Laura Robinson: The secrets I find on the mysterious ocean floor
로라 로빈슨(Laura Robinson): 미지의 해저에서 찾은 비밀들
Dr. Laura Robinson's scientific mission is to document and understand the processes that govern climate. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
of the ocean today.
of the ocean in the past.
of deepwater corals.
잔유물을 통해 알 수 있습니다.
of these corals behind me.
그런 산호들인데요.
thousands of meters below the sea,
깊이의 해저에서 얻은 것입니다.
than the kinds of corals
if you've had a tropical holiday.
산호와는 다른 종류이죠.
알 수 있게 되기를 바랍니다.
beautiful two-dimensional image
예로 들 수 있습니다.
so it's got tremendous spatial resolution.
큰 공간 해상도를 갖습니다.
easy to understand.
무척 이해하기 쉽죠.
because there's more sunlight.
많이 받아서 더 따뜻합니다.
because there's less sunlight.
to build up on Antarctica
or even put your toes in the sea,
심지어 발만 담그더라도
차가워짐을 알 수 있습니다.
that fill the abyss of the ocean
물로 이루어져 있기 때문입니다.
where the waters are dense.
20,000 years ago,
다른 모습이었습니다.
of one of the major differences
볼 수 있는 가장 큰 차이를
if you went back that long.
and they extended out over the ocean.
바다까지 뻗어있었죠.
120미터 더 낮았습니다.
much lower than they are today.
훨씬 더 낮은 수준이었죠.
to five degrees colder overall,
3에서 5도 가량 더 낮았을 겁니다.
in the polar regions.
훨씬 더 추웠을 거예요.
are trying to understand,
cold climate condition
that we enjoy today.
cold conditions to warm conditions
변화한 것이 아니라는 것입니다.
from the slow increase in solar radiation.
예측할 수 있는 사실과는 다르죠.
because if you drill down into ice,
통해 알 수 있습니다.
얼음 나이테를 볼 수 있어요.
and you can see this in the iceberg.
so we can measure CO2 --
이산화탄소 농도를 측정해서
was lower in the past --
더 낮았다는 걸 알아냈고,
also tells us about temperature
극지방의 온도에 대해서도
from 20,000 years ago to the modern day,
현재에 이르는 동안에
확인할 수 있었죠.
has a lot to do with this.
관련있다고 확신합니다.
60여 배에 달하는 양의
than is in the atmosphere.
across the equator,
and it controls primary productivity.
식물 플랑크톤을 관리하죠.
what's going on down in the deep sea,
일들에 대해 알고자 한다면,
coming from a seamount
대륙에서 멀리 떨어진
in international waters
to see this bit of the seafloor,
and do some very intense taxonomy.
상세 분류를 해야 할 겁니다.
볼 수 있습니다.
growing on these corals.
붙어서 자라기도 하는데요.
like tentacles coming out of corals.
촉수처럼 보입니다.
of calcium carbonate
massive undersea mountain,
이루어진 산호들도 있습니다.
those are fossilized corals,
화석화된 산호들인데요,
a little more about those
to charter a research boat.
연구선을 띄워야 합니다.
an ocean-class research vessel
정박중인 해양 연구선
a little more like this.
that we don't lose precious samples.
노력하는 모습입니다.
and I get terribly seasick,
저는 배멀미가 심하게 났었어요.
but overall it is.
대체로는 그렇습니다.
a really good mapper to do this.
뛰어난 지도제작자가 되어야 합니다.
coral abundance everywhere.
어디서나 볼 수 있는 건 아니거든요.
the right places.
and overlaid was our cruise passage
세계지도에 그려봤습니다.
of the seafloor in seven weeks,
of the seafloor.
look featureless on a big-scale map,
지역을 지나기도 했지만,
are as big as Everest.
에베레스트만큼 높았습니다.
to deploy our equipment,
물색하는 데에는 적합했지만
remotely-operated vehicles
5 m 정도 떨어진 곳까지
that are one-meter resolution
그릴 수 있습니다.
of big lights on the top.
manipulator arms,
to put your samples.
여러 개의 상자가 있습니다.
of this particular cruise,
the remotely operated vehicles
영향을 받지 않도록 하기 위해
it's a small sea slug, basically.
말하자면, 바다의 민달팽이입니다.
you is speeded up,
빨리 감은 영상들입니다.
coming up was a big surprise.
아주 놀라운 녀석입니다.
다들 적잖이 놀랐습니다.
and it took us all a bit surprised.
다들 신경이 조금 곤두선 상태였는데
and we were all a bit trigger-happy,
갑자기 지나가기 시작했죠.
sea monster started rolling past.
판멍게라고 불립니다.
or colonial tunicate, if you like.
deep sea corals.
찾고 있었습니다.
of one in a moment.
높이도 5 cm 정도이죠.
so you can see its tentacles there,
움직이는 게 보이실 겁니다.
for about a hundred years.
100년을 살 수 있습니다.
chemicals from the ocean.
화학 물질을 흡수하죠.
or the amount of chemicals,
it depends on the pH,
these chemicals get into the skeleton,
골격을 형성하게 된 과정을 안다면
collect fossil specimens,
used to look like in the past.
알아낼 수 있습니다.
that coral with a vacuum system,
산호를 수집해서
carefully, I should add.
꼭 말해두고 싶네요.
오래 살기도 합니다.
an image taken by my colleague,
제 동료인 브랜든 로아크가 찍은
meters below Hawaii.
of these corals and polish it up,
across this coral --
that these are actual annual bands,
해저 500 m에서도
기록된다는 것이죠.
us back to our last glacial maximum.
가기에는 4000년으로는 부족합니다.
이용하기로 했습니다.
with my research team.
별로 인기없는 사람이 되었는데요.
there are swimming holothurians,
큰 해면동물들이 가득하지만,
to these dead fossil areas
죽은 화석이 가득한 곳에서
around on the seafloor.
bring them back, we sort them out.
측정할 수만 있다면
those chemical signals,
있었는지 알 수 있습니다.
in the ocean in the past.
polished it very carefully
조심스레 닦아낸 후
put it in a nuclear reactor,
핵붕괴가 일어날 때마다
확인할 수 있습니다.
about the rates and dates
하는 것이 바로 그것입니다.
when we're thinking about climate.
하나인 토륨을 분석하였고,
thorium, in these corals,
연대를 알 수 있습니다.
how old the fossils are.
of the Southern Ocean
영상은 남극해입니다.
how we're using these corals
ocean feedbacks.
설명해 드리려고 하는데요.
of the surface water
the Southern Ocean is.
알 수 있습니다.
particularly the Drake Passage,
드레이크 해협에서
currents in the world
해류 중의 하나로서
flowing from west to east.
지나가기 때문에
great big undersea mountains,
대기와 교환될 수 있습니다.
with the atmosphere in and out.
through the Southern Ocean.
통해 숨쉬고 있는 거죠.
across this Antarctic passage,
산호를 모았고,
from my uranium dating:
꽤 놀라운 사실을 발견했습니다.
to the interglacial.
이동했다는 사실입니다.
to do with the food source
관련이 있을 것으로 생각합니다.
we've found about climate
알게 된 사실을 보여드리려고 합니다.
작은 화석 산호를 모았습니다.
We collected little fossil corals.
표현한 것이에요.
we've made in the corals,
was very rich in carbon,
탄소가 굉장히 많았고,
layer sitting on top.
있었다고 생각합니다.
coming out of the ocean.
바다 밖으로 나오는 걸 방지했죠.
that are of an intermediate age,
산호를 찾았는데요.
partway through that climate transition.
뒤섞임도 있었음을 알 수 있었습니다.
out of the deep ocean.
탄소가 나올 수 있었죠.
closer to the modern day,
where carbon can exchange in and out.
상태로 변천되었음을 볼 수 있습니다.
we can use fossil corals
with this last slide.
이만 마치려고 합니다.
piece of footage that I showed you.
영상의 일부입니다.
to find things this beautiful.
저희도 생각 못했습니다.
to appreciate the fossil corals
to fly over the ocean
sea mountains down there
거대한 해저 산맥과
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Laura Robinson - Ocean scientistDr. Laura Robinson's scientific mission is to document and understand the processes that govern climate.
Why you should listen
Dr. Laura Robinson's research the processes that govern climate on time scales ranging from the modern day back through hundreds of thousands of years. To do this research, Robinson uses geochemical techniques, with an emphasis on radioactive elements including uranium series isotopes and radiocarbon. These elements are particularly valuable as they have a wide range of decay rates and geochemical properties and can be analyzed in geologic materials such as corals, marine sediments and seawater.
Through a combination of field work and lab work, Robinson has been tackling questions relating to: timing of Pleistocene climate change events; palaeoclimate reconstructions; deep-sea coral paleo-biogeography; impact of weathering on the ocean and climate; biomineralization; development of new geochemical proxies for past climate conditions; chemical tracers of ocean circulation.
Robinson describes the inspiration behind her work:
“When I finished my PhD, I moved to California to work with Professor Jess Adkins at Caltech on a project using deep-sea corals. Before that time, like many people, I did not know that corals lived in the deep ocean. The first thing I did was prepare for a research cruise to the North Atlantic. We took the research submarine 'Alvin' out to undersea mountains and were able to collect fossil corals from the seafloor. The start of my work in the Southern Ocean came from analysis of a single coral specimen from the Smithsonian Natural History Museum in Washington DC. They loaned us the sample, and we found that it was about 16,000 years old, just right for looking at the middle of the last global deglaciation. Being able to access and work on these specimens is a fantastic way of starting a science project. We published a paper on that sample, and then, together with a coral biologist, I wrote a proposal to fund specific expeditions to the Southern Ocean, and to the Equatorial Atlantic to gain a wider view of how the Atlantic Ocean behaved during major climate transitions.
I love the research as it combines field work, lab work and collaborations with all kinds of people including scientists, engineers as well as the ships' crews. In terms of scientists, I work with biologists, oceanographers, chemists, geologists, habitat specialists and a whole range of people who have technical expertise across these fields.”
Learn more about Robinson's current expidition in the Southern Ocean.
Laura Robinson | Speaker | TED.com