word,
onstage -- oh, I don't know --
we might want to give
a Tupperware salesman.
ظروف پلاستیکی نشه.
would you give people,
graduate out by the pool
ببری استخر
we have of programming life.
موجودزنده بسازیم.
or a whole series of creatures.
برنامه بدهیم.
about this incredible ability
انجام بدهند،
for thousands of years,
you get broccoli.
in a second way, you get kale.
all-natural, organic markets,
the lifecode of plants for a long time.
politically neutral term --
میبریم.
intelligent design.
of doing this at random
we're inserting specific proteins,
و پروتئینهای خاصی را اضافه میکنیم
for very deliberate purposes.
تغییر میدهیم.
پیش بریم.
how this stuff happens.
might think about sex.
how we've changed sex.
تغییر دادیم.
and natural to change it.
که تغییرش بدیم.
اینه که
that's perfectly normal and natural,
for most of human history.
of the consequences of that,
advanced, like art.
of painting and sculpture,
reproductive technologies.
reproductive technologies?
لقاح آزمایشگاهی باشه.
are things like in vitro fertilization.
دلایل خیلی خوبی براش دارید.
there's very good reasons to do it.
can't conceive otherwise.
sex, conception, baby.
را ازهم جدا میکنید.
of when you have a baby,
کردید.
and where the baby is fertilized.
of other things we've been doing,
که کرده ایم،
لقاح یافته
you can freeze eggs,
if you're a cancer patient.
or under radiation,
شما این
and you can freeze them,
فریز کنید،
decoupled sex from time.
جدا کرده اید.
born -- oh, in 50 years?
شاید 50 ساال بدنیا بیاد؟
really profound changes
میکنیم.
turns out to be a superpower.
خارق العاده ایست.
powerful way of changing viruses,
have been thinking about for a while.
فکر میکنیم.
مثل یک ماشین،
like electricity, like an automobile,
potentially can be misused.
بداستفاده شوند.
beings into chimeras.
تبدیل کنید.
یادتون میاد؟
where you mix animals?
یا برعکس،
in a female body or vice versa,
you're doing that
during cancer treatments.
میکنید.
some fundamental aspects of yourself,
that happened 20 years ago.
She graduated as a valedictorian.
و فارغ التحصیل ممتاز کالج بوده.
born to three parents.
سه نفر بدنیا امده.
mitochondrial disease
عوض کنیم
germline engineering,
مهندسی میکنید،
if she has kids, will be saved
نجات پیدا کرده اند
the various authorities said,
and there are risks to not doing stuff,
saved by this technology,
نجات داده،
for the next 20 years.
maybe we should have longer studies,
درموردش تحقیق کنیم،
maybe we should do that,"
and there are consequences to not acting.
متفاوتی دارند.
is completely unnatural.
for humans to be felled
مثل فلج اطفال،
of smallpox, of tuberculosis.
کاملا طبیعی و عادیه.
we are putting unnatural things
غیرطبیعی
outweighs the risk.
unnatural animals,
ساختیم،
like create new life-forms.
حیات بسازیم.
again, that sounds terribly scary
به نظر میاد خیلی ترسناک
live on your dining room table.
میزناهارخوری شما زندگی میکنه.
on your dining room table --
that's natural about them,
the flowers to make this color,
و اندازه، ساخته ایم،
your loved one wildflowers
a whole lot of time.
depended on two principles:
what was structured,
و ساختار وجود همه چیز
(خنده)
parallel evolutionary system
selection and non-random mutation.
امتحان میکنیم.
thousands of years ago
شروع کردیم، تا اینکه
تبدیل کردیم.
turning them into big dogs
are less natural than a cornfield.
مزرعه ذرت پیدا میشه.
walk through a virgin forest
جنگل بکر قدم بزنید و
growing in orderly rows
و هم زمان
through unnatural selection.
it's the same with a rice field.
و در شالیزار برنج.
it's the same with a suburb.
و حومه شهر.
there is what we want,
ما تعیین میکنیم،
you don't have grizzly bears
راه میرویم
as the Octopus, his nickname.
of the Year in 2000.
that gave him six fingers
۶ انگشت داده بود
if you're a pitcher.
through the forest
gene-editing instruments,
کریسپر( بخشی از دی ان ای)
pharmaceutical products,
دارویی را بسازیم،
to treat arthritis,
best-selling drug, Humira.
that's going to change us
for this stuff.
what we are choosing.
میکنیم.
by a verdict of somebody else.
you break it, you own it.
باید بخریش.
diversity in this stuff.
تجلیل کنیم.
33 versions of hominids
state of this Earth
walking around at the same time,
برای همینه که
have some Neanderthal in us.
در خود داریم.
have a lot more of it.
بوجود نیاورند.
to alter plants but not animals.
نه حیوانات.
to alter themselves.
to evolve themselves.
of humans as very diverse,
ومتنوع هستند،
from a single African mother
in 55 African chimpanzees
a quarter of the Earth
in the oceans, part on land.
evolutionary decision on this planet.
تکامل بگیریم.
our evolutionary system running.
اداره کنیم.
evolutionary system running.
اداره کنیم
these two things running in parallel
adventure human beings have been on.
تجربه کرده اند.
humans have ever had.
انسانها داشته اند.
not to participate in this stuff
همکاری نکنه
You can participate in the politics.
در سیاست گذاریها،
about where medicine is going,
به کجا میرود همکاری کنید،
shows up at a swimming pool
if that word is "lifecode."
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Juan Enriquez - FuturistJuan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society.
Why you should listen
A broad thinker who studies the intersections of these fields, Enriquez has a talent for bridging disciplines to build a coherent look ahead. He is the managing director of Excel Venture Management, a life sciences VC firm. He recently published (with Steve Gullans) Evolving Ourselves: How Unnatural Selection and Nonrandom Mutation Are Shaping Life on Earth. The book describes a world where humans increasingly shape their environment, themselves and other species.
Enriquez is a member of the board of Synthetic Genomics, which recently introduced the smallest synthetic living cell. Called “JCVI-syn 3.0,” it has 473 genes (about half the previous smallest cell). The organism would die if one of the genes is removed. In other words, this is the minimum genetic instruction set for a living organism.
Juan Enriquez | Speaker | TED.com