ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Drori - Educator
Jonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn.

Why you should listen

Jonathan Drori has dedicated his career to media and learning. As the Head of Commissioning for BBC Online, he led the effort to create bbc.co.uk, the online face of the BBC (an effort he recalls fondly). He came to the web from the TV side of the BBC, where as an editor and producer he headed up dozens of television series on science, education and the arts.

After almost two decades at the BBC, he's now a director at Changing Media Ltd., a media and education consultancy, and is a visiting professor at University of Bristol, where he studies educational media and misperceptions in science. He continues to executive produce the occasional TV series, including 2004's award-winning "The DNA Story" and 2009's "Great Sperm Race." He is on the boards of the Royal Botanic Gardens and the Woodland Trust.

(Photo: Lloyd Davis/flickr)

More profile about the speaker
Jonathan Drori | Speaker | TED.com
TED2007

Jonathan Drori: What we think we know

Jonathan Drori fala sobre o que pensamos que sabemos

Filmed:
1,142,222 views

Começando por quatro perguntas simples (que talvez você se surpreenda por não saber responder), Jonathan Drori examina as lacunas no nosso conhecimento, especificamente em relação à ciência.
- Educator
Jonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:18
I'm going to try and explain why it is that perhaps
0
0
4000
Vou tentar explicar por que, talvez,
00:22
we don't understand as much as we think we do.
1
4000
2000
não entendamos tanto quanto pensamos.
00:24
I'd like to begin with four questions.
2
6000
3000
Vou começar com 4 perguntas,
00:27
This is not some sort of cultural thing for the time of year.
3
9000
3000
e não se trata de uma referência britânica.
00:30
That's an in-joke, by the way.
4
12000
2000
Aliás, isso foi uma piada interna.
00:32
But these four questions, actually,
5
14000
3000
Na verdade, essas 4 perguntas
00:35
are ones that people who even know quite a lot about science find quite hard.
6
17000
3000
são consideradas difíceis até por quem entende de ciência.
00:38
And they're questions that I've asked of science television producers,
7
20000
5000
Já as fiz a produtores de programas de TV sobre ciências,
00:43
of audiences of science educators --
8
25000
3000
ao público de licenciatura em ciências,
00:46
so that's science teachers -- and also of seven-year-olds,
9
28000
4000
ou seja, professores, e a crianças de 7 anos.
00:50
and I find that the seven-year-olds do marginally better
10
32000
3000
Notei que as crianças se saíram um pouco melhor
00:53
than the other audiences, which is somewhat surprising.
11
35000
2000
que os demais, o que é surpreendente.
00:55
So the first question, and you might want to write this down,
12
37000
3000
A primeira pergunta, e talvez queiram tomar nota
00:58
either on a bit of paper, physically, or a virtual piece of paper
13
40000
4000
em uma folha de papel real ou em um papel virtual,
01:02
in your head. And, for viewers at home, you can try this as well.
14
44000
3000
na sua cabeça, e o mesmo para quem está vendo em casa.
01:05
A little seed weighs next to nothing and a tree weighs a lot, right?
15
47000
5000
Uma sementinha não pesa quase nada e uma árvore pesa muito, certo?
01:10
I think we agree on that. Where does the tree get the stuff that makes up this chair,
16
52000
6000
Todos concordam. De onde a árvore tira o material que resulta nesta cadeira?
01:16
right? Where does all this stuff come from?
17
58000
3000
De onde vem tudo isto?
01:19
(Knocks)
18
61000
1000
(Batidas)
01:20
And your next question is, can you light a little torch-bulb
19
62000
6000
A próxima pergunta: é possível acender uma lâmpada pequena
01:26
with a battery, a bulb and one piece of wire?
20
68000
5000
com uma pilha, uma lâmpada e um pedaço de fio?
01:31
And would you be able to, kind of, draw a -- you don't have to draw
21
73000
2000
Saberiam desenhar -- não precisam desenhar --
01:33
the diagram, but would you be able to draw the diagram,
22
75000
2000
um diagrama? Saberiam desenhá-lo
01:35
if you had to do it? Or would you just say,
23
77000
2000
se fosse preciso, ou diriam
01:37
that's actually not possible?
24
79000
3000
que não é possível?
01:40
The third question is, why is it hotter in summer than in winter?
25
82000
4000
A terceira pergunta: por que o verão é mais quente que o inverno?
01:44
I think we can probably agree that it is hotter in summer than in winter,
26
86000
5000
Acho que concordamos que o verão é mais quente que o inverno,
01:49
but why? And finally, would you be able to --
27
91000
6000
mas por quê? Finalmente, vocês saberiam --
01:55
and you can sort of scribble it, if you like --
28
97000
2000
e podem fazer um esboço --
01:57
scribble a plan diagram of the solar system,
29
99000
3000
rascunhar um diagrama do sistema solar,
02:00
showing the shape of the planets' orbits?
30
102000
4000
com o formato das órbitas planetárias?
02:04
Would you be able to do that?
31
106000
1000
Saberiam fazer isso?
02:05
And if you can, just scribble a pattern.
32
107000
5000
Se souberem, façam um desenho.
02:10
OK. Now, children get their ideas not from teachers,
33
112000
6000
Certo. As crianças tiram essas ideias não dos professores,
02:16
as teachers often think, but actually from common sense,
34
118000
3000
como eles gostam de pensar, mas do senso comum,
02:19
from experience of the world around them,
35
121000
2000
de sua experiência do mundo,
02:21
from all the things that go on between them and their peers,
36
123000
4000
de tudo o que acontece entre elas e os amigos,
02:25
and their carers, and their parents, and all of that. Experience.
37
127000
5000
responsáveis, pais, e todas essas experiências.
02:30
And one of the great experts in this field, of course, was, bless him,
38
132000
5000
Um grande especialista na área, como sabem, é o ótimo
02:35
Cardinal Wolsey. Be very careful what you get into people's heads
39
137000
4000
Cardeal Wolsey. "Cuidado com o que põe na cabeça de alguém,
02:39
because it's virtually impossible to shift it afterwards, right?
40
141000
3000
pois depois é muito difícil de reverter." Certo?
02:42
(Laughter)
41
144000
3000
(Risos)
02:45
I'm not quite sure how he died, actually.
42
147000
2000
Aliás, não sei como ele morreu.
02:47
Was he beheaded in the end, or hung?
43
149000
2000
Foi decapitado ou enforcado?
02:49
(Laughter)
44
151000
1000
(Risos)
02:50
Now, those questions, which, of course, you've got right,
45
152000
2000
Certo. Vocês anotaram as respostas,
02:52
and you haven't been conferring, and so on.
46
154000
2000
estão conferindo-as e tudo mais.
02:54
And I -- you know, normally, I would pick people out and humiliate,
47
156000
3000
Normalmente eu chamo alguém para humilhar,
02:57
but maybe not in this instance.
48
159000
2000
mas talvez não aqui.
02:59
A little seed weighs a lot and, basically, all this stuff,
49
161000
4000
Uma sementinha pesa muito, e tudo isto,
03:03
99 percent of this stuff, came out of the air.
50
165000
3000
99% disto aqui, é derivado do ar.
03:06
Now, I guarantee that about 85 percent of you, or maybe it's fewer at TED,
51
168000
4000
Garanto que uns 85% de vocês, ou talvez menos no TED,
03:10
will have said it comes out of the ground. And some people,
52
172000
3000
disseram que vem do solo, e alguns,
03:13
probably two of you, will come up and argue with me afterwards,
53
175000
3000
talvez duas pessoas, depois virão argumentar comigo
03:16
and say that actually, it comes out of the ground.
54
178000
2000
e dizer que deriva do solo.
03:18
Now, if that was true, we'd have trucks going round the country,
55
180000
2000
Nesse caso, haveria inúmeros caminhões
03:20
filling people's gardens in with soil, it'd be a fantastic business.
56
182000
3000
levando terra para as casas. Seria ótimo.
03:23
But, actually, we don't do that.
57
185000
2000
Mas não é assim.
03:25
The mass of this comes out of the air.
58
187000
3000
Quase tudo isto vem do ar.
03:28
Now, I passed all my biology exams in Britain.
59
190000
4000
Na Inglaterra, eu sempre passei em biologia.
03:32
I passed them really well, but I still came out of school
60
194000
2000
Tive ótimas notas, mas me formei
03:34
thinking that that stuff came out of the ground.
61
196000
3000
pensando que isto vinha do solo.
03:37
Second one: can you light a little torch-bulb with a battery bulb and one piece of wire?
62
199000
4000
A segunda: dá para acender uma lâmpada com uma pilha e um fio?
03:41
Yes, you can, and I'll show you in a second how to do that.
63
203000
2000
Dá, sim, e vou demonstrar logo mais.
03:43
Now, I have some rather bad news,
64
205000
2000
Mas tenho uma má notícia:
03:45
which is that I had a piece of video that I was about to show you,
65
207000
3000
eu trouxe um filme para mostrar a vocês,
03:48
which unfortunately -- the sound doesn't work in this room,
66
210000
3000
mas infelizmente o som não funciona aqui.
03:51
so I'm going to describe to you, in true "Monty Python" fashion,
67
213000
3000
Então vou relatar, em estilo Monty Python,
03:54
what happens in the video. And in the video, a group of researchers
68
216000
5000
o que acontece no vídeo. Nele, um grupo de pesquisadores
03:59
go to MIT on graduation day.
69
221000
2000
vai a uma formatura no MIT.
04:01
We chose MIT because, obviously, that's a very long way away
70
223000
3000
Escolhemos o MIT por ser bem longe daqui,
04:04
from here, and you wouldn't mind too much,
71
226000
2000
então não se importariam,
04:06
but it sort of works the same way in Britain
72
228000
3000
mas o resultado é o mesmo na Inglaterra
04:09
and in the West Coast of the USA.
73
231000
2000
e no Oeste dos EUA.
04:11
And we asked them these questions, and we asked those questions
74
233000
4000
Fizemos essas mesmas perguntas
04:15
of science graduates, and they couldn't answer them.
75
237000
2000
aos formandos em ciências, e eles não sabiam.
04:17
And so, there's a whole lot of people saying,
76
239000
2000
E muitos deles diziam:
04:19
"I'd be very surprised if you told me that this came out of the air.
77
241000
2000
"Eu me surpreenderia se isto viesse do ar.
04:21
That's very surprising to me." And those are science graduates.
78
243000
4000
Seria novidade para mim." E são cientistas formados.
04:25
And we intercut it with, "We are the premier science university in the world,"
79
247000
3000
O vídeo fecha com "Somos a melhor universidade do mundo",
04:28
because of British-like hubris.
80
250000
2000
para fazer uma graça.
04:30
(Laughter)
81
252000
1000
(Risos)
04:31
And when we gave graduate engineers that question,
82
253000
3000
Quando perguntamos a formandos de engenharia,
04:34
they said it couldn't be done.
83
256000
2000
disseram ser impossível.
04:36
And when we gave them a battery, and a piece of wire, and a bulb,
84
258000
4000
Demos a eles uma pilha, um fio e uma lâmpada
04:40
and said, "Can you do it?" They couldn't do it. Right?
85
262000
4000
e perguntamos se era possível, mas não conseguiram.
04:44
And that's no different from Imperial College in London, by the way,
86
266000
3000
Aliás, no Imperial College de Londres não é diferente,
04:47
it's not some sort of anti-American thing going on.
87
269000
4000
não estou fazendo campanha anti-americana.
04:51
As if. Now, the reason this matters is we pay lots and lots of money
88
273000
6000
Até parece... Agora, isto é importante pois gastamos muito dinheiro
04:57
for teaching people -- we might as well get it right.
89
279000
2000
em ensino, e é bom fazermos isso bem.
04:59
And there are also some societal reasons
90
281000
2000
Há também questões sociais
05:01
why we might want people to understand what it is that's happening
91
283000
4000
para querermos que todos entendam o que ocorre
05:05
in photosynthesis. For example, one half of the carbon equation
92
287000
3000
na fotossíntese. Metade da equação do carbono
05:08
is how much we emit, and the other half of the carbon equation,
93
290000
3000
é o quanto emitimos, e a outra metade da equação,
05:11
as I'm very conscious as a trustee of Kew,
94
293000
2000
como aprendi no Jardim Botânico,
05:13
is how much things soak up, and they soak up carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.
95
295000
5000
é quanta coisa as plantas absorvem, como dióxido de carbono.
05:18
That's what plants actually do for a living.
96
300000
3000
É disso que as plantas vivem.
05:21
And, for any Finnish people in the audience, this is a Finnish pun:
97
303000
3000
E, para os finlandeses aqui, um trocadilho finlandês:
05:24
we are, both literally and metaphorically, skating on thin ice
98
306000
5000
estamos, literal e metaforicamente, pisando em gelo fino
05:29
if we don't understand that kind of thing.
99
311000
3000
se não entendermos bem isso.
05:32
Now, here's how you do the battery and the bulb.
100
314000
2000
E vejam a lâmpada e a pilha.
05:34
It's so easy, isn't it? Of course, you all knew that.
101
316000
4000
Muito fácil, não é? É claro que vocês sabiam.
05:38
But if you haven't played with a battery and a bulb,
102
320000
2000
Mas, se nunca brincaram com isso,
05:40
if you've only seen a circuit diagram,
103
322000
2000
se só viram diagramas de circuitos,
05:42
you might not be able to do that, and that's one of the problems.
104
324000
4000
talvez não soubessem, e esse é um dos problemas.
05:46
So, why is it hotter in summer than in winter?
105
328000
2000
E por que no verão faz mais calor?
05:48
We learn, as children, that you get closer to something that's hot,
106
330000
3000
Aprendemos na infância que, quando muito perto de algo quente,
05:51
and it burns you. It's a very powerful bit of learning,
107
333000
3000
nos queimamos. É uma lição valiosa
05:54
and it happens pretty early on.
108
336000
2000
que aprendemos muito cedo.
05:56
By extension, we think to ourselves, "Why it's hotter in summer than in winter
109
338000
3000
Por extensão, pensamos que, se o verão é mais quente,
05:59
must be because we're closer to the Sun."
110
341000
3000
deve ser por causa da proximidade com o Sol.
06:02
I promise you that most of you will have got that.
111
344000
2000
Garanto que a maioria disse isso.
06:04
Oh, you're all shaking your heads,
112
346000
1000
Estão balançando a cabeça,
06:05
but only a few of you are shaking your heads very firmly.
113
347000
3000
mas só alguns a balançam com firmeza.
06:08
Other ones are kind of going like this. All right.
114
350000
2000
Outros estão fazendo assim... Tudo bem.
06:10
It's hotter in summer than in winter because the rays from the Sun
115
352000
3000
O verão é mais quente que o inverno pois os raios solares
06:13
are spread out more, right, because of the tilt of the Earth.
116
355000
4000
se espalham mais, devido à inclinação da Terra.
06:17
And if you think the tilt is tilting us closer, no, it isn't.
117
359000
3000
E não pensem que essa inclinação nos aproxima.
06:20
The Sun is 93 million miles away, and we're tilting like this, right?
118
362000
4000
O Sol está a 150 milhões de quilômetros e nos inclinamos assim.
06:24
It makes no odds. In fact, in the Northern Hemisphere,
119
366000
3000
Não faz diferença. E no Hemisfério Norte
06:27
we're further from the Sun in summer,
120
369000
3000
nos afastamos do Sol no verão,
06:30
as it happens, but it makes no odds, the difference.
121
372000
3000
mas essa diferença é irrelevante.
06:33
OK, now, the scribble of the diagram of the solar system.
122
375000
3000
Quanto ao diagrama do sistema solar,
06:36
If you believe, as most of you probably do,
123
378000
2000
se a maioria acredita
06:38
that it's hotter in summer than in winter because we're closer to the Sun,
124
380000
2000
que no verão ficamos mais perto do Sol,
06:40
you must have drawn an ellipse.
125
382000
2000
deve ter desenhado uma elipse.
06:42
Right? That would explain it, right?
126
384000
2000
Não foi? Isso explicaria tudo.
06:44
Except, in your -- you're nodding -- now, in your ellipse,
127
386000
4000
E vários concordam. Só que, com essa elipse,
06:48
have you thought, "Well, what happens during the night?"
128
390000
2000
já pensaram no que ocorre à noite?
06:50
Between Australia and here, right, they've got summer
129
392000
4000
Entre a Austrália e os EUA: lá é verão
06:54
and we've got winter, and what --
130
396000
3000
e aqui é inverno, e como é?
06:57
does the Earth kind of rush towards the Sun at night,
131
399000
3000
A Terra corre rumo ao Sol de noite
07:00
and then rush back again? I mean, it's a very strange thing going on,
132
402000
3000
e depois corre para trás? Isso é muito esquisito.
07:03
and we hold these two models in our head, of what's right and what isn't right,
133
405000
4000
Temos dois modelos na cabeça, um certo e um errado,
07:07
and we do that, as human beings, in all sorts of fields.
134
409000
4000
e, como humanos, fazemos isso em todas as áreas.
07:11
So, here's Copernicus' view of what the solar system looked like as a plan.
135
413000
5000
Esta é a ideia de Copérnico do sistema solar representado em um plano.
07:16
That's pretty much what you should have on your piece of paper. Right?
136
418000
3000
É o que vocês devem ter rascunhado, não?
07:19
And this is NASA's view. They're stunningly similar.
137
421000
3000
E a visão da NASA. É incrivelmente semelhante.
07:22
I hope you notice the coincidence here.
138
424000
3000
Espero que notem a coincidência.
07:25
What would you do if you knew that people had this misconception,
139
427000
4000
E o que fariam, sabendo que muitos têm a noção errada
07:29
right, in their heads, of elliptical orbits
140
431000
3000
na cabeça, de órbitas elípticas,
07:32
caused by our experiences as children?
141
434000
2000
devido a experiências na infância?
07:34
What sort of diagram would you show them of the solar system,
142
436000
2000
Que diagrama vocês fariam do sistema
07:36
to show that it's not really like that?
143
438000
2000
para evitar esse erro?
07:38
You'd show them something like this, wouldn't you?
144
440000
2000
Fariam algo assim, não é?
07:40
It's a plan, looking down from above.
145
442000
1000
Um plano visto de cima.
07:41
But, no, look what I found in the textbooks.
146
443000
3000
Mas vejam o que achei em apostilas,
07:44
That's what you show people, right? These are from textbooks,
147
446000
3000
de onde se aprende, livros didáticos,
07:47
from websites, educational websites --
148
449000
2000
sites, páginas educativas
07:49
and almost anything you pick up is like that.
149
451000
2000
e quase tudo o que há por aí.
07:51
And the reason it's like that is because it's dead boring
150
453000
2000
São assim pois é um tédio
07:53
to have a load of concentric circles,
151
455000
2000
ver vários círculos concêntricos.
07:55
whereas that's much more exciting, to look at something at that angle,
152
457000
3000
É mais interessante ver algo na diagonal, nesse ângulo,
07:58
isn't it? Right? And by doing it at that angle,
153
460000
3000
não é? Mas, olhando na diagonal,
08:01
if you've got that misconception in your head, then that
154
463000
2000
se temos a ideia errada na cabeça, então
08:03
two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional thing will be ellipses.
155
465000
5000
a representação bidimensional de algo tridimensional será elíptica.
08:08
So you've -- it's crap, isn't it really? As we say.
156
470000
4000
Então... é idiota, não é?
08:12
So, these mental models -- we look for evidence that reinforces our models.
157
474000
3000
E buscamos provas que comprovem nossos modelos mentais.
08:15
We do this, of course, with matters of race, and politics, and everything else,
158
477000
4000
Fazemos isso com questões de raça, política e tudo mais,
08:19
and we do it in science as well. So we look, just look --
159
481000
2000
e com a ciência. Então, vejam...
08:21
and scientists do it, constantly -- we look for evidence
160
483000
3000
E os cientistas também, procuram provas
08:24
that reinforces our models, and some folks are just all too able
161
486000
3000
que reforcem os modelos, e muitas se prontificam
08:27
and willing to provide the evidence that reinforces the models.
162
489000
3000
a oferecer provas que reforcem os modelos.
08:30
So, being I'm in the United States, I'll have a dig at the Europeans.
163
492000
4000
Já que estou nos EUA, vou criticar os europeus.
08:34
These are examples of what I would say is bad practice in science
164
496000
3000
Vejam exemplos do que considero más práticas científicas
08:37
teaching centers. These pictures are from La Villette in France
165
499000
3000
em centros de ensino. Isto é La Villette, na França,
08:40
and the welcome wing of the Science Museum in London.
166
502000
4000
e a ala inicial do Museu das Ciências de Londres.
08:44
And, if you look at the, kind of the way these things are constructed,
167
506000
4000
Vejam o modo como tudo isto é construído:
08:48
there's a lot of mediation by glass, and it's very blue, and kind of professional --
168
510000
5000
há muito vidro no meio e é azul, com um jeito profissional.
08:53
in that way that, you know, Woody Allen comes up
169
515000
3000
É como o Woody Allen aparecendo
08:56
from under the sheets in that scene in "Annie Hall,"
170
518000
2000
de baixo dos lençóis em "Annie Hall",
08:58
and said, "God, that's so professional." And that you don't --
171
520000
3000
dizendo: "Nossa, é tão profissional!" E aí...
09:01
there's no passion in it, and it's not hands on, right,
172
523000
3000
não há paixão, nada para manipular.
09:04
and, you know, pun intended. Whereas good interpretation --
173
526000
3000
Sem trocadilhos. Mas a boa interpretação
09:07
I'll use an example from nearby -- is San Francisco Exploratorium,
174
529000
4000
é, por exemplo, a do Exploratorium de São Francisco, aqui perto,
09:11
where all the things that -- the demonstrations, and so on,
175
533000
3000
onde tudo, as demonstrações e tudo mais,
09:14
are made out of everyday objects that children can understand,
176
536000
3000
é feito de objetos cotidianos que as crianças entendem.
09:17
it's very hands-on, and they can engage with, and experiment with.
177
539000
3000
É muito prático, podem se envolver e experimentar.
09:20
And I know that if the graduates at MIT
178
542000
2000
Sei que, se os alunos do MIT
09:22
and in the Imperial College in London had had the battery and the wire
179
544000
4000
e do Imperial College tivessem a pilha e o arame,
09:26
and the bit of stuff, and you know, been able to do it,
180
548000
3000
se fuçassem um pouco, saberiam fazê-lo.
09:29
they would have learned how it actually works,
181
551000
3000
Aprenderiam como é o funcionamento,
09:32
rather than thinking that they follow circuit diagrams and can't do it.
182
554000
4000
em vez de desistirem com base em diagramas de circuitos.
09:36
So good interpretation is more about
183
558000
2000
A boa interpretação se trata mais
09:38
things that are bodged and stuffed and of my world, right?
184
560000
4000
de coisas sólidas, palpáveis e do nosso mundo.
09:42
And things that -- where there isn't an extra barrier
185
564000
2000
Mas, quando há uma barreira,
09:44
of a piece of glass or machined titanium,
186
566000
3000
como um vidro ou uma máquina de titânio,
09:47
and it all looks fantastic, OK?
187
569000
2000
tudo parece fantástico, certo?
09:49
And the Exploratorium does that really, really well.
188
571000
3000
O Exploratorium faz isso realmente muito bem.
09:52
And it's amateur, but amateur in the best sense,
189
574000
3000
E é amador. Amador no melhor sentido,
09:55
in other words, the root of the word being of love and passion.
190
577000
5000
ou seja, na raiz da palavra, que é amor e paixão.
10:00
So, children are not empty vessels, OK?
191
582000
2000
As crianças não são vazias.
10:02
So, as "Monty Python" would have it,
192
584000
2000
Como diria o Monty Python,
10:04
this is a bit Lord Privy Seal to say so,
193
586000
2000
e estou chovendo no molhado,
10:06
but this is -- children are not empty vessels.
194
588000
2000
mas as crianças não são vazias.
10:08
They come with their own ideas and their own theories,
195
590000
2000
Têm suas próprias ideias e teorias,
10:10
and unless you work with those, then you won't be able to shift them,
196
592000
4000
e, se não as trabalharmos, não as mudaremos depois.
10:14
right? And I probably haven't shifted your ideas
197
596000
2000
Assim como não mudei as ideias
10:16
of how the world and universe operates, either.
198
598000
3000
que vocês tem do mundo e do universo.
10:19
But this applies, equally, to matters of trying to sell new technology.
199
601000
3000
Isso também se aplica a venda de tecnologia.
10:22
For example, we are, in Britain, we're trying to do a digital switchover
200
604000
3000
Por exemplo, a Inglaterra está tentando migrar
10:25
of the whole population into digital technology [for television].
201
607000
2000
para a TV digital em toda a população.
10:27
And it's one of the difficult things
202
609000
2000
Mas é difícil,
10:29
is that when people have preconceptions of how it all works,
203
611000
2000
pois há preconceitos sobre o sistema
10:31
it's quite difficult to shift those.
204
613000
3000
e é difícil transformá-los.
10:34
So we're not empty vessels; the mental models that we have
205
616000
4000
Não somos ocos, e nossos modelos mentais da infância
10:38
as children persist into adulthood.
206
620000
2000
persistem na nossa vida.
10:40
Poor teaching actually does more harm than good.
207
622000
2000
O ensino ruim é muito prejudicial.
10:42
In this country and in Britain, magnetism is understood better
208
624000
4000
Nos EUA e na Inglaterra, o magnetismo é entendido melhor
10:46
by children before they've been to school than afterwards, OK?
209
628000
3000
pelas crianças antes do que depois de irem à escola.
10:49
Same for gravity, two concepts, so it's -- which is quite humbling,
210
631000
4000
O mesmo para a gravidade. Isso é uma lição
10:53
as a, you know, if you're a teacher, and you look before and after,
211
635000
3000
para nós, professores. Ver o antes e o depois
10:56
that's quite worrying. They do worse in tests afterwards, after the teaching.
212
638000
4000
é preocupante. Após aprenderem, se saem pior nos testes.
11:00
And we collude. We design tests,
213
642000
2000
E nós trapaceamos, criando provas,
11:02
or at least in Britain, so that people pass them. Right?
214
644000
3000
ao menos na Inglaterra, para os alunos passarem.
11:05
And governments do very well. They pat themselves on the back.
215
647000
3000
Os governos se saem bem e se congratulam.
11:08
OK? We collude, and actually if you --
216
650000
4000
Não é? Nós somos coniventes, e
11:12
if someone had designed a test for me
217
654000
2000
se alguém formulasse uma prova,
11:14
when I was doing my biology exams,
218
656000
2000
nas minhas aulas de biologia,
11:16
to really understand, to see whether I'd understood
219
658000
2000
para ver se eu compreendia de fato,
11:18
more than just kind of putting starch and iodine together
220
660000
2000
mais do que juntar amido com iodo
11:20
and seeing it go blue,
221
662000
2000
e constatar que fica azul,
11:22
and really understood that plants took their mass out of the air,
222
664000
3000
se eu entendesse que as plantas tiram massa do ar,
11:25
then I might have done better at science.
223
667000
5000
talvez fosse um cientista melhor.
11:30
So the most important thing is to get people to articulate their models.
224
672000
5000
O mais importante é fazer as pessoas articularem as concepções.
11:35
Your homework is -- you know, how does an aircraft's wing create lift?
225
677000
5000
Seu dever de casa: como a asa de uma aeronave cria sustentação?
11:40
An obvious question, and you'll have an answer now in your heads.
226
682000
4000
Parece óbvio, e vocês já têm uma resposta,
11:44
And the second question to that then is,
227
686000
3000
mas a segunda parte é:
11:47
ensure you've explained how it is that planes can fly upside down.
228
689000
4000
explique também por que os aviões voam de cabeça para baixo.
11:51
Ah ha, right. Second question is, why is the sea blue? All right?
229
693000
4000
Haha, certo? Outra pergunta: por que o mar é azul?
11:55
And you've all got an idea in your head of the answer.
230
697000
4000
E todos já imaginam a resposta.
11:59
So, why is it blue on cloudy days? Ah, see.
231
701000
4000
Mas por que é azul em dias nublados? Estão vendo?
12:03
(Laughter)
232
705000
3000
(Risos)
12:06
I've always wanted to say that in this country.
233
708000
2000
Sempre quis dizer isso nos EUA.
12:08
(Laughter)
234
710000
2000
(Risos)
12:10
Finally, my plea to you is to allow yourselves, and your children,
235
712000
4000
Finalmente, meu apelo a vocês e seus filhos,
12:14
and anyone you know, to kind of fiddle with stuff,
236
716000
3000
e a quem conhecerem, é que fucem as coisas.
12:17
because it's by fiddling with things that you, you know,
237
719000
2000
Pois é fuçando as coisas que nós complementamos
12:19
you complement your other learning. It's not a replacement,
238
721000
2000
o aprendizado. Não é um substituto,
12:21
it's just part of learning that's important.
239
723000
3000
mas uma parte importante do aprendizado.
12:24
Thank you very much.
240
726000
1000
Muito obrigado.
12:25
Now -- oh, oh yeah, go on then, go on.
241
727000
2000
Esperem! Ah, bom... Tudo bem.
12:28
(Applause)
242
730000
1000
(Aplausos)
Translated by Carolina Alfaro
Reviewed by Tulio Leao

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Drori - Educator
Jonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn.

Why you should listen

Jonathan Drori has dedicated his career to media and learning. As the Head of Commissioning for BBC Online, he led the effort to create bbc.co.uk, the online face of the BBC (an effort he recalls fondly). He came to the web from the TV side of the BBC, where as an editor and producer he headed up dozens of television series on science, education and the arts.

After almost two decades at the BBC, he's now a director at Changing Media Ltd., a media and education consultancy, and is a visiting professor at University of Bristol, where he studies educational media and misperceptions in science. He continues to executive produce the occasional TV series, including 2004's award-winning "The DNA Story" and 2009's "Great Sperm Race." He is on the boards of the Royal Botanic Gardens and the Woodland Trust.

(Photo: Lloyd Davis/flickr)

More profile about the speaker
Jonathan Drori | Speaker | TED.com

Data provided by TED.

This site was created in May 2015 and the last update was on January 12, 2020. It will no longer be updated.

We are currently creating a new site called "eng.lish.video" and would be grateful if you could access it.

If you have any questions or suggestions, please feel free to write comments in your language on the contact form.

Privacy Policy

Developer's Blog

Buy Me A Coffee