TED Talks Live
Juan Enriquez: We can reprogram life. How to do it wisely
胡安·恩里克斯: 如何睿智地重新编码生命
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40亿年来，地球上的物种的繁衍和灭绝一直遵循着两个原则：自然选择和随机突变。人类的到来改变了一切：杂交植物，喂养动物，改变环境甚至自我进化。胡安·恩里克斯为编译生命能力急剧加强的未来提供了五条原则。“这是人类有史以来最激动人心的冒险。”恩里克斯说，“这是人类拥有过的最大的力量。”
Juan Enriquez - Futurist
Juan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society. Full bio
Juan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So, there's an actor
called Dustin Hoffman.
called Dustin Hoffman.
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有一位演员叫做达斯汀·霍夫曼。
00:16
And years ago, he made this movie
which some of you may have heard of,
which some of you may have heard of,
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几十年前，
他拍了一部电影，你们可能听说过
他拍了一部电影，你们可能听说过
00:19
called "The Graduate."
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叫做《毕业生》。
00:21
And there's two key scenes in that movie.
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电影中有两个关键的场景。
00:24
The first one is the seduction scene.
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一个是勾引的画面。
00:26
I'm not going to talk about that tonight.
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但是这不是我今晚的主题，
00:28
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
00:30
The second scene is where he's taken out
by the old guy to the pool,
by the old guy to the pool,
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在第二个场景中，
他被一位长者带到游泳场边
他被一位长者带到游泳场边
00:34
and as a young college graduate,
the old guy basically says one word,
the old guy basically says one word,
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作为一位毕业生，
长者只对他说了一个词，
长者只对他说了一个词，
00:39
just one word.
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仅仅一个词。
00:41
And of course, all of you know
what that word is.
what that word is.
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当然，你们都知道那个词
00:44
It's "plastics."
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就是“塑料”。
00:45
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
00:47
And the only problem with that is,
it was completely the wrong advice.
it was completely the wrong advice.
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但现在问题是，
他给出的建议完全错了。
他给出的建议完全错了。
00:51
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
00:53
Let me tell you why it was so wrong.
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让我来给你们讲讲为什么错了。
00:55
The word should have been "silicon."
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因为这个词应该是“硅”。
00:58
And the reason it should have been silicon
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为什么说应该是硅呢？
01:00
is because the basic patents
for semiconductors had already been made,
for semiconductors had already been made,
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因为那时半导体的专利
01:05
had already been filed,
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已经得以注册，
01:06
and they were already building them.
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人们已经建立了半导体产业城。
01:08
So Silicon Valley was just
being built in 1967,
being built in 1967,
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所以硅谷就是在1967年建立的，
01:11
when this movie was released.
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正好是这部电影发行的那一年。
01:13
And the year after the movie was released,
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在电影发行的第二年
01:15
Intel was founded.
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因特尔公司成立了。
01:17
So had the graduate heard
the right one word,
the right one word,
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所以说如果这位毕业生
听到了正确的答案，
听到了正确的答案，
01:20
maybe he would have ended up
onstage -- oh, I don't know --
onstage -- oh, I don't know --
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或许他就会和这两位一样
01:23
maybe with these two.
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出现在台上。
01:24
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
01:31
So as you're thinking of that,
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那么，想想看
01:34
let's see what bit of advice
we might want to give
we might want to give
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我们现在会给出什么建议，
01:38
so that your next graduate doesn't become
a Tupperware salesman.
a Tupperware salesman.
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不要让我们的毕业生
最后沦落为特百惠的销售员。
最后沦落为特百惠的销售员。
01:41
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
01:43
So in 2015, what word of advice
would you give people,
would you give people,
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在2015年，
当你把一位毕业生带到游泳池边
当你把一位毕业生带到游泳池边
01:47
when you took a college
graduate out by the pool
graduate out by the pool
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你会说什么词呢，只说一个词，
01:50
and you said one word, just one word?
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你给人们的建议会是什么词呢？
01:52
I think the answer would be "lifecode."
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我想这个答案应该是“生命密码”。
01:55
So what is "lifecode?"
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到底什么是“生命密码”呢？
01:56
Lifecode is the various ways
we have of programming life.
we have of programming life.
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生命密码是我们
为生命编程的各种各样的方式。
为生命编程的各种各样的方式。
01:59
So instead of programming computers,
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也就说我们并非在电脑上编程，
02:01
we're using things to program viruses
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而是运用工具来编译病毒
02:03
or retroviruses or proteins
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逆转录病毒、蛋白质
02:05
or DNA or RNA
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DNA、RNA
02:08
or plants or animals,
or a whole series of creatures.
or a whole series of creatures.
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动植物以及一系列的生物。
02:11
And as you're thinking
about this incredible ability
about this incredible ability
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如各位所想，这项惊人的能力
02:14
to make life do what you want it to do,
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可以让生命按照程序编写的一样
02:16
what it's programmed to do,
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做你想让它做的事
02:18
what you end up doing
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得到你想得到的结果。
02:20
is taking what we've been doing
for thousands of years,
for thousands of years,
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那些已经进行了上千年的事情：
02:23
which is breeding, changing,
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各种生命形式的
02:27
mixing, matching
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繁殖、改变
02:29
all kinds of life-forms,
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杂交、匹配
02:31
and we accelerate it.
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我们加速了这一过程。
02:32
And this is not something new.
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这并不是一件新鲜事
02:34
This humble mustard weed has been modified
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这株芥菜经过了基因修饰，
02:37
so that if you change it in one way,
you get broccoli.
you get broccoli.
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如果你以某种方式进行改变，
它就变成了西兰花。
它就变成了西兰花。
02:40
And if you change it
in a second way, you get kale.
in a second way, you get kale.
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如果你换一种方式，
它就变成了甘蓝。
它就变成了甘蓝。
02:43
And if you change it in a third way,
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如果用第三种方式，
02:45
you get cauliflower.
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得到的就是花椰菜。
02:47
So when you go to these
all-natural, organic markets,
all-natural, organic markets,
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所以当你去纯天然的有机菜场时，
02:51
you're really going to a place
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你所看到的蔬菜
02:52
where people have been changing
the lifecode of plants for a long time.
the lifecode of plants for a long time.
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的生命密码在很久以前就被改变了。
02:57
The difference today,
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如今所不同的
02:58
to pick a completely
politically neutral term --
politically neutral term --
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只是挑一个政治立场上完全中性的词
来形容它。
来形容它。
03:00
[Intelligent design]
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[智能设计]
03:02
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
03:03
We're beginning to practice
intelligent design.
intelligent design.
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我们正在进行智能设计的实践
03:06
That means that instead
of doing this at random
of doing this at random
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这意味着我们不能随意地进行试验
03:09
and seeing what happens over generations,
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然后看看几代后会发生什么。
03:11
we're inserting specific genes,
we're inserting specific proteins,
we're inserting specific proteins,
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我们需要插入
特定的基因和特定的蛋白质，
特定的基因和特定的蛋白质，
03:14
and we're changing lifecode
for very deliberate purposes.
for very deliberate purposes.
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然后根据我们的目的修改生命密码，
03:18
And that allows us to accelerate
how this stuff happens.
how this stuff happens.
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从而加速试验的结果。
03:22
Let me just give you one example.
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让我举个例子。
03:26
Some of you occasionally
might think about sex.
might think about sex.
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你们当中可能有人会偶尔产生性欲。
03:31
And we kind of take it for granted
how we've changed sex.
how we've changed sex.
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我们已经对性爱的改变习以为常。
03:34
So we think it's perfectly normal
and natural to change it.
and natural to change it.
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所以我们认为
这种改变非常正常和自然。
这种改变非常正常和自然。
03:37
What's happened with sex over time is --
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过去，性爱的发生
03:40
normally, sex equals baby, eventually.
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通常来讲，最后就意味着孩子。
03:43
But in today's world,
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但是，在今天的社会，
03:45
sex plus pill equals no baby.
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性+药=没有孩子
03:48
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
03:49
And again, we think
that's perfectly normal and natural,
that's perfectly normal and natural,
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再次强调
我们认为这是很自然很正常的
我们认为这是很自然很正常的
03:52
but that has not been the case
for most of human history.
for most of human history.
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但在人类历史中
几乎没有这样的例子发生，
几乎没有这样的例子发生，
03:55
And it's not the case for animals.
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动物身上也没有。
03:57
What it is does is it gives us control,
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这样的改变让我们摆脱了束缚
03:59
so sex becomes separate from conception.
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因此性和怀孕不再有必然联系。
04:02
And as you're thinking
of the consequences of that,
of the consequences of that,
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你可以想象到这样的结果
04:05
then we've been playing with stuff
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接着我们开始使用一些技术
04:07
that's a little bit more
advanced, like art.
advanced, like art.
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一些先进的技术，比如“艺术”。
04:09
Not in the sense
of painting and sculpture,
of painting and sculpture,
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不是在绘画和雕塑意义上的艺术，
04:11
but in the sense of assisted
reproductive technologies.
reproductive technologies.
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是指辅助生殖技术。
04:17
So what are assisted
reproductive technologies?
reproductive technologies?
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什么是辅助生殖技术呢？
04:19
Assisted reproductive technologies
are things like in vitro fertilization.
are things like in vitro fertilization.
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这是一种类似体外受精的技术。
04:24
And when you do in vitro fertilization,
there's very good reasons to do it.
there's very good reasons to do it.
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有时可能有人无法怀孕
04:27
Sometimes you just
can't conceive otherwise.
can't conceive otherwise.
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那么选择体外受精
无疑是一个好选择。
无疑是一个好选择。
04:31
But when you do that,
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但是通过体外受精
04:32
what you’re doing is separating
sex, conception, baby.
sex, conception, baby.
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性、怀孕和孩子就完全分离开来。
04:37
So you haven't just taken control
of when you have a baby,
of when you have a baby,
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所以你不仅可以决定生孩子的时间，
04:40
you've separated when the baby
and where the baby is fertilized.
and where the baby is fertilized.
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还可以将
受精的时间和地点分离开来。
受精的时间和地点分离开来。
04:44
So you've separated the baby
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所以你可以把孩子和
04:46
from the body from the act.
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身体和性爱都分开。
04:49
And as you're thinking
of other things we've been doing,
of other things we've been doing,
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再举个例子，
04:52
think about twins.
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比如双胞胎。
04:55
So you can freeze sperm,
you can freeze eggs,
you can freeze eggs,
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你可以冻结精子，可以冻结卵子
04:57
you can freeze fertilized eggs.
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你也可以冻结受精卵。
04:59
And what does that mean?
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这意味着什么呢？
05:01
Well, that's a good thing
if you're a cancer patient.
if you're a cancer patient.
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如果你是一位癌症患者，
这绝对是一件好事。
这绝对是一件好事。
05:04
You're about to go under chemotherapy
or under radiation,
or under radiation,
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你即将要接受化疗和放疗，
05:07
so you save these things.
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所以你需要保存生殖细胞或受精卵
05:08
You don't irradiate them.
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这样它们就可以免遭辐射。
05:10
But if you can save them
and you can freeze them,
and you can freeze them,
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但是，如果你可以
保存它们，冻结它们，
保存它们，冻结它们，
05:12
and you can have a surrogate mother,
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甚至可以找一位代孕母亲，
05:14
it means that you've
decoupled sex from time.
decoupled sex from time.
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这就意味着
你可以使性脱离时间的束缚。
你可以使性脱离时间的束缚。
05:17
It means you can have twins
born -- oh, in 50 years?
born -- oh, in 50 years?
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也就是说你可以生下
一对相差50岁的双胞胎？
一对相差50岁的双胞胎？
05:23
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
05:27
In a hundred years?
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或许相差100年？
05:29
Two hundred years?
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200年？
05:31
And these are three
really profound changes
really profound changes
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这些影响深远的改变
05:34
that are not, like, future stuff.
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这并不是将来的东西，
05:36
This is stuff we take for granted today.
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这是我们今天认为理所当然的事情。
05:38
So this lifecode stuff
turns out to be a superpower.
turns out to be a superpower.
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因此生命密码蕴含强大的力量。
05:42
It turns out to be this incredibly
powerful way of changing viruses,
powerful way of changing viruses,
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它以一种难以置信地方式改变病毒，
05:46
of changing plants, of changing animals,
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改变植物，改变动物，
05:49
perhaps even of evolving ourselves.
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甚至可以让我们自己进化。
05:52
It's something that Steve Gullans and I
have been thinking about for a while.
have been thinking about for a while.
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史蒂夫·加兰和我
对于生命密码有过一些思考。
对于生命密码有过一些思考。
05:56
Let's have some risks.
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我们先说一些危险的情况。
05:58
Like every powerful technology,
like electricity, like an automobile,
like electricity, like an automobile,
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就像所有有力的科技一样，
比如电力、汽车
比如电力、汽车
06:02
like computers, this stuff
potentially can be misused.
potentially can be misused.
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还有电脑，
生命密码也可能会被用于歧途。
生命密码也可能会被用于歧途。
06:06
And that scares a lot of people.
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这吓坏了很多人。
06:09
And as you apply these technologies,
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当你在使用这些科技时
06:10
you can even turn human
beings into chimeras.
beings into chimeras.
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你甚至可以把人变成怪物。
06:13
Remember the Greek myth
where you mix animals?
where you mix animals?
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大家记得希腊神话中
动物互相交配么？
动物互相交配么？
06:16
Well, some of these treatments
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有一些治疗的结果
06:18
actually end up changing your blood type.
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甚至会让你改变血型
06:21
Or they'll put male cells
in a female body or vice versa,
in a female body or vice versa,
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或者他们会把男性细胞
和女性细胞放入对方体内，
和女性细胞放入对方体内，
06:26
which sounds absolutely horrible
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听起来无比可怕。
06:27
until you realize, the reason
you're doing that
you're doing that
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其实你发现这就是
06:30
is you're substituting bone marrow
during cancer treatments.
during cancer treatments.
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你在癌症治疗过程中
替换骨髓的过程。
替换骨髓的过程。
06:33
So by taking somebody else's bone marrow,
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从别人身体上得到的骨髓
06:35
you may be changing
some fundamental aspects of yourself,
some fundamental aspects of yourself,
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也许会改变你自己的基本情况，
06:38
but you're also saving your life.
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但同时也救了你的命。
06:40
And as you're thinking about this stuff,
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如果你仔细想想，
06:42
here's something
that happened 20 years ago.
that happened 20 years ago.
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这个技术已经存在20年了。
06:45
This is Emma Ott.
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这是艾玛·奥特。
06:46
She's a recent college admittee.
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她是个在校大学生。
06:49
She's studying accounting.
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她主修会计。
06:51
She played two varsity sports.
She graduated as a valedictorian.
She graduated as a valedictorian.
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她是两种体育的校队成员
还作为学生代表进行了毕业演讲。
还作为学生代表进行了毕业演讲。
06:55
And that's not particularly extraordinary,
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这都没有什么特别的，
06:57
except that she's the first human being
born to three parents.
born to three parents.
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但是她是第一个三亲家庭的孩子。
07:02
Why?
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为什么？
07:03
Because she had a deadly
mitochondrial disease
mitochondrial disease
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因为她很可能通过遗传
得了一种
得了一种
07:05
that she might have inherited.
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线粒体疾病。
07:07
So when you swap out a third person's DNA
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当你把第三个人的DNA
07:09
and you put it in there,
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植入这些人的体内，
07:11
you save the lives of people.
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他们就可以活下来。
07:13
But you also are doing
germline engineering,
germline engineering,
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同时使用生殖工程学的技术，
07:16
which means her kids,
if she has kids, will be saved
if she has kids, will be saved
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如果她有孩子，她的孩子也将
07:20
and won't go through this.
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永远免于这种疾病的侵害。
07:21
And [their] kids will be saved,
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她的后代，
07:23
and their grandchildren will be saved,
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和她的后代的后代
07:25
and this passes on.
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都会被挽救。
07:26
That makes people nervous.
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这让人们紧张。
07:28
So 20 years ago,
the various authorities said,
the various authorities said,
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所以20年前，
很多专家表示
很多专家表示
07:30
why don't we study this for a while?
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为什么我们不先研究一下
再推广这些技术呢？
再推广这些技术呢？
07:33
There are risks to doing stuff,
and there are risks to not doing stuff,
and there are risks to not doing stuff,
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使用这些技术是有风险的
但是不用这些技术问题就会继续，
但是不用这些技术问题就会继续，
07:37
because there were a couple dozen people
saved by this technology,
saved by this technology,
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我们已经使用这些救了很多人。
07:41
and then we've been thinking about it
for the next 20 years.
for the next 20 years.
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我们已经思考了20年。
07:45
So as we think about it,
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这期间我们不停地说：
07:46
as we take the time to say, "Hey,
maybe we should have longer studies,
maybe we should have longer studies,
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3810
“也许我们需要更长时间的研究”，
07:50
maybe we should do this,
maybe we should do that,"
maybe we should do that,"
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“也许我们要做这个
也许要做那个”，
也许要做那个”，
07:52
there are consequences to acting,
and there are consequences to not acting.
and there are consequences to not acting.
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凡事都是有两面性的。
用科技治愈致命的疾病也不例外。
用科技治愈致命的疾病也不例外。
07:57
Like curing deadly diseases --
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治愈致命的疾病
07:59
which, by the way,
is completely unnatural.
is completely unnatural.
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其实是非常反常的。
08:02
It is normal and natural
for humans to be felled
for humans to be felled
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如果人类死于大量的传染病
08:06
by massive epidemics of polio,
of smallpox, of tuberculosis.
of smallpox, of tuberculosis.
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比如脊髓灰质炎，天花，肺结核，
那是非常正常的。
那是非常正常的。
08:10
When we put vaccines into people,
we are putting unnatural things
we are putting unnatural things
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在人体体内疫苗就是一件
08:13
into their body
176
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很不正常的事，
08:15
because we think the benefit
outweighs the risk.
outweighs the risk.
177
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但是我们认为利大于弊。
08:20
Because we've built unnatural plants,
unnatural animals,
unnatural animals,
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因为我们培养了特殊的植株
特殊的动物，
特殊的动物，
08:23
we can feed about seven billion people.
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我们才可以养育这70亿人。
08:26
We can do things
like create new life-forms.
like create new life-forms.
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我们可以创造新的生物
08:30
And as you create new life-forms,
again, that sounds terribly scary
again, that sounds terribly scary
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乍一听创造新生物实在太恐怖
08:33
and terribly bothersome,
182
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1681
太可怕，
08:35
until you realize that those life-forms
live on your dining room table.
live on your dining room table.
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其实你在餐厅的桌子上
就可以看到那些新生物。
就可以看到那些新生物。
08:39
Those flowers you've got
on your dining room table --
on your dining room table --
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餐厅桌子上买回来的鲜花
08:42
there's not a lot
that's natural about them,
that's natural about them,
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2169
和自然完全沾不上边，
08:44
because people have been breeding
the flowers to make this color,
the flowers to make this color,
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3092
因为人类一直在选育固定的颜色
08:47
to be this size, to last for a week.
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固定的尺寸，
以及强大的生存能力。
以及强大的生存能力。
08:49
You don't usually give
your loved one wildflowers
your loved one wildflowers
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你通常不会放野花在这
08:51
because they don't last
a whole lot of time.
a whole lot of time.
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因为它们活不了多久。
08:56
What all this does
190
524532
1238
这一切的一切
08:58
is it flips Darwin completely on his head.
191
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2175
都完全颠覆了达尔文的理论。
09:01
See, for four billion years,
192
529159
1741
40亿年前，
09:02
what lived and died on this planet
depended on two principles:
depended on two principles:
193
530924
3065
地球上生物能否生存
取决于两个原则：
取决于两个原则：
09:06
on natural selection and random mutation.
194
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2524
自然选择和基因突变。
09:10
And so what lived and died,
what was structured,
what was structured,
195
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2627
而这两个原则
09:13
has now been flipped on its head.
196
541167
1683
现在已经被完全颠覆了。
09:16
And what we've done
197
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1199
我们正在
09:17
is created this completely
parallel evolutionary system
parallel evolutionary system
198
545485
2611
创造一个完全并行的进化系统
09:20
where we are practicing unnatural
selection and non-random mutation.
selection and non-random mutation.
199
548120
3329
这个系统里我们尝试着
非自然选择和定向变异。
非自然选择和定向变异。
09:23
So let me explain these things.
200
551473
1695
让我来解释一下：
09:25
This is natural selection.
201
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1389
这是自然选择。
09:27
This is unnatural selection.
202
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1405
这是非自然选择。
09:28
(Laughter)
203
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2622
（笑声）
09:31
So what happens with this stuff is,
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559903
2644
狗这个物种实际上
09:34
we started breeding wolves
thousands of years ago
thousands of years ago
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2714
是几千年前的中亚人通过驯养狼
09:37
in central Asia to turn them into dogs.
206
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2190
得到的物种。
09:39
And then we started
turning them into big dogs
turning them into big dogs
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2294
然后我们开始把狗培育成大狗
09:41
and into little dogs.
208
569841
1751
或者小狗。
09:43
But if you take one of the chihuahuas
209
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1787
但是如果你带着一只第五大街上的
09:45
you see in the Hermès bags on Fifth Avenue
210
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2848
某个爱马仕包里的吉娃娃
09:48
and you let it loose on the African plain,
211
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2657
去非洲平原放生
09:50
you can watch natural selection happen.
212
578980
1984
你就可以看到自然选择的发生。
09:52
(Laughter)
213
580988
2681
（笑声）
09:58
Few things on Earth
are less natural than a cornfield.
are less natural than a cornfield.
214
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2817
地球上没有比玉米地更不自然的了。
10:02
You will never, under any scenario,
walk through a virgin forest
walk through a virgin forest
215
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3573
如果你进入原始森林
你永远不可能看到
你永远不可能看到
10:05
and see the same plant
growing in orderly rows
growing in orderly rows
216
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2685
同一种植株
在同一时刻
在同一时刻
10:08
at the same time,
217
596494
1324
整齐的排列，
10:09
nothing else living there.
218
597842
1611
什么别的植物都没有。
10:12
When you do a cornfield,
219
600398
1159
你在种植玉米的时候，
10:13
you're selecting what lives and what dies.
220
601581
2047
你决定了什么生什么死。
10:16
And you're doing that
through unnatural selection.
through unnatural selection.
221
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2339
你在进行非自然选择。
10:18
It's the same with a wheat field,
it's the same with a rice field.
it's the same with a rice field.
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606443
3137
麦田也一样，稻田也一样，
10:21
It's the same with a city,
it's the same with a suburb.
it's the same with a suburb.
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2615
城市也一样，郊区也一样。
10:24
In fact, half the surface of Earth
224
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1895
事实地球上一半的地区
10:26
has been unnaturally engineered
225
614162
1507
都是人工控制的结果
10:27
so that what lives and what dies
there is what we want,
there is what we want,
226
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3183
这些地区我们决定物种的生死。
10:30
which is the reason why
you don't have grizzly bears
you don't have grizzly bears
227
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2463
所以你不可能在曼哈顿的街区
10:33
walking through downtown Manhattan.
228
621387
1927
看到灰熊走来走去。
10:37
How about this random mutation stuff?
229
625077
1859
基因突变是什么呢？
10:38
Well, this is random mutation.
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626960
1443
这就是基因突变。
10:40
This is Antonio Alfonseca.
231
628427
1340
这是安东尼奥·艾方塞卡，
10:42
He's otherwise known
as the Octopus, his nickname.
as the Octopus, his nickname.
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630350
2711
他还有一个外号叫做章鱼
10:45
He was the Relief Pitcher
of the Year in 2000.
of the Year in 2000.
233
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2274
他是2000年的最佳替补投手。
10:47
And he had a random mutation
that gave him six fingers
that gave him six fingers
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2764
基因突变让他每只手都拥有
10:50
on each hand,
235
638743
2228
六根手指。
10:52
which turns out to be really useful
if you're a pitcher.
if you're a pitcher.
236
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2642
这对他投球帮助很大。
10:55
(Laughter)
237
643661
1640
（笑声）
10:58
How about non-random mutation?
238
646119
1730
那什么是非随机突变呢？
11:00
A non-random mutation is beer.
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648415
2973
啤酒，葡萄酒，酸奶
11:03
It's wine. It's yogurt.
240
651412
1698
都是非随机突变。
11:05
How many times have you walked
through the forest
through the forest
241
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2336
你在森林里走的时候
11:08
and found all-natural cheese?
242
656288
1563
看见一块纯天然的奶酪的几率有多大呢
11:10
Or all-natural yogurt?
243
658859
1243
纯天然酸奶呢？
11:13
So we've been engineering this stuff.
244
661046
1785
这些都是非随机突变的结果。
11:14
Now, the interesting thing is,
245
662855
1468
有趣的是，
11:16
we get to know the stuff better.
246
664347
1618
现在我们对于突变了解的更多了。
11:18
We found one of the single most powerful
gene-editing instruments,
gene-editing instruments,
247
666364
3713
我们在酸奶中发现了
基因编辑的有力武器
基因编辑的有力武器
11:22
CRISPR, inside yogurt.
248
670101
1787
CRISPR。
11:25
And as we start engineering cells,
249
673028
1990
我们开始控制细胞
11:27
we're producing eight out of the top 10
pharmaceutical products,
pharmaceutical products,
250
675042
4280
利用这个工具制造
十种最常用药物中的八种
十种最常用药物中的八种
11:32
including the stuff that you use
to treat arthritis,
to treat arthritis,
251
680246
2525
包括治疗关节炎的
11:34
which is the number one
best-selling drug, Humira.
best-selling drug, Humira.
252
682795
2426
特效药，修美乐。
11:37
So this lifecode stuff.
253
685985
1451
生命密码就是这些东西。
11:40
It really is a superpower.
254
688229
1376
它真的超级强大。
11:42
It really is a way of programming stuff,
255
690156
1914
真的就像在编码生物一样，
11:44
and there's nothing
that's going to change us
that's going to change us
256
692094
2557
再也不会有比生命密码对于人类的改变
11:46
more than this lifecode.
257
694675
2126
更大的改变了。
11:49
So as you're thinking of lifecode,
258
697597
1981
所以在思考生命密码的时候，
11:51
let's think of five principles
259
699602
1689
在开始准备使用它的时候，
11:54
as to how we start guiding,
260
702231
1855
我们要遵守五个原则。
11:56
and I'd love you to give me more.
261
704110
1619
我希望各位可以给我更多启发。
11:58
So, principle number one:
262
706315
1502
原则一：
12:00
we have to take responsibility
for this stuff.
for this stuff.
263
708282
2143
我们要承担对生命密码的责任。
12:03
The reason we have to take responsibility
264
711042
2551
之所以我们要肩负起责任
12:05
is because we're in charge.
265
713617
1361
是因为我们是使用者。
12:07
These aren't random mutations.
266
715002
1913
这不是随机的突变。
12:08
This is what we are doing,
what we are choosing.
what we are choosing.
267
716939
2303
这是我们的选择，我们的工作
12:11
It's not, "Stuff happened."
268
719266
1699
这不是“事情就这样发生了”
12:12
It didn't happen at random.
269
720989
1473
这既不是随机发生的。
12:14
It didn't come down
by a verdict of somebody else.
by a verdict of somebody else.
270
722486
2604
也不会随着
别人的决定而消失。
别人的决定而消失。
12:17
We engineer this stuff,
271
725114
1817
我们制造了它，
12:18
and it's the Pottery Barn rule:
you break it, you own it.
you break it, you own it.
272
726955
3245
根据珀特里·巴恩的原则：
你破坏了规则，你就要对它负责。
你破坏了规则，你就要对它负责。
12:22
Principle number two:
273
730962
1529
原则二：
12:24
we have to recognize and celebrate
diversity in this stuff.
diversity in this stuff.
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732515
3128
我们必须明白并且
鼓励物种的多样性。
鼓励物种的多样性。
12:27
There have been at least
33 versions of hominids
33 versions of hominids
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735667
3134
曾经至少有33种原始人
12:30
that have walked around this Earth.
276
738825
1722
存在于这个世界上。
12:32
Most all of them went extinct except us.
277
740912
2306
除了我们之外绝大多数已经灭绝。
12:35
But the normal and natural
state of this Earth
state of this Earth
278
743804
2161
但是正常情况下的地球
12:37
is we have various versions of humans
walking around at the same time,
walking around at the same time,
279
745989
3387
应该有不同种的人类同时存在
12:41
which is why most of us
have some Neanderthal in us.
have some Neanderthal in us.
280
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2657
这也是为什么很多人有尼安德特人
12:44
Some of us have some Denisova in us.
281
752559
2440
和丹尼索瓦人的特征。
12:47
And some in Washington
have a lot more of it.
have a lot more of it.
282
755023
2349
一些华盛顿的政客好像
有更多类似的特征。
有更多类似的特征。
12:49
(Laughter)
283
757396
2578
（笑声）
12:51
Principle number three:
284
759998
1885
原则三：
12:53
we have to respect other people's choices.
285
761907
2165
尊重他人的选择。
12:56
Some people will choose to never alter.
286
764608
2275
有人选择不改变，
12:58
Some people will choose to alter all.
287
766907
1810
有人选择改变，
13:00
Some people will choose
to alter plants but not animals.
to alter plants but not animals.
288
768741
2626
有人选择改变植物
但是不改变动物，
但是不改变动物，
13:03
Some people will choose
to alter themselves.
to alter themselves.
289
771391
2051
有人选择改变自己。
13:05
Some people will choose
to evolve themselves.
to evolve themselves.
290
773466
2263
有人选择进化自己。
13:07
Diversity is not a bad thing,
291
775753
1569
多样性是好的，
13:09
because even though we think
of humans as very diverse,
of humans as very diverse,
292
777346
2642
尽管我们认为
人类多样性已经很丰富了，
人类多样性已经很丰富了，
13:12
we came so close to extinction
293
780012
2285
但是因为我们来自
同一位非洲母亲的基因，
同一位非洲母亲的基因，
13:14
that all of us descend
from a single African mother
from a single African mother
294
782321
2615
我们也有灭绝的危险。
13:16
and the consequence of that
295
784960
1325
而且它的后果是，
13:18
is there's more genetic diversity
in 55 African chimpanzees
in 55 African chimpanzees
296
786309
4505
55只非洲黑猩猩的基因的多样性
13:22
than there are in seven billion humans.
297
790838
1875
都比70亿人类丰富得多。
13:26
Principle number four:
298
794254
2002
原则四：
13:29
we should take about
a quarter of the Earth
a quarter of the Earth
299
797079
2000
我们应该让四分之一的世界
13:31
and only let Darwin run the show there.
300
799780
2280
遵循达尔文的原则。
13:34
It doesn't have to be contiguous,
301
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1601
这四分之一的世界不用连在一起，
13:36
doesn't have to all be tied together.
302
804606
1774
也不用被绑定在一起看待。
13:38
It should be part
in the oceans, part on land.
in the oceans, part on land.
303
806404
2206
但是要有部分的海洋和部分的陆地。
13:40
But we should not run every
evolutionary decision on this planet.
evolutionary decision on this planet.
304
808634
3383
我们不应该决定
地球上每一个物种的进化。
地球上每一个物种的进化。
13:44
We want to have
our evolutionary system running.
our evolutionary system running.
305
812474
2438
我们需要我们的进化系统的运行。
13:46
We want to have Darwin's
evolutionary system running.
evolutionary system running.
306
814936
2577
我们也需要达尔文进化系统的运行。
13:49
And it's just really important to have
these two things running in parallel
these two things running in parallel
307
817537
3676
我们需要两个系统并行
13:53
and not overwhelm evolution.
308
821237
1517
而不是压倒性的人工进化。
13:54
(Applause)
309
822778
4110
（掌声）
14:02
Last thing I'll say.
310
830307
1394
最后我想说，
14:04
This is the single most exciting
adventure human beings have been on.
adventure human beings have been on.
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这是人类有史以来
最激动人心的冒险。
最激动人心的冒险。
14:07
This is the single greatest superpower
humans have ever had.
humans have ever had.
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这是人类拥有过的最大的力量。
14:11
It would be a crime for you
not to participate in this stuff
not to participate in this stuff
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如果因为你害怕
因为你想逃避
因为你想逃避
14:13
because you're scared of it,
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从而错过了参与进来的机会，
14:15
because you're hiding from it.
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这将是令你遗憾终生的事。
14:17
You can participate in the ethics.
You can participate in the politics.
You can participate in the politics.
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你可以从伦理的角度参与进来
你可以从政治的角度参与进来
你可以从政治的角度参与进来
14:20
You can participate in the business.
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你可以从商业的角度参与进来
14:22
You can participate in just thinking
about where medicine is going,
about where medicine is going,
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你可以仅仅通过思考
制药业和工业的未来
制药业和工业的未来
14:25
where industry is going,
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通过思考我们和世界如何共处
14:26
where we're going to take the world.
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而参与进来。
14:28
It would be a crime for all of us
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如果有人出现在游泳池
14:30
not to be aware when somebody
shows up at a swimming pool
shows up at a swimming pool
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告诉我们了一个词，仅仅一个词
如果那个词是“生命密码”
如果那个词是“生命密码”
14:34
and says one word, just one word,
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如果我们没有听，没有注意
14:37
if you don't listen
if that word is "lifecode."
if that word is "lifecode."
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那么这将是全人类的遗憾。
14:39
Thank you very much.
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非常感谢。
14:41
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Juan Enriquez - FuturistJuan Enriquez thinks and writes about the profound changes that genomics and other life sciences will bring in business, technology, politics and society.
Why you should listen
A broad thinker who studies the intersections of these fields, Enriquez has a talent for bridging disciplines to build a coherent look ahead. He is the managing director of Excel Venture Management, a life sciences VC firm. He recently published (with Steve Gullans) Evolving Ourselves: How Unnatural Selection and Nonrandom Mutation Are Shaping Life on Earth. The book describes a world where humans increasingly shape their environment, themselves and other species.
Enriquez is a member of the board of Synthetic Genomics, which recently introduced the smallest synthetic living cell. Called “JCVI-syn 3.0,” it has 473 genes (about half the previous smallest cell). The organism would die if one of the genes is removed. In other words, this is the minimum genetic instruction set for a living organism.
Juan Enriquez | Speaker | TED.com