TED Talks Live
Juan Enriquez: We can reprogram life. How to do it wisely
胡安．安立奎: 如何明智地運用我們改造生命的超能力
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40 億年以來，兩條準則決定了地球上生物的生死：天擇與隨機突變。接著，人類出現改變了這一切──我們雜交作物、配種動物、改變環境，甚至有目的性地讓自己演化。胡安．安立奎對生命改造技術越來越強大的未來，提出了五個指導原則。「這是人類史中最令人興奮的冒險旅程。」安立奎如是說。「這是人類前所未有且最為強大的超能力。」
Juan Enriquez - Futurist
Juan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society. Full bio
Juan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So, there's an actor
called Dustin Hoffman.
called Dustin Hoffman.
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有一位演員叫做達斯汀．霍夫曼。
00:16
And years ago, he made this movie
which some of you may have heard of,
which some of you may have heard of,
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多年前，他拍過一部電影，
你們可能有人聽過，
你們可能有人聽過，
片名叫《畢業生》。
00:19
called "The Graduate."
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00:21
And there's two key scenes in that movie.
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片中有兩個關鍵場景。
00:24
The first one is the seduction scene.
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第一個場景是色誘。
00:26
I'm not going to talk about that tonight.
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但我今晚不會談這個。
（笑聲）
00:28
(Laughter)
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00:30
The second scene is where he's taken out
by the old guy to the pool,
by the old guy to the pool,
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第二個場景是，
他被一個長者帶到泳池邊，
他被一個長者帶到泳池邊，
那長者對這年輕的大學畢業生
基本上只說了一個字，
基本上只說了一個字，
00:34
and as a young college graduate,
the old guy basically says one word,
the old guy basically says one word,
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就一個字。
00:39
just one word.
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當然，你們都知道是哪個字。
00:41
And of course, all of you know
what that word is.
what that word is.
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00:44
It's "plastics."
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「塑膠」。
00:45
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
00:47
And the only problem with that is,
it was completely the wrong advice.
it was completely the wrong advice.
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那件事唯一的問題就是，
它根本是個錯誤的建議。
它根本是個錯誤的建議。
00:51
(Laughter)
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［大錯特錯！］
（笑聲）
（笑聲）
00:53
Let me tell you why it was so wrong.
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讓我告訴你錯在哪。
那個字應該改成「矽」。
00:55
The word should have been "silicon."
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00:58
And the reason it should have been silicon
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而它必須改成矽的原因是：
當時半導體技術剛被研發出來，
01:00
is because the basic patents
for semiconductors had already been made,
for semiconductors had already been made,
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01:05
had already been filed,
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專利已經送件，
01:06
and they were already building them.
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並開始生產。
01:08
So Silicon Valley was just
being built in 1967,
being built in 1967,
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1967 年這部片上映時，
01:11
when this movie was released.
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矽谷才剛起步。
電影上映後的隔年，
01:13
And the year after the movie was released,
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01:15
Intel was founded.
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英特爾才創立。
那畢業生當年要是聽到了對的字，
01:17
So had the graduate heard
the right one word,
the right one word,
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01:20
maybe he would have ended up
onstage -- oh, I don't know --
onstage -- oh, I don't know --
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也許今天在台上的就是他，
搞不好……
搞不好……
還是跟這兩個傢伙。
01:23
maybe with these two.
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01:24
(Laughter)
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［史蒂夫．賈伯斯和比爾．蓋茲］
（笑聲）
（笑聲）
01:31
So as you're thinking of that,
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當你在思考這件事時，
01:34
let's see what bit of advice
we might want to give
we might want to give
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讓我們順便想想該給什麼建議，
01:38
so that your next graduate doesn't become
a Tupperware salesman.
a Tupperware salesman.
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好讓未來的畢業生
不會變成特百惠的業務員。
不會變成特百惠的業務員。
（笑聲）
01:41
(Laughter)
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01:43
So in 2015, what word of advice
would you give people,
would you give people,
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在 2015 年，當你把一位大學
畢業生叫到泳池邊的時候，
畢業生叫到泳池邊的時候，
01:47
when you took a college
graduate out by the pool
graduate out by the pool
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你會給他們什麼建議？
你只能說一個字，就一個字。
01:50
and you said one word, just one word?
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01:52
I think the answer would be "lifecode."
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我認為答案是「生物工程」。
「生物工程」是什麼？
01:55
So what is "lifecode?"
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01:56
Lifecode is the various ways
we have of programming life.
we have of programming life.
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它代表我們能用來
設計生命的各種途徑。
設計生命的各種途徑。
01:59
So instead of programming computers,
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設計的不再是電腦程式，
02:01
we're using things to program viruses
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而是用生物科技來設計病毒、
反轉錄病毒、蛋白質、
02:03
or retroviruses or proteins
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DNA、RNA、
02:05
or DNA or RNA
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植物、動物或各種各樣的生物。
02:08
or plants or animals,
or a whole series of creatures.
or a whole series of creatures.
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02:11
And as you're thinking
about this incredible ability
about this incredible ability
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這樣的神奇能力
02:14
to make life do what you want it to do,
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──讓生命為你所用，
照著設計運作──
02:16
what it's programmed to do,
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從本質上來說，
02:18
what you end up doing
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其實是幾千年來，
我們一直在做的事，
我們一直在做的事，
02:20
is taking what we've been doing
for thousands of years,
for thousands of years,
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像是育種、修改、
02:23
which is breeding, changing,
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02:27
mixing, matching
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雜交、配對
各種的生命形式，
02:29
all kinds of life-forms,
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只不過速度大幅加快了。
02:31
and we accelerate it.
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02:32
And this is not something new.
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這不是什麼新概念。
這個不起眼的野生甘藍已被改造：
02:34
This humble mustard weed has been modified
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02:37
so that if you change it in one way,
you get broccoli.
you get broccoli.
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用第一種方式改造它，
你會得到青花菜；
你會得到青花菜；
用第二種方式，你會得到羽衣甘藍；
02:40
And if you change it
in a second way, you get kale.
in a second way, you get kale.
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用第三種方式的話，
02:43
And if you change it in a third way,
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你會得到花椰菜。
02:45
you get cauliflower.
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02:47
So when you go to these
all-natural, organic markets,
all-natural, organic markets,
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所以，當你走進這些
純天然有機蔬果市場時，
純天然有機蔬果市場時，
02:51
you're really going to a place
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你實際上進的
02:52
where people have been changing
the lifecode of plants for a long time.
the lifecode of plants for a long time.
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是個植物生命已被
長時間改造的地方。
長時間改造的地方。
不同以往的是
02:57
The difference today,
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──挑個政治正確的字眼──
02:58
to pick a completely
politically neutral term --
politically neutral term --
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［智慧設計］
03:00
[Intelligent design]
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03:02
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
03:03
We're beginning to practice
intelligent design.
intelligent design.
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我們已經開始使用智慧設計。
03:06
That means that instead
of doing this at random
of doing this at random
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這意味著，不同於以往的隨機
和依靠世代交替進行演化，
03:09
and seeing what happens over generations,
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我們插入特定的基因，
插入特定的蛋白質，
插入特定的蛋白質，
03:11
we're inserting specific genes,
we're inserting specific proteins,
we're inserting specific proteins,
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開始非常刻意、
有目的性地改造生命。
有目的性地改造生命。
03:14
and we're changing lifecode
for very deliberate purposes.
for very deliberate purposes.
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03:18
And that allows us to accelerate
how this stuff happens.
how this stuff happens.
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這讓我們能夠加速變化的發生。
讓我舉個例子吧！
03:22
Let me just give you one example.
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03:26
Some of you occasionally
might think about sex.
might think about sex.
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「性行為」可能偶爾會略過你的腦海。
03:31
And we kind of take it for granted
how we've changed sex.
how we've changed sex.
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我們視如今性事的樣貌為理所當然，
而且對這樣的改變習以為常。
03:34
So we think it's perfectly normal
and natural to change it.
and natural to change it.
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03:37
What's happened with sex over time is --
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性行為最終的結果──
一般來說，是寶寶。
03:40
normally, sex equals baby, eventually.
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03:43
But in today's world,
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但，在現今世界，
03:45
sex plus pill equals no baby.
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性行為搭配避孕藥，就沒有寶寶了。
03:48
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
03:49
And again, we think
that's perfectly normal and natural,
that's perfectly normal and natural,
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儘管我們對此完全習以為常，
03:52
but that has not been the case
for most of human history.
for most of human history.
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但在大部分的人類史上並非如此。
對動物而言也不是。
03:55
And it's not the case for animals.
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03:57
What it is does is it gives us control,
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它賦予了我們控制權，
讓性與受孕得以分離。
03:59
so sex becomes separate from conception.
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04:02
And as you're thinking
of the consequences of that,
of the consequences of that,
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當你正思考後果的同時，
人類又更進一步，
04:05
then we've been playing with stuff
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玩起了「ART」。
04:07
that's a little bit more
advanced, like art.
advanced, like art.
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04:09
Not in the sense
of painting and sculpture,
of painting and sculpture,
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不是繪畫、雕刻那種藝術（art），
ART 是「輔助生殖技術」的縮寫。
04:11
but in the sense of assisted
reproductive technologies.
reproductive technologies.
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04:17
So what are assisted
reproductive technologies?
reproductive technologies?
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「輔助生殖技術」是什麼？
04:19
Assisted reproductive technologies
are things like in vitro fertilization.
are things like in vitro fertilization.
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「輔助生殖技術」包含了體外受精。
04:24
And when you do in vitro fertilization,
there's very good reasons to do it.
there's very good reasons to do it.
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做體外受精有很好的理由。
有時候，你就是無法
用其他方法受孕。
用其他方法受孕。
04:27
Sometimes you just
can't conceive otherwise.
can't conceive otherwise.
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04:31
But when you do that,
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當你這樣做時，
你就把性、受孕、寶寶
彼此分開來了。
彼此分開來了。
04:32
what you’re doing is separating
sex, conception, baby.
sex, conception, baby.
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04:37
So you haven't just taken control
of when you have a baby,
of when you have a baby,
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所以，你不僅控制了
什麼時候有寶寶，
什麼時候有寶寶，
還控制了寶寶在何時、何地受精。
04:40
you've separated when the baby
and where the baby is fertilized.
and where the baby is fertilized.
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所以，你把寶寶
04:44
So you've separated the baby
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04:46
from the body from the act.
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從身體和行為分開來了。
當你在想我們還做了些什麼的時候，
04:49
And as you're thinking
of other things we've been doing,
of other things we've been doing,
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04:52
think about twins.
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想想雙胞胎吧！
04:55
So you can freeze sperm,
you can freeze eggs,
you can freeze eggs,
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你可以冷凍精子、卵子，
你可以冷凍受精卵。
04:57
you can freeze fertilized eggs.
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04:59
And what does that mean?
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這代表什麼？
05:01
Well, that's a good thing
if you're a cancer patient.
if you're a cancer patient.
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若你是位癌症病患，這就是好事。
05:04
You're about to go under chemotherapy
or under radiation,
or under radiation,
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你可以在做化學治療或放射治療前，
把這些東西存起來，
05:07
so you save these things.
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05:08
You don't irradiate them.
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不讓它們受到輻射。
05:10
But if you can save them
and you can freeze them,
and you can freeze them,
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但若你可以保存、冷凍它們，
而且還能夠請代理孕母的話，
05:12
and you can have a surrogate mother,
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05:14
it means that you've
decoupled sex from time.
decoupled sex from time.
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代表何時懷胎也控制在我們手中。
也就是說，你可以讓雙胞胎中的
另一個出生在……50 年後？
另一個出生在……50 年後？
05:17
It means you can have twins
born -- oh, in 50 years?
born -- oh, in 50 years?
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05:23
(Laughter)
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［兄：嘿！兄弟！ 弟：你誰啊？］
（笑聲）
（笑聲）
可以 100 年後嗎？
05:27
In a hundred years?
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200 年後呢？
05:29
Two hundred years?
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05:31
And these are three
really profound changes
really profound changes
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而這三項重大改變
05:34
that are not, like, future stuff.
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不是未來的事情。
如今這已經廣為人們接受。
05:36
This is stuff we take for granted today.
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所以，生物工程是一種超能力。
05:38
So this lifecode stuff
turns out to be a superpower.
turns out to be a superpower.
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05:42
It turns out to be this incredibly
powerful way of changing viruses,
powerful way of changing viruses,
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這種難以置信的超能力
可以改造病毒、
可以改造病毒、
改造植物、改造動物，
05:46
of changing plants, of changing animals,
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05:49
perhaps even of evolving ourselves.
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甚至改造我們自己。
05:52
It's something that Steve Gullans and I
have been thinking about for a while.
have been thinking about for a while.
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史蒂夫．格蘭斯和我
已經思考這件事一陣子了。
已經思考這件事一陣子了。
05:56
Let's have some risks.
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讓我們冒一些險吧！
05:58
Like every powerful technology,
like electricity, like an automobile,
like electricity, like an automobile,
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每種強大的科技，像是電力、汽車，
06:02
like computers, this stuff
potentially can be misused.
potentially can be misused.
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或是電腦，都有被濫用的可能。
這讓很多人感到恐懼。
06:06
And that scares a lot of people.
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06:09
And as you apply these technologies,
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當你使用這個技術時，
你也有可能把人類變成奇美拉。
06:10
you can even turn human
beings into chimeras.
beings into chimeras.
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06:13
Remember the Greek myth
where you mix animals?
where you mix animals?
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記得希臘神話裡的混種動物嗎？
06:16
Well, some of these treatments
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這個技術中的一些治療方法
最終將改變你的血型。
06:18
actually end up changing your blood type.
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06:21
Or they'll put male cells
in a female body or vice versa,
in a female body or vice versa,
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有時候，他們會把男性細胞
放到女性身體裡面，反之亦然。
放到女性身體裡面，反之亦然。
聽起來很可怕，
06:26
which sounds absolutely horrible
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06:27
until you realize, the reason
you're doing that
you're doing that
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但你必須瞭解這麼做的原因──
有些癌症療程中，會進行骨髓移植。
06:30
is you're substituting bone marrow
during cancer treatments.
during cancer treatments.
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06:33
So by taking somebody else's bone marrow,
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當你移植了他人的骨隨，
你可能會有些本質上的改變，
06:35
you may be changing
some fundamental aspects of yourself,
some fundamental aspects of yourself,
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06:38
but you're also saving your life.
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但同時也救了自己一命。
06:40
And as you're thinking about this stuff,
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在你思考的同時，
06:42
here's something
that happened 20 years ago.
that happened 20 years ago.
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我們說說 20 年前的案例吧！
06:45
This is Emma Ott.
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這位是艾瑪．奧特。
06:46
She's a recent college admittee.
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她最近成為一位大學錄取生。
她念的是會計。
06:49
She's studying accounting.
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06:51
She played two varsity sports.
She graduated as a valedictorian.
She graduated as a valedictorian.
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她是學校兩個校隊的隊員，
畢業時是畢業生代表。
畢業時是畢業生代表。
06:55
And that's not particularly extraordinary,
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然而，她最特別的地方，
在於她是世界第一個
擁有「三親」的人類。
擁有「三親」的人類。
06:57
except that she's the first human being
born to three parents.
born to three parents.
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為何是「三親」？
07:02
Why?
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因為她或許有來自遺傳的
07:03
Because she had a deadly
mitochondrial disease
mitochondrial disease
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致命線粒體疾病。
07:05
that she might have inherited.
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07:07
So when you swap out a third person's DNA
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所以，把第三人的 DNA 抽出，
然後移植過去，
07:09
and you put it in there,
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07:11
you save the lives of people.
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你就挽救了那個人的生命。
07:13
But you also are doing
germline engineering,
germline engineering,
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但你也同時在做生殖工程，
07:16
which means her kids,
if she has kids, will be saved
if she has kids, will be saved
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意思就是如果她有孩子，
你也救到了她的孩子，
你也救到了她的孩子，
而且不僅如此。
07:20
and won't go through this.
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07:21
And [their] kids will be saved,
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她孩子的下一代、
下下一代都因此得救，
07:23
and their grandchildren will be saved,
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並將代代相傳。
07:25
and this passes on.
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這讓人們緊張。
07:26
That makes people nervous.
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07:28
So 20 years ago,
the various authorities said,
the various authorities said,
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所以 20 年前，各方當權者說，
為什麼我們不再研究一下？
07:30
why don't we study this for a while?
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一件事情做了會有風險，
不做也有其風險。
不做也有其風險。
07:33
There are risks to doing stuff,
and there are risks to not doing stuff,
and there are risks to not doing stuff,
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這個技術已經實際拯救了很多人，
07:37
because there were a couple dozen people
saved by this technology,
saved by this technology,
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而我們已花了過去的 20 年在思考。
07:41
and then we've been thinking about it
for the next 20 years.
for the next 20 years.
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當我們思考，
07:45
So as we think about it,
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並說：「嘿！我們應該
要做更長時間的研究；
要做更長時間的研究；
07:46
as we take the time to say, "Hey,
maybe we should have longer studies,
maybe we should have longer studies,
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我們應該要做這個跟那個……」
07:50
maybe we should do this,
maybe we should do that,"
maybe we should do that,"
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07:52
there are consequences to acting,
and there are consequences to not acting.
and there are consequences to not acting.
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同時必須意識到，採取行動
有其後果，不採取行動也是。
有其後果，不採取行動也是。
像是治療致命的疾病──
07:57
Like curing deadly diseases --
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當然，完全是非自然的方式。
07:59
which, by the way,
is completely unnatural.
is completely unnatural.
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人類染上流行傳染病死亡很正常，
08:02
It is normal and natural
for humans to be felled
for humans to be felled
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小兒麻痺症、天花、肺結核
都是著名的例子。
都是著名的例子。
08:06
by massive epidemics of polio,
of smallpox, of tuberculosis.
of smallpox, of tuberculosis.
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08:10
When we put vaccines into people,
we are putting unnatural things
we are putting unnatural things
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當我們注射疫苗時，
就是把非天然的東西
就是把非天然的東西
08:13
into their body
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放進人體，
因為我們認為注射疫苗的
利益大過於風險。
利益大過於風險。
08:15
because we think the benefit
outweighs the risk.
outweighs the risk.
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08:20
Because we've built unnatural plants,
unnatural animals,
unnatural animals,
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因為我們創造了
非天然的植物、動物，
非天然的植物、動物，
08:23
we can feed about seven billion people.
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我們得以餵飽 70 億人口。
我們可以創造出新的生命形式。
08:26
We can do things
like create new life-forms.
like create new life-forms.
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這聽起來讓人提心吊膽，
08:30
And as you create new life-forms,
again, that sounds terribly scary
again, that sounds terribly scary
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且坐立難安，
08:33
and terribly bothersome,
182
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1681
08:35
until you realize that those life-forms
live on your dining room table.
live on your dining room table.
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直到你意識到，這樣的生命
就存在於你的餐桌上。
就存在於你的餐桌上。
08:39
Those flowers you've got
on your dining room table --
on your dining room table --
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你餐桌上的花──
它們一點也不天然，
08:42
there's not a lot
that's natural about them,
that's natural about them,
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因為人們已經把這些花，
育種成特定顏色、
育種成特定顏色、
08:44
because people have been breeding
the flowers to make this color,
the flowers to make this color,
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特定大小、能活一星期。
08:47
to be this size, to last for a week.
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你不太會送你的愛人野花，
08:49
You don't usually give
your loved one wildflowers
your loved one wildflowers
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08:51
because they don't last
a whole lot of time.
a whole lot of time.
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因為它們沒辦法活很久。
08:56
What all this does
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這些事，
完全顛覆了達爾文的理論。
08:58
is it flips Darwin completely on his head.
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40 億年以來，
09:01
See, for four billion years,
192
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1741
兩條準則決定了地球上生物的生死：
09:02
what lived and died on this planet
depended on two principles:
depended on two principles:
193
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3065
09:06
on natural selection and random mutation.
194
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2524
「天擇」和「隨機突變」。
09:10
And so what lived and died,
what was structured,
what was structured,
195
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2627
什麼會活著、死去或是被建構，
09:13
has now been flipped on its head.
196
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1683
這樣的準則如今已被徹底改變。
我們所做所為，
09:16
And what we've done
197
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1199
09:17
is created this completely
parallel evolutionary system
parallel evolutionary system
198
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2611
創造了完全平行的演化系統，
進行「人擇」與「非隨機突變」。
09:20
where we are practicing unnatural
selection and non-random mutation.
selection and non-random mutation.
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讓我稍做說明。
09:23
So let me explain these things.
200
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這是天擇。
09:25
This is natural selection.
201
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1389
09:27
This is unnatural selection.
202
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1405
這是人擇。
（笑聲）
09:28
(Laughter)
203
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2622
09:31
So what happens with this stuff is,
204
559903
2644
狗的人擇過程是這樣的：
人類幾千年前在中亞開始養狼，
09:34
we started breeding wolves
thousands of years ago
thousands of years ago
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2714
將牠們馴化成了狗。
09:37
in central Asia to turn them into dogs.
206
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2190
接著把牠們變成大狗，
09:39
And then we started
turning them into big dogs
turning them into big dogs
207
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2294
變成小狗。
09:41
and into little dogs.
208
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1751
09:43
But if you take one of the chihuahuas
209
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1787
但若你把紐約第五大道上
09:45
you see in the Hermès bags on Fifth Avenue
210
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2848
愛馬仕包包裡的吉娃娃，
拿去非洲大草原野放，
09:48
and you let it loose on the African plain,
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2657
你就能看到天擇的運作了。
09:50
you can watch natural selection happen.
212
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1984
09:52
(Laughter)
213
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2681
（笑聲）
09:58
Few things on Earth
are less natural than a cornfield.
are less natural than a cornfield.
214
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2817
地球上很少有東西
能比玉米田更不自然。
能比玉米田更不自然。
你怎麼都不可能在原始森林裡，
10:02
You will never, under any scenario,
walk through a virgin forest
walk through a virgin forest
215
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3573
10:05
and see the same plant
growing in orderly rows
growing in orderly rows
216
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2685
看到植物排列得如此整齊、
生長得如此一致、
10:08
at the same time,
217
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1324
生物相又這麼單一。
10:09
nothing else living there.
218
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1611
10:12
When you do a cornfield,
219
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1159
在玉米田裡，
你決定了什麼活、什麼死。
10:13
you're selecting what lives and what dies.
220
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2047
你做的就是人擇。
10:16
And you're doing that
through unnatural selection.
through unnatural selection.
221
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2339
麥田、稻田裡的狀況也是一樣的。
10:18
It's the same with a wheat field,
it's the same with a rice field.
it's the same with a rice field.
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城市、郊區裡的狀況仍是一樣的。
10:21
It's the same with a city,
it's the same with a suburb.
it's the same with a suburb.
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實際上，地球表面有一半
10:24
In fact, half the surface of Earth
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1895
已經被人類改變，
10:26
has been unnaturally engineered
225
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1507
什麼活、什麼死
都取決於我們的念頭。
都取決於我們的念頭。
10:27
so that what lives and what dies
there is what we want,
there is what we want,
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3183
這也是你在曼哈頓市中心
10:30
which is the reason why
you don't have grizzly bears
you don't have grizzly bears
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2463
10:33
walking through downtown Manhattan.
228
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1927
看不到灰熊逛大街的原因。
10:37
How about this random mutation stuff?
229
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1859
那隨機突變是什麼？
這就是隨機突變。
10:38
Well, this is random mutation.
230
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1443
10:40
This is Antonio Alfonseca.
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1340
這位是安東尼奧．艾方塞卡。
他有個綽號叫「章魚」。
10:42
He's otherwise known
as the Octopus, his nickname.
as the Octopus, his nickname.
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2711
10:45
He was the Relief Pitcher
of the Year in 2000.
of the Year in 2000.
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2274
他是 2000 年的最佳救援投手。
10:47
And he had a random mutation
that gave him six fingers
that gave him six fingers
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2764
隨機突變讓他的雙手
10:50
on each hand,
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2228
各有六根指頭。
10:52
which turns out to be really useful
if you're a pitcher.
if you're a pitcher.
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2642
事實證明，這突變對投手很有用。
（笑聲）
10:55
(Laughter)
237
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1640
10:58
How about non-random mutation?
238
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1730
那非隨機突變是什麼？
11:00
A non-random mutation is beer.
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2973
非隨機突變有：啤酒、
酒、優格。
11:03
It's wine. It's yogurt.
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1698
11:05
How many times have you walked
through the forest
through the forest
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2336
各位有幾次走過森林時，
11:08
and found all-natural cheese?
242
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1563
看到純天然的起司？
11:10
Or all-natural yogurt?
243
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1243
或純天然的優格？
11:13
So we've been engineering this stuff.
244
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1785
我們改造這些東西很久了。
11:14
Now, the interesting thing is,
245
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有趣的是，
我們技術因此更加純熟。
11:16
we get to know the stuff better.
246
664347
1618
我們從優格裡面發現了
11:18
We found one of the single most powerful
gene-editing instruments,
gene-editing instruments,
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3713
CRISPR 這個強大的
基因編輯工具。
基因編輯工具。
11:22
CRISPR, inside yogurt.
248
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1787
11:25
And as we start engineering cells,
249
673028
1990
開始自行設計細胞後，
前十名暢銷藥物中
有八種靠此技術生產，
有八種靠此技術生產，
11:27
we're producing eight out of the top 10
pharmaceutical products,
pharmaceutical products,
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4280
11:32
including the stuff that you use
to treat arthritis,
to treat arthritis,
251
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2525
包括你用來治療關節炎的
11:34
which is the number one
best-selling drug, Humira.
best-selling drug, Humira.
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2426
第一名暢銷藥──復邁。
11:37
So this lifecode stuff.
253
685985
1451
生物工程這玩意兒。
它真的是種超能力，
11:40
It really is a superpower.
254
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1376
是種設計生命的方法。
11:42
It really is a way of programming stuff,
255
690156
1914
沒有什麼東西，比生物工程
11:44
and there's nothing
that's going to change us
that's going to change us
256
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2557
11:46
more than this lifecode.
257
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2126
更能衝擊我們生活。
11:49
So as you're thinking of lifecode,
258
697597
1981
思考生物工程時，
讓我們用五大原則，
11:51
let's think of five principles
259
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1689
作為我們起步的指引。
11:54
as to how we start guiding,
260
702231
1855
11:56
and I'd love you to give me more.
261
704110
1619
我以此拋磚引玉。
11:58
So, principle number one:
262
706315
1502
原則一：
我們必須扛起用這技術的責任。
12:00
we have to take responsibility
for this stuff.
for this stuff.
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2143
我們必須扛起責任，
12:03
The reason we have to take responsibility
264
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2551
12:05
is because we're in charge.
265
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1361
因為我們是掌控者。
這並非隨機突變。
12:07
These aren't random mutations.
266
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1913
這是我們的行為和選擇。
12:08
This is what we are doing,
what we are choosing.
what we are choosing.
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2303
12:11
It's not, "Stuff happened."
268
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1699
這不是，「啊就發生了啊！」
它不會隨機發生。
12:12
It didn't happen at random.
269
720989
1473
12:14
It didn't come down
by a verdict of somebody else.
by a verdict of somebody else.
270
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2604
它不會是他人的決定。
是我們使用了這技術，
12:17
We engineer this stuff,
271
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1817
12:18
and it's the Pottery Barn rule:
you break it, you own it.
you break it, you own it.
272
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3245
就像賣場裡的原則：
你把東西弄壞了，你就得買。
你把東西弄壞了，你就得買。
原則二：
12:22
Principle number two:
273
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1529
12:24
we have to recognize and celebrate
diversity in this stuff.
diversity in this stuff.
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3128
我們必須體認到多樣性的重要。
12:27
There have been at least
33 versions of hominids
33 versions of hominids
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3134
曾有至少 33 種原始人，
12:30
that have walked around this Earth.
276
738825
1722
遍佈世界各地。
除了我們其他大部分都絕跡了。
12:32
Most all of them went extinct except us.
277
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2306
但正常且自然的狀態，
12:35
But the normal and natural
state of this Earth
state of this Earth
278
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2161
12:37
is we have various versions of humans
walking around at the same time,
walking around at the same time,
279
745989
3387
是地球上同時存在不同人種。
這也是為什麼多數人
有些尼安德塔人的血統。
有些尼安德塔人的血統。
12:41
which is why most of us
have some Neanderthal in us.
have some Neanderthal in us.
280
749400
2657
部分人有些丹尼索瓦人血統。
12:44
Some of us have some Denisova in us.
281
752559
2440
在華府有些人這血統特別濃厚。
（華府與丹尼索瓦洞縮寫同為 D.C.）
（華府與丹尼索瓦洞縮寫同為 D.C.）
12:47
And some in Washington
have a lot more of it.
have a lot more of it.
282
755023
2349
12:49
(Laughter)
283
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2578
（笑聲）
12:51
Principle number three:
284
759998
1885
原則三：
12:53
we have to respect other people's choices.
285
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2165
我們必須尊重別人的選擇。
12:56
Some people will choose to never alter.
286
764608
2275
有些人選擇絕不改造。
12:58
Some people will choose to alter all.
287
766907
1810
有些人選擇改造一切。
有些人選擇改植物，不改動物。
13:00
Some people will choose
to alter plants but not animals.
to alter plants but not animals.
288
768741
2626
有些人選擇改造他們自己。
13:03
Some people will choose
to alter themselves.
to alter themselves.
289
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2051
13:05
Some people will choose
to evolve themselves.
to evolve themselves.
290
773466
2263
有些人選擇讓自己演化。
多樣性並非壞事，
13:07
Diversity is not a bad thing,
291
775753
1569
13:09
because even though we think
of humans as very diverse,
of humans as very diverse,
292
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2642
因為即使我們認為人類非常多樣，
我們離滅種卻曾無比接近，
13:12
we came so close to extinction
293
780012
2285
以致我們都是同一個
非洲母親的後嗣，
非洲母親的後嗣，
13:14
that all of us descend
from a single African mother
from a single African mother
294
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2615
後果就是，
13:16
and the consequence of that
295
784960
1325
光 55 隻非洲的猩猩
所帶有的基因多樣性
所帶有的基因多樣性
13:18
is there's more genetic diversity
in 55 African chimpanzees
in 55 African chimpanzees
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786309
4505
13:22
than there are in seven billion humans.
297
790838
1875
就勝過了 70 億人所帶有的。
原則四：
13:26
Principle number four:
298
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2002
我們應該保留地球的四分之一，
13:29
we should take about
a quarter of the Earth
a quarter of the Earth
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讓生物在這些地方完全自然地演化。
13:31
and only let Darwin run the show there.
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那些地域無須毗鄰，
13:34
It doesn't have to be contiguous,
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13:36
doesn't have to all be tied together.
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也沒必要都綁在一起。
應該有部分海洋，部分陸地。
13:38
It should be part
in the oceans, part on land.
in the oceans, part on land.
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我們不應控制這星球上的
每個演化決定。
每個演化決定。
13:40
But we should not run every
evolutionary decision on this planet.
evolutionary decision on this planet.
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我們要讓人工演化系統運作，
13:44
We want to have
our evolutionary system running.
our evolutionary system running.
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13:46
We want to have Darwin's
evolutionary system running.
evolutionary system running.
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也要讓自然演化系統運作。
13:49
And it's just really important to have
these two things running in parallel
these two things running in parallel
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讓這兩個系統並行真的很重要，
13:53
and not overwhelm evolution.
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不要讓它失衡了。
13:54
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
14:02
Last thing I'll say.
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最後一點：
這是人類史中
最令人興奮的冒險旅程。
最令人興奮的冒險旅程。
14:04
This is the single most exciting
adventure human beings have been on.
adventure human beings have been on.
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這是人類前所未有的強大超能力。
14:07
This is the single greatest superpower
humans have ever had.
humans have ever had.
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14:11
It would be a crime for you
not to participate in this stuff
not to participate in this stuff
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不參與其中並不明智──
14:13
because you're scared of it,
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就因為你害怕它，
就因為你逃避它。
14:15
because you're hiding from it.
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14:17
You can participate in the ethics.
You can participate in the politics.
You can participate in the politics.
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你可以參與它的
道德研討、政策制定，
道德研討、政策制定，
或者是事業經營。
14:20
You can participate in the business.
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你可以想想醫學的未來、
14:22
You can participate in just thinking
about where medicine is going,
about where medicine is going,
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14:25
where industry is going,
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產業的未來，
希望將這個世界引領何處。
14:26
where we're going to take the world.
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14:28
It would be a crime for all of us
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這將是我們所有人的失職──
14:30
not to be aware when somebody
shows up at a swimming pool
shows up at a swimming pool
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若你未曾意識到那個泳池邊的人，
14:34
and says one word, just one word,
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告訴你的那個字，就一個字，
是否就是「生物工程」。
14:37
if you don't listen
if that word is "lifecode."
if that word is "lifecode."
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非常感謝各位。
14:39
Thank you very much.
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（掌聲）
14:41
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Juan Enriquez - FuturistJuan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society.
Why you should listen
A broad thinker who studies the intersections of these fields, Enriquez has a talent for bridging disciplines to build a coherent look ahead. He is the managing director of Excel Venture Management, a life sciences VC firm. He recently published (with Steve Gullans) Evolving Ourselves: How Unnatural Selection and Nonrandom Mutation Are Shaping Life on Earth. The book describes a world where humans increasingly shape their environment, themselves and other species.
Enriquez is a member of the board of Synthetic Genomics, which recently introduced the smallest synthetic living cell. Called “JCVI-syn 3.0,” it has 473 genes (about half the previous smallest cell). The organism would die if one of the genes is removed. In other words, this is the minimum genetic instruction set for a living organism.
Juan Enriquez | Speaker | TED.com