TED2015
Greg Gage: How to control someone else's arm with your brain
Greg Gage: Bagaimana mengendalikan lengan orang lain dengan otak Anda
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Greg Gage sedang dalam misi membuat ilmu pengetahuan tentang otak terjangkau bagi semua. Dalam demonstrasi yang menyenangkan dan unik ini, sang ahli saraf dan Anggota Senior TED menggunakan sebuah alat rakitan sendiri yang sederhana dan tidak mahal untuk mengambil alih kehendak bebas seorang pemirsa. Ini bukan tipuan murahan; ini benar-benar terjadi. Anda harus menyaksikan untuk percaya.
Greg Gage - Neuroscientist
TED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards. Full bio
TED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:14
The brain is an amazing and complex organ.
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Otak merupakan sebuah organ rumit
yang mengagumkan.
yang mengagumkan.
00:17
And while many people
are fascinated by the brain,
are fascinated by the brain,
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Meski ia memesona banyak orang,
tak banyak yang dapat mereka katakan
00:20
they can't really tell you that much
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00:21
about the properties
about how the brain works
about how the brain works
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tentang cara kerjanya
00:24
because we don't teach
neuroscience in schools.
neuroscience in schools.
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karena ilmu saraf
tidak diajarkan di sekolah.
tidak diajarkan di sekolah.
00:26
And one of the reasons
why is that the equipment
why is that the equipment
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Salah satu sebabnya adalah
karena peralatannya
karena peralatannya
00:28
is so complex and so expensive
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terlalu kompleks dan mahal
00:31
that it's really only done at major
universities and large institutions.
universities and large institutions.
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sehingga ilmu ini hanya dipelajari
di universitas atau institusi besar.
di universitas atau institusi besar.
00:35
And so in order to be able
to access the brain,
to access the brain,
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Karena itu, untuk dapat
meneliti otak manusia,
meneliti otak manusia,
00:37
you really need to dedicate your life
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Anda betul-betul harus berdedikasi
00:39
and spend six and a half years
as a graduate student
as a graduate student
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dan melalui enam setengah tahun
studi pasca sarjana
studi pasca sarjana
demi menjadi seorang ahli saraf
agar bisa memakai peralatan ini.
agar bisa memakai peralatan ini.
00:42
just to become a neuroscientist
to get access to these tools.
to get access to these tools.
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00:45
And that's a shame
because one out of five of us,
because one out of five of us,
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Betapa sayangnya
karena satu dari lima orang,
karena satu dari lima orang,
00:47
that's 20 percent of the entire world,
will have a neurological disorder.
will have a neurological disorder.
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berarti 20 persen dari populasi dunia,
akan memiliki masalah saraf.
akan memiliki masalah saraf.
00:51
And there are zero cures
for these diseases.
for these diseases.
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Dan tidak ada penawar bagi penyakit saraf.
00:54
And so it seems that
what we should be doing
what we should be doing
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Jadi yang seharusnya kita lakukan adalah
00:57
is reaching back earlier
in the eduction process
in the eduction process
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mengajarkan neurologi lebih awal
dalam tahap pendidikan
dalam tahap pendidikan
00:59
and teaching students about neuroscience
so that in the future,
so that in the future,
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agar di masa mendatang
01:04
they may be thinking about possibly
becoming a brain scientist.
becoming a brain scientist.
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para siswa bisa tertarik untuk
menjadi seorang ahli otak.
menjadi seorang ahli otak.
Ketika sedang sekolah pasca sarjana,
saya dan rekan lab saya, Tim Marzullo,
saya dan rekan lab saya, Tim Marzullo,
01:08
When I was a graduate student,
my lab mate Tim Marzullo and myself,
my lab mate Tim Marzullo and myself,
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01:11
decided that what if we took
this complex equipment that we have
this complex equipment that we have
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berpikir bagaimana jika
peralatan kompleks yang kami miliki
peralatan kompleks yang kami miliki
01:15
for studying the brain and made it simple
enough and affordable enough
enough and affordable enough
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untuk mempelajari otak disederhanakan
dan harganya dibuat terjangkau
dan harganya dibuat terjangkau
01:19
that anyone that you know, an amateur
or a high school student,
or a high school student,
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sehingga semua orang,
baik seorang amatir maupun pelajar SMU,
baik seorang amatir maupun pelajar SMU,
01:22
could learn and actually participate
in the discovery of neuroscience.
in the discovery of neuroscience.
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bisa mempelajari dan berpartisipasi
dalam bidang penelitian ilmu saraf.
dalam bidang penelitian ilmu saraf.
01:25
And so we did just that.
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Itu yang kami lakukan.
Beberapa tahun lalu, kami mendirikan
perusahaan Backyard Brains
perusahaan Backyard Brains
01:27
A few years ago, we started
a company called Backyard Brains
a company called Backyard Brains
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01:30
and we make DIY neuroscience equipment
and I brought some here tonight,
and I brought some here tonight,
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yang menyediakan peralatan neurologi
rakit sendiri dan sebagian ada di sini,
rakit sendiri dan sebagian ada di sini,
01:34
and I want to do some demonstrations.
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untuk saya demonstrasikan.
01:37
You guys want to see some?
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Kalian mau melihat?
01:38
So I need a volunteer.
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Saya perlu seorang relawan.
01:41
So right before -- what is your name?
(Applause)
(Applause)
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Sebelumnya - siapa namamu?
(Tepuk tangan)
(Tepuk tangan)
01:44
Sam Kelly: Sam.
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Sam Kelly: Sam.
01:45
Greg Gage: All right, Sam, I'm going
to record from your brain.
to record from your brain.
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Greg Gage: Baiklah Sam,
saya akan merekam otakmu.
saya akan merekam otakmu.
01:48
Have you had this before?
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Kamu pernah melakukan ini sebelumnya?
01:49
SK: No.
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SK : Tidak.
01:50
GG: I need you to stick out
your arm for science,
your arm for science,
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GG : Julurkan tanganmu
demi ilmu pengetahuan,
demi ilmu pengetahuan,
01:53
roll up your sleeve a bit,
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gulung lengan bajumu sedikit.
01:54
So what I'm going to do,
I'm putting electrodes on your arm,
I'm putting electrodes on your arm,
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Saya akan memasang
elektrode di lenganmu,
elektrode di lenganmu,
01:57
and you're probably wondering,
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dan mungkin kau berpikir,
01:59
I just said I'm going to record from your
brain, what am I doing with your arm?
brain, what am I doing with your arm?
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kalau saya akan merekam otakmu,
mengapa saya memasang di lengan?
mengapa saya memasang di lengan?
02:02
Well, you have about 80 billion neurons
inside your brain right now.
inside your brain right now.
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Kamu memiliki 80 milyar
sel saraf di dalam otak.
sel saraf di dalam otak.
02:06
They're sending electrical messages
back and forth, and chemical messages.
back and forth, and chemical messages.
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Mereka bolak-balik
mengirimkan pesan elektro dan kimia.
mengirimkan pesan elektro dan kimia.
02:09
But some of your neurons
right here in your motor cortex
right here in your motor cortex
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Tapi sebagian neuron di korteks motorik
02:12
are going to send messages down
when you move your arm like this.
when you move your arm like this.
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akan mengirimkan pesan saat
kamu menggerakkan lengan seperti ini.
kamu menggerakkan lengan seperti ini.
02:15
They're going to go down
across your corpus callosum,
across your corpus callosum,
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Mereka akan turun melewati korpus kalosum,
melalui saraf tulang belakang
menuju neuron motorik bawah
menuju neuron motorik bawah
02:17
down onto your spinal cord
to your lower motor neuron
to your lower motor neuron
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sampai ke otot-otot di sini,
02:20
out to your muscles here,
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02:21
and that electrical discharge
is going to be picked up
is going to be picked up
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dan sinyal elektro itu akan ditangkap
02:24
by these electrodes right here
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oleh elektrode di sini
02:25
and we're going to be able to listen
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dan kita akan bisa mendengar
secara pasti apa yang
akan dilakukan oleh otakmu.
akan dilakukan oleh otakmu.
02:27
to exactly what your brain
is going to be doing.
is going to be doing.
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Jadi saya akan menyalakan ini.
02:29
So I'm going to turn this on for a second.
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Pernahkah kamu mendengar bunyi otakmu?
02:31
Have you ever heard
what your brain sounds like?
what your brain sounds like?
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SK: Tidak.
GG: Ayo kita coba.
Coba remas tanganmu.
Coba remas tanganmu.
02:34
SK: No.
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02:35
GG: Let's try it out.
So go ahead and squeeze your hand.
So go ahead and squeeze your hand.
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02:37
(Rumbling)
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(Suara menggumam)
02:38
So what you're listening to,
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Yang sedang kamu dengar,
02:40
so this is your motor units
happening right here.
happening right here.
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adalah unit motorikmu yang sedang bekerja.
02:44
Let's take a look at it as well.
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Mari sekalian kita lihat.
02:46
So I'm going to stand over here,
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Saya akan berdiri di sini,
02:49
and I'm going to open up our app here.
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dan menjalankan sebuah aplikasi.
02:52
So now I want you to squeeze.
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Sekarang coba remas.
02:53
(Rumbling)
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(Suara gumaman)
Di sini, ini adalah unit
motorik yang sedang bekerja
motorik yang sedang bekerja
02:54
So right here, these are the motor units
that are happening
that are happening
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dari saraf tulang belakangnya
sampai ke otot di sini,
sampai ke otot di sini,
02:57
from her spinal cord
out to her muscle right here,
out to her muscle right here,
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dan ketika dia meremas,
03:00
and as she's doing it,
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Anda menyaksikan aktivitas
elektrik yang sedang terjadi di sini.
elektrik yang sedang terjadi di sini.
03:01
you're seeing the electrical activity
that's happening here.
that's happening here.
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Anda bahkan dapat menekan ini
dan melihat salah satunya.
dan melihat salah satunya.
03:04
You can even click here
and try to see one of them.
and try to see one of them.
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Lakukan lebih kuat lagi.
03:06
So keep doing it really hard.
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03:08
So now we've paused
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Sekarang kita berhenti
03:09
on one motor action potential that's
happening right now inside of your brain.
happening right now inside of your brain.
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pada satu potensi aksi motorik
yang sedang terjadi di dalam otakmu.
yang sedang terjadi di dalam otakmu.
03:13
Do you guys want to see some more?
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Kalian mau melihat yang lain?
03:15
(Applause)
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(Tepuk tangan)
03:16
That's interesting,
but let's get it better.
but let's get it better.
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Menarik memang,
tapi ayo kita buat lebih baik.
tapi ayo kita buat lebih baik.
03:18
I need one more volunteer.
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Saya perlu seorang relawan lagi.
Siapa nama Anda, pak?
03:21
What is your name, sir?
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Miguel Goncalves: Miguel.
03:24
Miguel Goncalves: Miguel.
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GG: Miguel, baiklah.
03:25
GG: Miguel, all right.
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Silakan Anda berdiri di sini.
03:26
You're going to stand right here.
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03:27
So when you're moving your arm like this,
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Saat Anda menggerakkan
lengan seperti ini,
lengan seperti ini,
03:29
your brain is sending a signal
down to your muscles right here.
down to your muscles right here.
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otak Anda mengirimkan sinyal
ke otot di sini.
ke otot di sini.
Saya ingin Anda
menggerakkan lengan Anda juga.
menggerakkan lengan Anda juga.
03:33
I want you to move your arm as well.
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03:34
So your brain is going to send
a signal down to your muscles.
a signal down to your muscles.
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Jadi otak Anda akan
mengirim sinyal ke otot-otot Anda.
mengirim sinyal ke otot-otot Anda.
03:37
And so it turns out that there is
a nerve that's right here
a nerve that's right here
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Jadi ternyata ada sebuah saraf di sini
03:41
that runs up here that innervates
these three fingers,
these three fingers,
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yang mengontrol ketiga jemari ini,
03:44
and it's close enough to the skin
that we might be able
that we might be able
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dan kita kemungkinan bisa
merangsangnya karena posisinya
merangsangnya karena posisinya
03:47
to stimulate that so that what we can do
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begitu dekat dengan kulit, jadi kita bisa
03:49
is copy your brain signals
going out to your hand
going out to your hand
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meniru sinyal yang dikirimkan
otak Anda ke lengan Anda
otak Anda ke lengan Anda
dan menyuntikkannya ke dalam lengan Anda,
03:52
and inject it into your hand,
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03:54
so that your hand will move
when your brain tells your hand to move.
when your brain tells your hand to move.
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jadi lenganmu akan bergerak saat
otakmu menyuruh lenganmu bergerak.
otakmu menyuruh lenganmu bergerak.
03:57
So in a sense, she will take away
your free will
your free will
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Jadi, dia akan mengambil
kehendak bebas Anda
kehendak bebas Anda
04:00
and you will no longer have
any control over this hand.
any control over this hand.
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dan Anda tidak lagi memiliki
kontrol atas lengan ini.
kontrol atas lengan ini.
Anda mengerti?
04:03
You with me?
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04:05
So I just need to hook you up.
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Saya hanya perlu
menyambungkan Anda berdua.
menyambungkan Anda berdua.
04:07
(Laughter)
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(Gelak tawa)
04:09
So I'm going to find your ulnar nerve,
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Saya akan mencari saraf tulang hasta Anda,
04:11
which is probably right around here.
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yang biasanya ada di sekitar sini.
04:14
You don't know what you're signing up for
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Anda tidak tahu apa yang akan terjadi
04:16
when you come up.
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saat naik panggung.
Sekarang saya akan menyingkir
dan menyambungkan ini
dan menyambungkan ini
04:17
So now I'm going to move away
and we're going to plug it in
and we're going to plug it in
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ke mesin penghubung antar manusia di sini.
04:20
to our human-to-human interface over here.
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04:24
Okay, so Sam, I want you
to squeeze your hand again.
to squeeze your hand again.
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Jadi, Sam, coba remas lagi lengan Anda.
04:29
Do it again. Perfect.
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Sekali lagi. Bagus.
04:31
So now I'm going to hook you up
over here so that you get the --
over here so that you get the --
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Sekarang Anda akan saya
sambungkan ke sini supaya dapat --
sambungkan ke sini supaya dapat --
04:34
It's going to feel
a little bit weird at first,
a little bit weird at first,
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Pertamanya akan terasa aneh,
04:36
this is going to feel like a --
(Laughter)
(Laughter)
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ini akan terasa seperti --
(Gelak tawa)
(Gelak tawa)
04:38
You know, when you lose your free will,
and someone else becomes your agent,
and someone else becomes your agent,
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Ketika Anda kehilangan keinginan bebas,
dan orang lain menjadi perwakilan Anda,
dan orang lain menjadi perwakilan Anda,
04:42
it does feel a bit strange.
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itu pasti akan terasa aneh.
04:44
Now I want you to relax your hand.
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Sekarang coba lemaskan lengan Anda.
04:46
Sam, you're with me?
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Sam, Anda mengerti?
04:47
So you're going to squeeze.
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Coba remas.
04:48
I'm not going to turn it on yet,
so go ahead and give it a squeeze.
so go ahead and give it a squeeze.
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Saya belum akan menyalakannya,
jadi coba Anda remas.
jadi coba Anda remas.
04:52
So now, are you ready, Miguel?
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Sekarang, Miguel, Anda siap?
04:54
MG: Ready as I'll ever be.
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MG: Sesiap mungkin.
04:56
GG: I've turned it on, so go ahead
and turn your hand.
and turn your hand.
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GG: Sudah dinyalakan,
ayo gerakkan lengan Anda.
ayo gerakkan lengan Anda.
04:59
Do you feel that a little bit?
MG: Nope.
MG: Nope.
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Anda merasakannya?
MG: Tidak.
MG: Tidak.
05:01
GG: Okay, do it again?
MG: A little bit.
MG: A little bit.
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GG: Coba lagi?
MG: Terasa sedikit.
MG: Terasa sedikit.
05:03
GG: A little bit? (Laughter)
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GG: Sedikit? (Gelak tawa)
05:04
So relax.
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Lemaskan.
05:05
So hit it again.
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Coba lagi.
05:07
(Laughter)
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(Gelak tawa)
05:08
Oh, perfect, perfect.
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Bagus, bagus.
05:10
So relax, do it again.
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Lemaskan, lakukan lagi.
05:12
All right, so right now,
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Baiklah, jadi sekarang,
05:14
your brain is controlling your arm
and it's also controlling his arm,
and it's also controlling his arm,
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otak Anda sedang mengendalikan
lengan Anda dan lengannya,
lengan Anda dan lengannya,
05:19
so go ahead and just do it one more time.
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coba lakukan sekali lagi.
05:21
All right, so it's perfect. (Laughter)
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Baiklah, sempurna. (Gelak tawa)
05:23
So now, what would happen
if I took over my control of your hand?
if I took over my control of your hand?
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Apa yang akan terjadi jika saya
mengambil alih kendali atas lengan Anda?
mengambil alih kendali atas lengan Anda?
05:27
And so, just relax your hand.
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Lemaskan lengan Anda.
05:29
What happens?
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Apa yang terjadi?
05:31
Ah, nothing.
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Tidak ada.
05:32
Why not?
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Kenapa tidak?
Karena otak yang harus melakukannya.
05:34
Because the brain has to do it.
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05:35
So you do it again.
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Coba Anda lakukan lagi.
05:37
All right, that's perfect.
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Baik, itu sempurna.
05:39
Thank you guys for being
such a good sport.
such a good sport.
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Terima kasih telah
bersedia berpartisipasi.
bersedia berpartisipasi.
05:42
This is what's happening
all across the world --
all across the world --
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Inilah yang sedang dilakukan
di seluruh dunia --
di seluruh dunia --
05:44
electrophysiology!
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elektrofisiologi!
05:45
We're going to bring on
the neuro-revolution.
the neuro-revolution.
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Kita akan memulai revolusi saraf.
05:48
Thank you.
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Terima kasih.
05:49
(Applause)
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(Tepuk tangan)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Greg Gage - NeuroscientistTED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards.
Why you should listen
As half of Backyard Brains, neuroscientist and engineer Greg Gage builds the SpikerBox -- a small rig that helps kids understand the electrical impulses that control the nervous system. He's passionate about helping students understand (viscerally) how our brains and our neurons work, because, as he said onstage at TED2012, we still know very little about how the brain works -- and we need to start inspiring kids early to want to know more.
Before becoming a neuroscientist, Gage worked as an electrical engineer making touchscreens. As he told the Huffington Post: "Scientific equipment in general is pretty expensive, but it's silly because before [getting my PhD in neuroscience] I was an electrical engineer, and you could see that you could make it yourself. So we started as a way to have fun, to show off to our colleagues, but we were also going into classrooms around that time and we thought, wouldn't it be cool if you could bring these gadgets with us so the stuff we were doing in advanced Ph.D. programs in neuroscience, you could also do in fifth grade?" His latest pieces of gear: the Roboroach, a cockroach fitted with an electric backpack that makes it turn on command, and BYB SmartScope, a smartphone-powered microscope.
Greg Gage | Speaker | TED.com