TEDMED 2012
Jonathan Eisen: Meet your microbes
Jonathan Eisen: Upoznajte svoje mikrobe
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Naša su tijela prekrivena morem mikroba -- patogenima od kojih se možemo razboljeti kao i "dobrim" mikrobima, o kojima znamo manje, koji nam možda pomažu da ostanemo zdravi. Na TEDMED-u, mikrobiolog Jonathan Eisen govori o onome što znamo, uključujući i neke iznenađujuće načine da se ti dobri mikrobi iskoriste.
Jonathan Eisen - Biologist
Jonathan Eisen studies the ecology and evolution of microbial communities -- and their co-evolution with their hosts. Full bio
Jonathan Eisen studies the ecology and evolution of microbial communities -- and their co-evolution with their hosts. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'm going to start with a little story.
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Započet ću jednom pričicom.
00:14
So, I grew up in this neighborhood. When I was 15 years old,
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Dakle, odrastao sam u jednom susjedstvu. Kada mi je bilo 15 godina,
00:17
I went from being what I think was a strapping young athlete,
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kao jedan čvrsti, mladi sportaš
00:21
over four months, slowly wasting away until
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počeo sam kopniti te sam kroz četiri mjeseca
00:25
I was basically a famine victim
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praktički počeo umirati od gladi
00:27
with an unquenchable thirst.
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i od neutažive žeđi.
00:29
I had basically digested away my body.
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Zapravo sam probavljao vlastito tijelo.
00:33
And this all came to a head when I was on a backpacking trip,
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Sve je kulminiralo na jednom planinarskom izletu,
00:37
my first one ever actually, on Old Rag Mountain
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mom prvom ikada, na Old Rag Mountain u Zapadnoj Virginiji,
00:39
in West Virginia, and was putting my face into puddles
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gdje sam gurao glavu u lokvice vode
00:43
of water and drinking like a dog.
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i pio iz njih poput psa.
00:45
That night, I was taken into the emergency room
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Te noći su me odvezli na hitnu pomoć
00:50
and diagnosed as a type 1 diabetic in full-blown ketoacidosis.
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i dijagnosticirali mi dijabetes tipa 1 i uznapredovalu ketoacidozu.
00:54
And I recovered, thanks to the miracles of modern medicine,
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Oporavio sam se, zahvaljujući čudima moderne medicine,
01:00
insulin and other things, and gained all my weight back and more.
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inzulinu i drugim stvarima, te povratio svoju težinu i dobio još koju kilu više.
01:05
And something festered inside me after this happened.
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I nešto se zagnojilo u meni nakon što se to dogodilo.
01:11
What I thought about was, what caused the diabetes?
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Ono o čemu sam razmišljao bilo je, što je prouzrokovalo dijabetes?
01:14
You see, diabetes is an autoimmune disease
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Vidite, dijabetes je autoimuna bolest,
01:16
where your body fights itself, and at the time people thought
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tijelo napada samo sebe, a u to su vrijeme ljudi mislili
01:19
that somehow maybe exposure to a pathogen
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da izlaganje patogenima nekako možda
01:22
had triggered my immune system to fight the pathogen
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može potaknuti imunosni sustav da se bori protiv patogena
01:27
and then kill the cells that make insulin.
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i tako uništi stanice koje proizvode inzulin.
01:29
And this is what I thought for a long period of time,
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I sam sam dugo vremena isto mislio,
01:31
and that's in fact what medicine and people have focused on quite a bit,
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i na to su se ljudi i medicina jako fokusirali,
01:35
the microbes that do bad things.
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na mikrobe koji rade loše stvari.
01:38
And that's where I need my assistant here now.
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U ovom trenutku potrebna mi je moja asistentica.
01:41
You may recognize her.
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Možda ćete je prepoznati.
01:44
So, I went yesterday, I apologize, I skipped a few of the talks,
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Dakle, otišao sam jučer, ispričavam se, ali preskočio sam par govora,
01:49
and I went over to the National Academy of Sciences building,
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i posjetio zgradu Nacionalne akademije znanosti
01:52
and they sell toys, giant microbes.
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gdje prodaju igračke, ogromne mikrobe.
01:57
And here we go!
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I idemo!
02:00
So you have caught flesh-eating disease if you caught that one.
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Pokupili ste bakteriju koja jede meso, ako ste uhvatili ovu igračku.
02:05
I gotta get back out my baseball ability here.
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Moram se prisjetiti svojih bejzbolskih sposobnosti.
02:10
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:13
So, unfortunately or not surprisingly, most of the microbes
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Dakle, nažalost, iako ne iznenađuje, većina mikroba koje prodaju
02:20
they sell at the National Academy building are pathogens.
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u Nacionalnoj akademiji znanosti su patogeni organizmi.
02:23
Everybody focuses on the things that kill us,
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Svi se usredotočuju na stvari koje nas ubijaju,
02:26
and that's what I was focusing on.
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i na to sam se fokusirao i ja.
02:28
And it turns out that we are covered in a cloud of microbes,
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A ispada da smo mi prekriveni oblakom mikroba
02:32
and those microbes actually do us good much of the time,
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i ti su mikrobi zapravo većinu vremena dobri za nas,
02:37
rather than killing us.
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a ne smrtonosni.
02:38
And so, we've known about this for some period of time.
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I tako, to nam je već neko vrijeme poznato.
02:41
People have used microscopes to look at the microbes that cover us,
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Ljudi se koriste mikroskopima da bi promatrali mikrobe koji nas pokrivaju,
02:45
I know you're not paying attention to me, but ...
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znam da ne obraćate pažnju na mene, ali...
02:46
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:49
The microbes that cover us.
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Promatrali su mikrobe koji nas prekrivaju.
02:50
And if you look at them in the microscope,
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I ako ih promatrate kroz mikroskop,
02:54
you can see that we actually have 10 times as many cells
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vidjeti ćete da mi zapravo imamo 10 puta više stanica
02:57
of microbes on us as we have human cells.
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koje pripadaju mikrobima nego vlastitih.
03:01
There's more mass in the microbes than the mass of our brain.
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Masa mikroba veća je od mase našeg mozga.
03:05
We are literally a teeming ecosystem of microorganisms.
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Mi smo doslovno ekosistem prepun mikroorganizama.
03:10
And unfortunately, if you want to learn about the microorganisms,
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Nažalost, ukoliko želite učiti o mikroorganizmima,
03:14
just looking at them in a microscope is not sufficient.
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samo promatranje kroz mikroskop nije dovoljno.
03:16
And so we just heard about the DNA sequencing.
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Upravo smo čuli o sekvenciranju DNK.
03:19
It turns out that one of the best ways to look at microbes
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Ispada da je jedan od najboljih načina promatranja
03:22
and to understand them is to look at their DNA.
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i razumijevanja mikroba promatranje njihove DNK.
03:24
And that's what I've been doing for 20 years,
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I to je ono čime se ja bavim već 20 godina,
03:26
using DNA sequencing, collecting samples from various places,
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koristim sekvenciranje DNK, skupljam uzorke s različitih mjesta,
03:30
including the human body, reading the DNA sequence
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uključujući i ljudsko tijelo, čitam sekvence DNK
03:33
and then using that DNA sequencing to tell us about
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i onda koristim te sekvence DNK da bismo doznali više
03:36
the microbes that are in a particular place.
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o mikrobima koji se nalaze na određenom mjestu.
03:38
And what's amazing, when you use this technology,
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Ono što je zadivljujuće jest da, kada koristite tu tehnologiju
03:41
for example, looking at humans, we're not just covered
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kod, na primjer, promatranja ljudskog tijela, vidimo da nismo samo pokriveni
03:44
in a sea of microbes.
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morem mikroba.
03:45
There are thousands upon thousands of different kinds of microbes on us.
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Postoje na tisuće i tisuće različitih vrsta mikroba na nama.
03:50
We have millions of genes of microbes in our human
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Imamo milijune gena mikroba u našem ljudskom
03:55
microbiome covering us.
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mikrobiomu koji nas prekrivaju.
03:57
And so this microbial diversity differs between people,
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Ta mikrobna raznolikost razlikuje se od čovjeka do čovjeka
04:01
and what people have been thinking about in the last 10,
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i ono o čemu su ljudi razmišljali zadnjih 10,
04:04
maybe 15 years is, maybe these microbes,
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možda 15 godina jest da su možda ti mikrobi,
04:07
this microbial cloud in and on us,
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taj mikrobni oblak u i na nama,
04:09
and the variation between us, may be responsible
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i razlike među nama, možda odgovorni
04:13
for some of the health and illness differences between us.
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za razlike u našem zdravlju.
04:16
And that comes back to the diabetes story I was telling you.
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I ponovo se vraćam na svoju priču o dijabetesu.
04:19
It turns out that people now think that one of the triggers
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Sada se misli da jedan od okidača
04:23
for type 1 diabetes is not fighting a pathogen,
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dijabetesa tipa 1 nije borba protiv patogena,
04:25
but is in fact trying to -- miscommunicating with the microbes
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već je to u biti loša komunikacija s mikrobima
04:30
that live in and on you.
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koji žive u i na vama.
04:31
And somehow maybe the microbial community that's
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I nekako je možda ta moja zajednica mikroba
04:34
in and on me got off, and then this triggered some sort
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nestala pa je to prouzročilo neki vrstu
04:38
of immune response and led to me killing the cells
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imunosnog odgovora i dovelo do toga da sam ubijam stanice
04:40
that make insulin in my body.
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koje u mom tijelu proizvode inzulin.
04:42
And so what I want to tell you about for a few minutes is,
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Ono što vam želim reći u nekoliko minuta
04:45
what people have learned using DNA sequencing techniques
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jest što su ljudi naučili koristeći tehnologiju sekvenciranja DNK
04:49
in particular, to study the microbial cloud
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da bi proučavali oblak mikroba
04:53
that lives in and on us.
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koji živi u i na nama.
04:54
And I want to tell you a story about a personal project.
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I želim vam ispričati priču o osobnom projektu.
04:57
My first personal experience with studying the microbes
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Moje prvo iskustvo proučavanja mikroba
05:00
on the human body actually came from a talk that I gave,
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na ljudskom tijelu zapravo je proizašlo iz jednog mog predavanja,
05:04
right around the corner from here at Georgetown.
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ovdje iza ugla, u Georgetownu.
05:06
I gave a talk, and a family friend who happened to be
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Držao sam govor, a jedan obiteljski prijatelj,
05:09
the Dean of Georgetown Medical School was at the talk,
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dekan Medicinskog fakulteta u Georgetownu, koji je slušao govor,
05:11
and came up to me afterwards saying, they were doing
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prišao mi je nakon predavanja i rekao da rade studiju
05:14
a study of ileal transplants in people.
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o transplataciji tankog crijeva kod ljudi.
05:17
And they wanted to look at the microbes after the transplants.
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I željeli su promatrati mikrobe nakon transplatacije.
05:21
And so I started a collaboration with this person,
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I tako smo započeli suradnju,
05:24
Michael Zasloff and Thomas Fishbein, to look at the microbes
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Michael Zasloff, Thomas Fishbein i ja, promatrali smo mikrobe
05:27
that colonized these ilea after they were transplanted into a recipient.
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koji su kolonizirali tanko crijevo nakon što je transplantirano u tijelo primatelja.
05:32
And I can tell you all the details about the microbial study
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I mogu vam reći detalje naše mikrobne studije
05:35
that we did there, but the reason I want to tell you this story
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koju smo napravili, ali razlog zbog kojeg vam ovo govorim
05:37
is something really striking that they did at the beginning
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je nešto zaista izuzetno što su oni napravili na početku
05:40
of this project.
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ovog projekta.
05:42
They take the donor ileum, which is filled with microbes from a donor
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Uzeli bi tanko crijevo donora, koje je prepuno njegovih mikroba,
05:46
and they have a recipient who might have a problem
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i jednog primatelja koji možda ima problem
05:48
with their microbial community, say Crohn's disease,
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sa vlastitom mikrobnom zajednicom, npr. Crohnovu bolest,
05:51
and they sterilized the donor ileum.
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i sterilizirali bi tanko crijevo donora.
05:54
Cleaned out all the microbes, and then put it in the recipient.
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Očistili bi ga od mikroba i onda stavili u tijelo primatelja.
05:59
They did this because this was common practice
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To je bila uobičajena praksa u medicini
06:01
in medicine, even though it was obvious
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iako je bilo očito
06:04
that this was not a good idea.
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da to nije bila baš dobra ideja.
06:07
And fortunately, in the course of this project,
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Na svu sreću, tijekom tog projekta,
06:10
the transplant surgeons and the other people
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kirurzi i ostalo osoblje odlučili su
06:12
decided, forget common practice. We have to switch.
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da će zaboraviti uobičajenu praksu. Odlučili su se za promjenu.
06:17
So they actually switched to leaving some of the microbial
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Odlučili su ostaviti neke zajednice mikroba u tankom crijevu.
06:21
community in the ileum. They leave the microbes with the donor,
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Ostavljaju mikrobe na doniranom organu
06:25
and theoretically that might help the people who are
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i u teoriji bi to moglo pomoći ljudima
06:28
receiving this ileal transplant.
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koji primaju tanko crijevo.
06:30
And so, people -- this is a study that I did now.
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I tako, ljudi -- ovo je studija koju sam znao.
06:34
In the last few years there's been a great expansion
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U zadnjih nekoliko godina došlo je do velike ekspanzije
06:36
in using DNA technology to study the microbes in and on people.
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u korištenju DNK tehnologije pri proučavanju mikroba u i na ljudima.
06:40
There's something called the Human Microbiome Project
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Postoji nešto što se zove Projekt ljudskog mikrobioma,
06:42
that's going on in the United States,
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koji se odvija u SAD-u,
06:44
and MetaHIT going on in Europe, and a lot of other projects.
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MetaHIT u Europi i mnogi drugi projekti.
06:46
And when people have done a variety of studies,
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I kada su ljudi napravili mnoge studije,
06:50
they have learned things such as, when a baby is
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naučili su stvari poput, npr., kada se rodi dijete
06:53
born, during vaginal delivery you get colonized by the
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tijekom normalnog vaginalnog porođaja koloniziraju ga
06:56
microbes from your mother.
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mikrobi njegove majke.
06:57
There are risk factors associated with cesarean sections,
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Postoje faktori rizika povezani sa carskim rezom.
07:00
some of those risk factors may be due to mis-colonization
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neki od kojih mogu biti povezani s činjenicom da
07:04
when you carve a baby out of its mother
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kada izvadite dijete iz majčine utrobe, dolazi do kolonizacije krivim mikrobima,
07:07
rather than being delivered through the birth canal.
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za razliku od normalnog poroda kroz rodnicu.
07:10
And a variety of other studies have shown that the
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Mnoge su studije pokazale da
07:13
microbial community that lives in and on us
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mikrobna zajednica koja živi u i na nama
07:15
helps in development of the immune system,
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pomaže razvoju imunosnog sustava,
07:17
helps in fighting off pathogens, helps in our metabolism,
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pomaže nam u borbi protiv patogena, pomaže našem metabolizmu
07:22
and determining our metabolic rate, probably
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i određuju naš metabolizam, vjerojatno
07:25
determines our odor, and may even shape our behavior
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određuje naš miris, a možda oblikuje i naše ponašanje
07:28
in a variety of ways.
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na više različitih načina.
07:30
And so, these studies have documented or suggested
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I tako su te studije zabilježile
07:33
out of a variety of important functions for the microbial community,
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mnoge važne funkcije koje ima mikrobna zajednica,
07:38
this cloud, the non-pathogens that live in and on us.
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taj oblak ne-patogena koji žive u i na nama.
07:42
And one area that I think is very interesting,
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Jedno područje koje smatram jako zanimljivim,
07:46
which many of you may have now that we've thrown
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a mnogi od vas ga imaju sada kada smo bacili
07:48
microbes into the crowd, is something that I would call "germophobia."
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mikrobe među vas, a to je "strah od klica".
07:52
So people are really into cleanliness, right?
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Ljudi su opsjednuti čistoćom, zar ne?
07:55
We have antibiotics in our kitchen counters,
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Držimo antibiotike u kuhinjskim ormarićima,
07:57
people are washing every part of them all of the time,
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stalno peremo svaki dio svog tijela,
08:00
we pump antibiotics into our food, into our communities,
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dodajemo antibiotike u našu hranu, u naše zajednice,
08:05
we take antibiotics excessively.
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pretjerujemo s uzimanjem antibiotika.
08:08
And killing pathogens is a good thing if you're sick,
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Ubijanje patogena je dobra stvar ako ste bolesni,
08:12
but we should understand that when we pump chemicals
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no trebali bismo znati da kada svoj svijet punimo kemikalijama
08:15
and antibiotics into our world, that we're also killing
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i antibioticima, tada također ubijamo
08:18
the cloud of microbes that live in and on us.
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i oblak mikroba koji živi u i na nama.
08:20
And excessive use of antibiotics, in particular in children,
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Pretjerana uporaba antibiotika, posebno u djece,
08:23
has been shown to be associated with, again, risk factors
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dokazano povećava rizik
08:26
for obesity, for autoimmune diseases, for a variety
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za pretilost, autoimune bolesti, i pojavu čitavog niza problema
08:31
of problems that are probably due to disruption
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koji se javljaju najvjerojatnije zbog poremećaja
08:33
of the microbial community.
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u mikrobnoj zajednici.
08:36
So the microbial community can go wrong
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Dakle, mikrobna ravnoteža se može poremetiti,
08:39
whether we want it to or not,
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željeli mi to ili ne,
08:41
or we can kill it with antibiotics,
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ili je mi možemo ubiti antibioticima,
08:43
but what can we do to restore it?
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ali kako je možemo obnoviti?
08:45
I'm sure many people here have heard about probiotics.
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Siguran sam da je mnogo ljudi čulo za probiotike.
08:48
Probiotics are one thing that you can try and do to restore
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Probiotici su jedan način kojim možetepokušati obnoviti
08:51
the microbial community that is in and on you.
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zajednicu mikroba u i na vama.
08:54
And they definitely have been shown to be effective in some cases.
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I definitivno su se pokazali učinkovitima u nekim slučajevima.
08:57
There's a project going on at UC Davis where people are using
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Na Kalifornijskom sveučilištu Davis u tijeku je projekt u kojem ljudi
09:00
probiotics to try and treat, prevent,
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uzimaju probiotike kako bi pokušali tretirati i spriječiti
09:03
necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants.
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nekrotični enterokolitis u nedonoščadi.
09:06
Premature infants have real problems with their microbial community.
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Nedonoščad ima ozbiljan problem sa svojom mikrobnom zajednicom.
09:09
And it may be that probiotics can help prevent
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I možda probiotici mogu pomoći u sprječavanju
09:12
the development of this horrible necrotizing enterocolitis
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razvoja ovog užasnog oboljenja
09:15
in these premature infants.
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kod prijevremeno rođene djece
09:16
But probiotics are sort of a very, very simple solution.
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No, probiotici su zapravo jako, jako jednostavno rješenje.
09:20
Most of the pills that you can take or the yogurts that you can eat
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Većina tableta ili jogurta koje možete popiti
09:24
have one or two species in them, maybe five species in them,
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sadrži jednu ili dvije vrste bakterija u sebi, možda pet,
09:28
and the human community is thousands upon thousands of species.
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a ljudska zajednica se sastoji od tisuća i tisuća različitih vrsta.
09:32
So what can we do to restore our microbial community
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Što, dakle, možemo napraviti da bismo obnovili mikrobnu zajednicu
09:36
when we have thousands and thousands of species on us?
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kada na nama imamo na tisuće i tisuće vrsta?
09:39
Well, one thing that animals seem to do is,
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Pa, jedna od stvari koju, čini se, rade životinje jest to
09:42
they eat poo -- coprophagia.
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da jedu izmet -- koprofagija.
09:46
And it turns out that many veterinarians,
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I ispada da mnogi veterinari,
09:51
old school veterinarians in particular,
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posebno oni "stare škole",
09:53
have been doing something called "poo tea,"
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pripremaju nešto što se zove "čaj od kakice",
09:55
not booty, but poo tea, to treat colic and other
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čaj, koji koriste za liječenje kolika i drugih bolesti
10:01
ailments in horses and cows and things like that,
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konja, krava i slično.
10:05
where you make tea from the poo from a healthy
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Čaj napravite od kakice zdrave životinje
10:09
individual animal and you feed it to a sick animal.
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i onda ga date bolesnoj životinji.
10:12
Although, unless you have a fistulated cow with a big hole in its side,
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Iako, osim ako imate kravu sa velikom fistulom na boku
10:16
and you can put your hand into its rumen,
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pa možete staviti ruku u njen burag,
10:19
it's hard to imagine that the delivery of microbes
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teško je zamisliti da je dostava mikroba
10:22
directly into the mouth and through the entire
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direktno u usta i kroz cijeli
10:25
top of the digestive tract is the best delivery system,
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gornji probavni sustav najbolji način dostavljanja,
10:29
so you may have heard in people they are now doing
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tako da ste možda čuli da ljudi sada rade
10:33
fecal transplants, where rather than delivering
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fekalne transplantacije, u kojima, umjesto da se
10:38
a couple of probiotic microbes through the mouth,
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nekoliko probitičkih mikroba unosi oralno,
10:40
they are delivering a community of probiotics,
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zajednica probiotika, zajednica mikroba
10:43
a community of microbes from a healthy donor,
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dostavlja se od zdravog donora
10:46
through the other end.
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kroz drugi kraj.
10:48
And this has turned out to be very effective in fighting
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I ispostavilo se da je to jako učinkovito u borbi protiv
10:51
certain intransigent infectious diseases
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nekih upornih infektivnih bolesti
10:54
like Clostridium difficile infections that can stay
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kao, npr., infekcije bakterijom Clostridium difficile koje ljudi imaju
10:58
with people for years and years and years.
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godinama i godinama.
11:00
Transplants of the feces, of the microbes from the feces,
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Transplantacija izmeta, odnosno mikroba iz izmeta,
11:05
from a healthy donor has actually been shown to cure
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iz zdravog donora dokazano liječi
11:07
systemic C. dif infections in some people.
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sistemske Clostridium difficile infekcije u nekih ljudi.
11:10
Now what these transplants, these fecal transplants, or
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Ono što meni te transplantacije, transplantacije izmeta
11:16
the poo tea suggest to me, and many other people
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ili čaj od kakice govore, a i mnogi drugi ljudi su došli
11:21
have come up with this same idea, is that
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do iste ideje, jest to
11:22
the microbial community in and on us, it's an organ.
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da je ta mikrobna zajednica u i na nama, zapravo je jedan organ.
11:26
We should view it as a functioning organ, part of ourselves.
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Trebali bismo na nju gledati kao na funkcionalni organ, dio nas samih.
11:31
We should treat it carefully and with respect,
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Trebali bismo se prema njemu odnositi pažljivo i s poštovanjem,
11:35
and we do not want to mess with it, say by C-sections
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i ne igrati se njime, na primjer, sa carskim rezovima
11:39
or by antibiotics or excessive cleanliness,
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ili antibioticima ili pretjeranom čistoćom,
11:44
without some real good justification.
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bez nekakvog posebnog opravdanja.
11:47
And what the DNA sequencing technologies are allowing people to do now
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Ono što nam tehnologija skvenciranja DNK danas omogućava
11:51
is do detailed studies of, say, 100 patients who have Crohn's disease
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jest da napravimo detaljnu studiju na, recimo, 100 pacijenata sa Crohnovom bolesti
11:58
and 100 people who don't have Crohn's disease.
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i na 100 ljudi koji nemaju Crohnovu bolest.
12:00
Or 100 people who took antibiotics when they were little,
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Ili 100 ljudi koji su uzimali antibiotike kada su bili mali,
12:04
and 100 people who did not take antibiotics.
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i 100 ljudi koji ih nisu uzimali.
12:07
And we can now start to compare the community of microbes
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I sada možemo početi uspoređivati zajednicu mikroba
12:11
and their genes and see if there are differences.
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i njihove gene i vidjeti postoje li razlike.
12:14
And eventually we may be able to understand if they're not
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I jednom ćemo možda razumijeti jesu li te razlike
12:17
just correlative differences, but causative.
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samo korelativne ili su i uzročne.
12:20
Studies in model systems like mouse and other animals
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Studije na miševima i drugim životinjama
12:24
are also helping do this, but people are now using
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nam također u tome pomažu, ali ljudi sada koriste
12:27
these technologies because they've gotten very cheap,
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te tehnologije zato što su postale veoma jeftine,
12:29
to study the microbes in and on a variety of people.
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da bi proučavali mikrobe u i na različitim ljudima.
12:33
So, in wrapping up, what I want to tell you about is,
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Dakle, da zaključim, nisam vam još ispričao jedan
12:38
I didn't tell you a part of the story of coming down with diabetes.
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dio priče o tome kako sam obolio od dijabetesa.
12:41
It turns out that my father was an M.D.,
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Moj otac je bio doktor medicine,
12:44
actually studied hormones. I told him many times
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zapravo je proučavao hormone. Mnogo bih mu puta rekao
12:48
that I was tired, thirsty, not feeling very good.
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kako sam umoran, žedan, da se ne osjećam dobro.
12:53
And he shrugged it off, I think he either thought
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No, samo bi slegnuo ramenima, mislim da je mislio
12:56
I was just complaining a lot, or it was the typical
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da se previše žalim, ili je to bio tipičan stav doktora medicine:
12:59
M.D. "nothing can be wrong with my children."
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"S mojom je djecom sve u redu."
13:02
We even went to the International Society of Endocrinology
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Čak smo svi zajedno, kao obitelj, otišli na susret
13:05
meeting as family in Quebec.
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Međunarodnog endokrilnološkog društva u Quebecu.
13:07
And I was getting up every five minutes to pee,
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Ja bih se ustajao svakih pet minuta da bih piškio,
13:12
and drinking everybody's water at the table,
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i popio svu vodu sa stola,
13:15
and I think they all thought I was a druggie.
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a oni su mislili da se drogiram.
13:18
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
13:20
But the reason I'm telling you this is that
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Razlog zbog kojeg vam ovo pričam jest taj
13:22
the medical community, my father as an example,
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da medicinska zajednica, uzmite mog oca za primjer,
13:25
sometimes doesn't see what's right in front of their eyes.
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nekad ne vidi ono što joj je ispred nosa.
13:28
The microbial cloud, it is right in front of us.
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Mikrobni oblak je ravno ispred nas.
13:32
We can't see it most of the time. It's invisible.
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Većinu vremena ga ne možemo vidjeti. Nevidljiv je.
13:35
They're microbes. They're tiny.
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To su mikrobi. Sitni su.
13:36
But we can see them through their DNA,
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Ali, možemo ih vidjeti kroz njihovu DNK,
13:39
we can see them through the effects that they have on people.
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kroz utjecaj koji imaju na ljude.
13:43
And what we need now
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I trebali bismo početi
13:44
is to start thinking about this microbial community in the context
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razmišljati o toj mikrobnoj zajednici u kontekstu
13:48
of everything in human medicine.
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svega u ljudskoj medicini.
13:50
It doesn't mean that it affects every part of us,
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To ne znači da utječe na svaki dio nas,
13:53
but it might.
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ali bi moglo.
13:55
What we need is a full field guide to the microbes
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I treba nam cijeli vodič kroz mikrobe
13:59
that live in and on people, so that we can understand
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koji žive u i na ljudima, tako da bismo razumjeli
14:02
what they're doing to our lives.
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njihovu ulogu u našim životima.
14:05
We are them. They are us.
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Mi smo oni. Oni su mi.
14:08
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
14:10
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Eisen - BiologistJonathan Eisen studies the ecology and evolution of microbial communities -- and their co-evolution with their hosts.
Why you should listen
Research in Jonathan Eisen's lab focuses on the “phylogenomics of novelty” in microbes. Among their major research themes are:
• the genomic basis for the origin and evolution of new functions
• the ecology and evolution of microbial communities
• the co-evolution of microbes and their carrying vessels (i.e., hosts)
• variation in “evolvability”
• the development of phylogeny driven computational tools to analyze genomic and metagenomic sequence data.
Eisen is also a strong proponent of the Open Access movement in scientific publishing and is Academic Editor in Chief of PLoS Biology. Dr. Eisen is also an active and award-winning science blogger on The Tree of Life. For recent news see @phylogenomics.
Jonathan Eisen | Speaker | TED.com