TED2016
Mariano Sigman: Your words may predict your future mental health
Mariano Sigman: As túas palabras poderían predicir a túa futura saúde mental
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Pode a forma en que falas e escribes hoxe predicir o teu estado mental futuro? Incluso o comezo dunha psicose? Nesta fascinante charla, o neurocientífico Mariano Sigman reflexiona acerca da Grecia clásica e as orixes da introspección para investigar como as nosas palabras amosan a nosa vida interior e explica con detalle un algoritmo de mapeamento de palabras que podería predicir o desenvolvemento da esquizofrenia. "Poderíamos ver no futuro unha forma diferente de saúde mental," di Sigman, "baseada na análise obxectiva, cuantitativa e automatizada das palabras que escribimos, das palabras que pronunciamos."
Mariano Sigman - Neuroscientist
In his provocative, mind-bending book "The Secret Life of the Mind," neuroscientist Mariano Sigman reveals his life’s work exploring the inner workings of the human brain. Full bio
In his provocative, mind-bending book "The Secret Life of the Mind," neuroscientist Mariano Sigman reveals his life’s work exploring the inner workings of the human brain. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
We have historical records that allow us
to know how the ancient Greeks dressed,
to know how the ancient Greeks dressed,
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Existen rexistros históricos
que nos permiten saber
que nos permiten saber
como vestían os antigos gregos,
como vivían,
00:18
how they lived,
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00:19
how they fought ...
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como loitaban...
00:21
but how did they think?
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mais, como pensaban?
00:23
One natural idea is that the deepest
aspects of human thought --
aspects of human thought --
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Unha idea natural é que os aspectos máis
profundos do pensamento humano
profundos do pensamento humano
--a nosa capacidade para imaxinar,
00:27
our ability to imagine,
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00:29
to be conscious,
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para sermos conscientes,
00:31
to dream --
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para soñar--
00:32
have always been the same.
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foron sempre os mesmos.
00:34
Another possibility
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Outra posibilidade
00:36
is that the social transformations
that have shaped our culture
that have shaped our culture
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é que as transformacións sociais
que deran forma á nosa cultura
que deran forma á nosa cultura
00:40
may have also changed
the structural columns of human thought.
the structural columns of human thought.
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puideran cambiar tamén as columnas
estruturais do pensamento humano.
estruturais do pensamento humano.
00:44
We may all have different
opinions about this.
opinions about this.
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Pode que todos teñamos opinións
diferentes sobre isto.
diferentes sobre isto.
00:47
Actually, it's a long-standing
philosophical debate.
philosophical debate.
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Realmente, trátase
dun vello debate filosófico.
dun vello debate filosófico.
00:50
But is this question
even amenable to science?
even amenable to science?
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No entanto, pode abordarse
esta pregunta desde a ciencia?
esta pregunta desde a ciencia?
00:54
Here I'd like to propose
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Gustaríame propoñer que,
00:57
that in the same way we can reconstruct
how the ancient Greek cities looked
how the ancient Greek cities looked
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do mesmo xeito que recreamos o
aspecto das antigas cidades gregas
aspecto das antigas cidades gregas
01:02
just based on a few bricks,
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a partir duns cantos ladrillos,
01:04
that the writings of a culture
are the archaeological records,
are the archaeological records,
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vexamos os escritos dunha cultura
como os rexistros arqueolóxicos,
como os rexistros arqueolóxicos,
01:08
the fossils, of human thought.
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os fósiles do pensamento humano.
01:11
And in fact,
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E, de feito,
01:13
doing some form of psychological analysis
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facendo algún tipo de análise psicolóxica
01:15
of some of the most ancient
books of human culture,
books of human culture,
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dalgúns dos libros máis antigos
da cultura humana,
da cultura humana,
01:18
Julian Jaynes came up in the '70s
with a very wild and radical hypothesis:
with a very wild and radical hypothesis:
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Julian Jaynes suxeriu nos 70
unha hipótese tan arriscada como radical:
unha hipótese tan arriscada como radical:
01:24
that only 3,000 years ago,
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que hai só 3.000 anos,
01:27
humans were what today
we would call schizophrenics.
we would call schizophrenics.
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os humanos eran
o que hoxe chamaríamos esquizofrénicos.
o que hoxe chamaríamos esquizofrénicos.
01:33
And he made this claim
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E fixo esta afirmación
01:35
based on the fact that the first
humans described in these books
humans described in these books
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baseándose en que os primeiros humanos
descritos neses libros
descritos neses libros
01:38
behaved consistently,
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comportábanse de xeito sistemático
01:40
in different traditions
and in different places of the world,
and in different places of the world,
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nas diferentes tradicións
e lugares do mundo,
e lugares do mundo,
01:43
as if they were hearing and obeying voices
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como se escoitasen e obedecesen voces
01:47
that they perceived
as coming from the Gods,
as coming from the Gods,
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que eles crían que procedían dos Deuses,
01:50
or from the muses ...
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ou das musas...
01:52
what today we would call hallucinations.
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e que hoxe chamariamos alucinacións.
01:55
And only then, as time went on,
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E só máis tarde, co paso do tempo,
01:58
they began to recognize
that they were the creators,
that they were the creators,
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comezaron a recoñecer
que eles mesmos eran os creadores,
que eles mesmos eran os creadores,
02:02
the owners of these inner voices.
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os donos daquelas voces interiores.
02:05
And with this, they gained introspection:
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E a partir disto, gañaron introspección:
02:08
the ability to think
about their own thoughts.
about their own thoughts.
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a capacidade de pensar
sobre os propios pensamentos.
sobre os propios pensamentos.
02:11
So Jaynes's theory is that consciousness,
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Así que a teoría de Jaynes
é que a consciencia,
é que a consciencia,
02:15
at least in the way we perceive it today,
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polo menos da forma
en que a percibimos hoxe,
en que a percibimos hoxe,
02:18
where we feel that we are the pilots
of our own existence --
of our own existence --
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sentindo que somos pilotos
na nosa propia existencia,
na nosa propia existencia,
02:21
is a quite recent cultural development.
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é un avance cultural bastante recente.
02:25
And this theory is quite spectacular,
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E esta teoría é formidable,
mais ten un problema obvio
02:27
but it has an obvious problem
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que é o feito de estar construída
sobre uns poucos exemplos moi específicos.
sobre uns poucos exemplos moi específicos.
02:28
which is that it's built on just a few
and very specific examples.
and very specific examples.
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02:33
So the question is whether the theory
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De xeito que a pregunta é se a teoría
02:34
that introspection built up in human
history only about 3,000 years ago
history only about 3,000 years ago
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de que a introspección desenvolvida
na historia humana hai só 3.000 anos
na historia humana hai só 3.000 anos
02:39
can be examined in a quantitative
and objective manner.
and objective manner.
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se pode examinar desde un punto de vista
cuantitativo e obxectivo.
cuantitativo e obxectivo.
02:43
And the problem of how
to go about this is quite obvious.
to go about this is quite obvious.
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E o problema de como abordar
isto é bastante obvio.
isto é bastante obvio.
02:47
It's not like Plato woke up one day
and then he wrote,
and then he wrote,
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Non é coma se Platón se erguese
un día e logo escribise.
un día e logo escribise.
02:50
"Hello, I'm Plato,
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"Ola, son Platón,
e desde hoxe, teño unha conciencia
completamente introspectiva."
completamente introspectiva."
02:52
and as of today, I have
a fully introspective consciousness."
a fully introspective consciousness."
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02:55
(Laughter)
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(Risas)
02:57
And this tells us actually
what is the essence of the problem.
what is the essence of the problem.
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E isto, en verdade, dinos
cal é a esencia do problema.
cal é a esencia do problema.
03:01
We need to find the emergence
of a concept that's never said.
of a concept that's never said.
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Temos que atopar a emerxencia
dun concepto que nunca foi dito.
dun concepto que nunca foi dito.
03:06
The word introspection
does not appear a single time
does not appear a single time
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A palabra "introspección"
non aparece nin unha soa vez
non aparece nin unha soa vez
03:10
in the books we want to analyze.
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nos libros que queremos analizar.
03:13
So our way to solve this
is to build the space of words.
is to build the space of words.
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Así que a nosa forma de resolvelo
foi construír o espazo das palabras.
foi construír o espazo das palabras.
03:18
This is a huge space
that contains all words
that contains all words
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Este é un gran espazo
que contén todas as palabras
que contén todas as palabras
03:21
in such a way that the distance
between any two of them
between any two of them
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dispostas de modo
que a distancia entre dúas delas
que a distancia entre dúas delas
03:24
is indicative of how
closely related they are.
closely related they are.
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é indicativa do estreitamente
relacionadas que están.
relacionadas que están.
03:28
So for instance,
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Por exemplo,
03:29
you want the words "dog" and "cat"
to be very close together,
to be very close together,
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un espera que as palabras
"can" e "gato" estean moi próximas,
"can" e "gato" estean moi próximas,
03:32
but the words "grapefruit" and "logarithm"
to be very far away.
to be very far away.
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e que "pomelo" e "logaritmo"
estean moi separadas.
estean moi separadas.
03:36
And this has to be true
for any two words within the space.
for any two words within the space.
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E isto débese cumprir para cada
par de palabras dentro do espazo.
par de palabras dentro do espazo.
03:41
And there are different ways
that we can construct the space of words.
that we can construct the space of words.
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E podemos construír o espazo das palabras
de diferentes maneiras.
de diferentes maneiras.
Unha é preguntándolles aos expertos,
03:44
One is just asking the experts,
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03:46
a bit like we do with dictionaries.
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un pouco como facemos cos dicionarios.
03:48
Another possibility
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Outra posibilidade
03:50
is following the simple assumption
that when two words are related,
that when two words are related,
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é seguir a simple suposición de que
cando dúas palabras están relacionadas
cando dúas palabras están relacionadas
03:54
they tend to appear in the same sentences,
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tenden a aparecer nas mesmas frases,
03:56
in the same paragraphs,
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nos mesmos parágrafos,
03:57
in the same documents,
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nos mesmos documentos,
03:59
more often than would be expected
just by pure chance.
just by pure chance.
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máis veces das que se esperaría
por simple casualidade.
por simple casualidade.
04:04
And this simple hypothesis,
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E esta sinxela hipótese,
04:06
this simple method,
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este simple método,
04:07
with some computational tricks
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cunha serie de trucos computacionais
04:09
that have to do with the fact
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relacionados co feito
04:10
that this is a very complex
and high-dimensional space,
and high-dimensional space,
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de que este é un espazo complexo
e de gran dimensión,
e de gran dimensión,
04:13
turns out to be quite effective.
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resultou ser moi efectivo.
04:16
And just to give you a flavor
of how well this works,
of how well this works,
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E para darvos unha mostra
do ben que funciona,
do ben que funciona,
04:18
this is the result we get when
we analyze this for some familiar words.
we analyze this for some familiar words.
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este é o resultado conseguido cando
analizamos algunhas palabras familiares.
analizamos algunhas palabras familiares.
04:23
And you can see first
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Podedes ver primeiro
04:24
that words automatically organize
into semantic neighborhoods.
into semantic neighborhoods.
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que as palabras se organizan
automaticamente en campos semánticos.
automaticamente en campos semánticos.
04:28
So you get the fruits, the body parts,
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Velaí as froitas, as partes do corpo,
as partes do ordenador,
os termos científicos...
os termos científicos...
04:30
the computer parts,
the scientific terms and so on.
the scientific terms and so on.
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04:33
The algorithm also identifies
that we organize concepts in a hierarchy.
that we organize concepts in a hierarchy.
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O algoritmo tamén identifica
que organizamos conceptos en xerarquías.
que organizamos conceptos en xerarquías.
04:37
So for instance,
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Por exemplo,
04:39
you can see that the scientific terms
break down into two subcategories
break down into two subcategories
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podedes ver que os termos científicos
se distribúen en dúas subcategorías
se distribúen en dúas subcategorías
04:42
of the astronomic and the physics terms.
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de termos astronómicos e físicos.
04:45
And then there are very fine things.
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E logo temos cousas moi sutís.
04:47
For instance, the word astronomy,
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Por exemplo, a palabra astronomía,
04:49
which seems a bit bizarre where it is,
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que parece ter unha disposición estraña,
04:51
is actually exactly where it should be,
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está exactamente onde debería,
04:53
between what it is,
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entre o que é,
04:55
an actual science,
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unha ciencia real,
04:56
and between what it describes,
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e entre o que describe,
04:57
the astronomical terms.
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os termos astronómicos.
05:00
And we could go on and on with this.
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E poderiamos seguir e seguir con isto.
05:02
Actually, if you stare
at this for a while,
at this for a while,
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En verdade, se ollades para isto un anaco,
05:04
and you just build random trajectories,
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e unides traxectorias aleatoriamente,
05:06
you will see that it actually feels
a bit like doing poetry.
a bit like doing poetry.
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veredes que se parece
un pouco a facer poesía.
un pouco a facer poesía.
05:10
And this is because, in a way,
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Pasa isto porque, dalgún xeito,
05:11
walking in this space
is like walking in the mind.
is like walking in the mind.
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camiñar por este espazo
é como camiñar pola mente.
é como camiñar pola mente.
05:16
And the last thing
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E por último,
05:17
is that this algorithm also identifies
what are our intuitions,
what are our intuitions,
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este algoritmo tamén identifica
cales son as nosas intuicións,
cales son as nosas intuicións,
05:21
of which words should lead
in the neighborhood of introspection.
in the neighborhood of introspection.
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sobre que palabras deberían ir primeiro
ao campo da introspección.
ao campo da introspección.
05:25
So for instance,
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Así, por exemplo,
05:26
words such as "self," "guilt,"
"reason," "emotion,"
"reason," "emotion,"
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palabras como "eu," "culpa,"
"razón," "emoción,"
"razón," "emoción,"
05:30
are very close to "introspection,"
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están moi preto de "introspección,"
05:32
but other words,
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mentres que outras,
05:33
such as "red," "football,"
"candle," "banana,"
"candle," "banana,"
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como "vermello," "fútbol,"
"candea," "plátano"
"candea," "plátano"
05:36
are just very far away.
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están moi lonxe.
05:38
And so once we've built the space,
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E unha vez que construímos o espazo,
05:40
the question of the history
of introspection,
of introspection,
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a pregunta sobre a historia
da introspección,
da introspección,
05:43
or of the history of any concept
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ou sobre a historia de calquera concepto
05:46
which before could seem abstract
and somehow vague,
and somehow vague,
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que antes parecía abstracta e
dalgún xeito difusa,
dalgún xeito difusa,
05:50
becomes concrete --
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vólvese concreta,
05:52
becomes amenable to quantitative science.
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é abordable desde a ciencia cuantitativa.
05:56
All that we have to do is take the books,
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Todo o que temos que facer é
coller os libros,
coller os libros,
05:59
we digitize them,
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dixitalizalos,
06:00
and we take this stream
of words as a trajectory
of words as a trajectory
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e tomar este fluxo de palabras
como unha traxectoria,
como unha traxectoria,
06:03
and project them into the space,
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proxectándoo no espazo,
06:05
and then we ask whether this trajectory
spends significant time
spends significant time
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e logo preguntármonos se esta traxectoria
pasa un tempo significativo
pasa un tempo significativo
06:09
circling closely to the concept
of introspection.
of introspection.
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circulando preto do concepto
de introspección.
de introspección.
06:12
And with this,
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E con isto,
06:13
we could analyze
the history of introspection
the history of introspection
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poderiamos analizar
a historia da introspección
a historia da introspección
06:16
in the ancient Greek tradition,
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na tradición da antiga Grecia,
06:18
for which we have the best
available written record.
available written record.
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da cal temos o mellor rexistro
escrito dispoñible.
escrito dispoñible.
06:21
So what we did is we took all the books --
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Así que o que fixemos foi
coller todos os libros,
coller todos os libros,
06:23
we just ordered them by time --
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ordenámolos cronoloxicamente,
e de cada libro collemos as palabras
06:26
for each book we take the words
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e proxectámolas no espazo,
06:27
and we project them to the space,
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06:29
and then we ask for each word
how close it is to introspection,
how close it is to introspection,
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logo miramos o cerca
que cada palabra estaba da introspección,
que cada palabra estaba da introspección,
e fixemos unha media.
06:33
and we just average that.
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06:34
And then we ask whether,
as time goes on and on,
as time goes on and on,
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Despois preguntámonos se,
a medida que pasaba o tempo,
a medida que pasaba o tempo,
06:37
these books get closer,
and closer and closer
and closer and closer
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eses libros se achegaban máis e máis
06:41
to the concept of introspection.
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ao concepto da introspección.
06:42
And this is exactly what happens
in the ancient Greek tradition.
in the ancient Greek tradition.
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E isto é exactamente o que sucede
na tradición da Grecia antiga.
na tradición da Grecia antiga.
06:47
So you can see that for the oldest books
in the Homeric tradition,
in the Homeric tradition,
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Pódese ver que, dentro dos libros
máis antigos na tradición homérica
máis antigos na tradición homérica
06:50
there is a small increase with books
getting closer to introspection.
getting closer to introspection.
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hai unha pequena aproximación
á introspección.
á introspección.
06:54
But about four centuries before Christ,
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Pero uns catro séculos antes de Cristo,
06:56
this starts ramping up very rapidly
to an almost five-fold increase
to an almost five-fold increase
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comeza a despegar rapidamente
ata case quintuplicarse
ata case quintuplicarse
07:01
of books getting closer,
and closer and closer
and closer and closer
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a aproximación paulatina dos libros
07:03
to the concept of introspection.
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ao concepto de introspección.
07:06
And one of the nice things about this
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E algo bo disto
é que agora podémonos preguntar
07:08
is that now we can ask
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07:09
whether this is also true
in a different, independent tradition.
in a different, independent tradition.
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se isto tamén é certo nunha tradición
diferente e independente.
diferente e independente.
07:14
So we just ran this same analysis
on the Judeo-Christian tradition,
on the Judeo-Christian tradition,
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Así que empregamos esta mesma análise
na tradición xudeocristiá,
na tradición xudeocristiá,
07:18
and we got virtually the same pattern.
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e obtivemos virtualmente o mesmo patrón.
07:21
Again, you see a small increase
for the oldest books in the Old Testament,
for the oldest books in the Old Testament,
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De novo, un pequeno aumento nos libros
máis antigos do Antigo Testamento,
máis antigos do Antigo Testamento,
07:26
and then it increases much more rapidly
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e logo un aumento moito máis rápido
07:28
in the new books of the New Testament.
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nos libros do Novo Testamento.
07:30
And then we get the peak of introspection
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E logo chegamos ó cumio da introspección
07:32
in "The Confessions of Saint Augustine,"
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n’as “Confesións de Santo Agostiño”,
07:34
about four centuries after Christ.
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uns catrocentos anos despois de Cristo.
07:36
And this was very important,
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E isto foi moi importante,
07:38
because Saint Augustine
had been recognized by scholars,
had been recognized by scholars,
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porque Santo Agostiño
foi recoñecido por eruditos,
foi recoñecido por eruditos,
07:42
philologists, historians,
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filólogos, historiadores,
07:44
as one of the founders of introspection.
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como un dos fundadores da instrospección.
07:47
Actually, some believe him to be
the father of modern psychology.
the father of modern psychology.
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En verdade, algúns considérano
o pai da psicoloxía moderna.
o pai da psicoloxía moderna.
07:51
So our algorithm,
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Así que o noso algoritmo,
07:52
which has the virtue
of being quantitative,
of being quantitative,
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que ten a virtude de ser cuantitativo,
07:55
of being objective,
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de ser obxectivo,
07:57
and of course of being extremely fast --
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e, por suposto, sumamente veloz
07:59
it just runs in a fraction of a second --
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--opera nunha fracción de segundo--
08:01
can capture some of the most
important conclusions
important conclusions
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pode captar algunhas
das conclusións máis importantes
das conclusións máis importantes
08:05
of this long tradition of investigation.
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desta longa tradición de investigación.
08:08
And this is in a way
one of the beauties of science,
one of the beauties of science,
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E isto é dalgún xeito
unha das belezas da ciencia,
unha das belezas da ciencia,
08:11
which is that now this idea
can be translated
can be translated
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que é que agora esta idea pode trasladarse
08:15
and generalized to a whole lot
of different domains.
of different domains.
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e estenderse a moitos dominios distintos.
08:18
So in the same way that we asked
about the past of human consciousness,
about the past of human consciousness,
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Así que do mesmo xeito que preguntamos
sobre o pasado da percepción humana,
sobre o pasado da percepción humana,
08:23
maybe the most challenging question
we can pose to ourselves
we can pose to ourselves
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quizais a pregunta máis complicada
que podemos formularnos
que podemos formularnos
08:26
is whether this can tell us something
about the future of our own consciousness.
about the future of our own consciousness.
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é se isto pode contarnos algo
sobre o futuro da nosa propia consciencia.
sobre o futuro da nosa propia consciencia.
08:31
To put it more precisely,
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Dito de forma máis precisa,
08:33
whether the words we say today
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se as palabras que pronunciamos hoxe
08:35
can tell us something
of where our minds will be in a few days,
of where our minds will be in a few days,
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poden dicir algo sobre onde estarán
as nosas mentes nuns cantos días,
as nosas mentes nuns cantos días,
08:40
in a few months
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nuns cantos meses
08:41
or a few years from now.
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ou nuns cantos anos.
08:43
And in the same way many of us
are now wearing sensors
are now wearing sensors
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E da mesma forma en que moitos de nós
levamos sensores
levamos sensores
que nos miden o ritmo cardíaco,
08:46
that detect our heart rate,
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08:48
our respiration,
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a respiración,
08:49
our genes,
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os xenes,
coa esperanza de que poida axudarnos
a previr enfermidades,
a previr enfermidades,
08:51
on the hopes that this may
help us prevent diseases,
help us prevent diseases,
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podemos preguntarnos se monitorizando
e analizando as palabras que dicimos,
e analizando as palabras que dicimos,
08:55
we can ask whether monitoring
and analyzing the words we speak,
and analyzing the words we speak,
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08:58
we tweet, we email, we write,
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chiamos, enviamos por correo, escribimos,
09:01
can tell us ahead of time whether
something may go wrong with our minds.
something may go wrong with our minds.
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estas poden indicar antes de tempo
se algo vai ir mal nas nosas mentes.
se algo vai ir mal nas nosas mentes.
09:07
And with Guillermo Cecchi,
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E canda Guillermo Cecchi,
09:08
who has been my brother in this adventure,
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o meu irmán nesta aventura,
09:11
we took on this task.
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fixémonos cargo desta tarefa.
09:14
And we did so by analyzing
the recorded speech of 34 young people
the recorded speech of 34 young people
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E fixémolo analizando
o discurso gravado de 34 mozos
o discurso gravado de 34 mozos
09:19
who were at a high risk
of developing schizophrenia.
of developing schizophrenia.
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que tiñan un alto risco
de desenvolver esquizofrenia.
de desenvolver esquizofrenia.
09:23
And so what we did is,
we measured speech at day one,
we measured speech at day one,
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O que fixemos foi medir
o discurso no día un,
o discurso no día un,
e logo preguntarnos se as propiedades
dese discurso poderían predicir,
dese discurso poderían predicir,
09:26
and then we asked whether the properties
of the speech could predict,
of the speech could predict,
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09:29
within a window of almost three years,
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nun intervalo de case tres anos,
09:32
the future development of psychosis.
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o futuro desenvolvemento da psicose.
09:35
But despite our hopes,
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Pero malia as nosas expectativas,
09:37
we got failure after failure.
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acadamos un fracaso tras outro.
09:41
There was just not enough
information in semantics
information in semantics
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Non había información
suficiente na semántica
suficiente na semántica
09:45
to predict the future
organization of the mind.
organization of the mind.
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coma para predicir
a futura organización da mente.
a futura organización da mente.
09:48
It was good enough
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Era boa dabondo
09:50
to distinguish between a group
of schizophrenics and a control group,
of schizophrenics and a control group,
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para distinguir entre un grupo
de esquizofrénicos e un grupo de control,
de esquizofrénicos e un grupo de control,
09:54
a bit like we had done
for the ancient texts,
for the ancient texts,
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como fixeramos cos textos antigos,
09:57
but not to predict the future
onset of psychosis.
onset of psychosis.
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mais non para predicir
o inicio dunha psicose.
o inicio dunha psicose.
10:01
But then we realized
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Porén, decatámonos
10:02
that maybe the most important thing
was not so much what they were saying,
was not so much what they were saying,
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de que quizais o máis importante
non era o que estaban a dicir,
non era o que estaban a dicir,
10:07
but how they were saying it.
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senón como o dicían.
10:09
More specifically,
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Máis especificamente,
non se trataba do campo semántico
ao que pertencían as palabras,
ao que pertencían as palabras,
10:10
it was not in which semantic
neighborhoods the words were,
neighborhoods the words were,
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10:13
but how far and fast they jumped
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senón do lonxe e rápido que saltaban
10:16
from one semantic neighborhood
to the other one.
to the other one.
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dun campo semántico a outro.
10:19
And so we came up with this measure,
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Así que elaboramos esta medida,
denominada "coherencia semántica",
10:21
which we termed semantic coherence,
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10:23
which essentially measures the persistence
of speech within one semantic topic,
of speech within one semantic topic,
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que basicamente mide a persistencia
da fala dentro dun tema semántico,
da fala dentro dun tema semántico,
10:28
within one semantic category.
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nunha categoría semántica.
10:31
And it turned out to be
that for this group of 34 people,
that for this group of 34 people,
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E resultou que neste grupo de 34 persoas,
10:35
the algorithm based on semantic
coherence could predict,
coherence could predict,
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o algoritmo baseado
na coherencia semántica puido predicir,
na coherencia semántica puido predicir,
10:39
with 100 percent accuracy,
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2500
cunha precisión do 100 por cento,
10:41
who developed psychosis and who will not.
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quen desenvolvería psicose e quen non.
10:44
And this was something
that could not be achieved --
that could not be achieved --
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E isto foi algo que non se puido conseguir
10:47
not even close --
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--nin por aproximación--
10:49
with all the other
existing clinical measures.
existing clinical measures.
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con ningunha
das medidas clínicas existentes.
das medidas clínicas existentes.
10:54
And I remember vividly,
while I was working on this,
while I was working on this,
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E recordo vividamente,
mentres traballaba nisto,
mentres traballaba nisto,
10:58
I was sitting at my computer
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estaba eu sentado diante do ordenador
11:00
and I saw a bunch of tweets by Polo --
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e vin uns cantos chíos de Polo
11:03
Polo had been my first student
back in Buenos Aires,
back in Buenos Aires,
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--Polo fora o meu primeiro estudante
en Bos Aires,
en Bos Aires,
e naquel momento
estaba a vivir en Nova York
estaba a vivir en Nova York
11:06
and at the time
he was living in New York.
he was living in New York.
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11:08
And there was something in this tweets --
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E había algo nos seus chíos
11:10
I could not tell exactly what
because nothing was said explicitly --
because nothing was said explicitly --
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--non era quen de dicir o que,
non había nada explícito--
non había nada explícito--
11:14
but I got this strong hunch,
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pero tiven un forte presentimento,
11:16
this strong intuition,
that something was going wrong.
that something was going wrong.
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unha forte intuición,
de que algo non ía ben.
de que algo non ía ben.
11:20
So I picked up the phone,
and I called Polo,
and I called Polo,
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Así que collín o teléfono e chameino,
11:23
and in fact he was not feeling well.
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e era certo, non se sentía ben.
11:25
And this simple fact,
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E este simple feito,
11:27
that reading in between the lines,
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este ler entre liñas,
11:29
I could sense,
through words, his feelings,
through words, his feelings,
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este sentir, a través das palabras,
os seus sentimentos,
os seus sentimentos,
11:34
was a simple, but very
effective way to help.
effective way to help.
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foi unha forma de axudar
sinxela, pero moi efectiva.
sinxela, pero moi efectiva.
11:37
What I tell you today
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O que vos digo hoxe
11:39
is that we're getting
close to understanding
close to understanding
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é que estamos preto de comprender
11:42
how we can convert this intuition
that we all have,
that we all have,
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como converter esta intuición
que todos temos,
que todos temos,
11:46
that we all share,
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que todos compartimos,
11:47
into an algorithm.
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nun algoritmo.
11:50
And in doing so,
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E, ao facelo,
11:51
we may be seeing in the future
a very different form of mental health,
a very different form of mental health,
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poderiamos ver no futuro
unha forma moi diferente de saúde mental,
unha forma moi diferente de saúde mental,
11:56
based on objective, quantitative
and automated analysis
and automated analysis
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baseada nunha análise obxectiva,
cuantitativa e automatizada
cuantitativa e automatizada
12:01
of the words we write,
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das palabras que escribimos,
12:03
of the words we say.
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das palabras que dicimos.
12:05
Gracias.
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Grazas.
12:06
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mariano Sigman - NeuroscientistIn his provocative, mind-bending book "The Secret Life of the Mind," neuroscientist Mariano Sigman reveals his life’s work exploring the inner workings of the human brain.
Why you should listen
Mariano Sigman, a physicist by training, is a leading figure in the cognitive neuroscience of learning and decision making. Sigman was awarded a Human Frontiers Career Development Award, the National Prize of Physics, the Young Investigator Prize of "College de France," the IBM Scalable Data Analytics Award and is a scholar of the James S. McDonnell Foundation. In 2016 he was made a Laureate of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.
In The Secret Life of the Mind, Sigman's ambition is to explain the mind so that we can understand ourselves and others more deeply. He shows how we form ideas during our first days of life, how we give shape to our fundamental decisions, how we dream and imagine, why we feel certain emotions, how the brain transforms and how who we are changes with it. Spanning biology, physics, mathematics, psychology, anthropology, linguistics, philosophy and medicine, as well as gastronomy, magic, music, chess, literature and art, The Secret Life of the Mind revolutionizes how neuroscience serves us in our lives, revealing how the infinity of neurons inside our brains manufacture how we perceive, reason, feel, dream and communicate.
Mariano Sigman | Speaker | TED.com