TEDSalon NY2012
Clay Shirky: Why SOPA is a bad idea
Clay Shirky: Prečo je SOPA zlý nápad
Filmed:
Readability: 4.6
1,582,800 views
Čo znamenajú zákony ako PIPA/SOPA pre náš zdieľajúci svet? V kanceláriách TEDu Clay Shirky prichádza s manifestom - volá po obrane našej slobody tvoriť, diskutovať, odkazovať, zdieľať, a nie len pasívne konzumovať.
Clay Shirky - Social Media Theorist
Clay Shirky argues that the history of the modern world could be rendered as the history of ways of arguing, where changes in media change what sort of arguments are possible -- with deep social and political implications. Full bio
Clay Shirky argues that the history of the modern world could be rendered as the history of ways of arguing, where changes in media change what sort of arguments are possible -- with deep social and political implications. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I'm going to start here.
0
0
2000
Začnem tu.
00:17
This is a hand-lettered sign
1
2000
2000
Toto je rukou písaný oznam,
00:19
that appeared in a mom and pop bakery
2
4000
2000
ktorý sa objavil v rodinnej pekárni,
00:21
in my old neighborhood in Brooklyn a few years ago.
3
6000
3000
v mojom starom susedstve v Brooklyne pred pár rokmi.
00:24
The store owned one of those machines
4
9000
2000
V obchode mali prístroj,
00:26
that can print on plates of sugar.
5
11000
2000
ktorý tlačí na plát cukru.
00:28
And kids could bring in drawings
6
13000
2000
A deti si mohli doniesť kresby
00:30
and have the store print a sugar plate
7
15000
3000
a obchod im ich vytlačil do cukru
00:33
for the top of their birthday cake.
8
18000
2000
na vrch narodeninovej torty.
00:35
But unfortunately, one of the things kids liked to draw
9
20000
3000
Ale bohužiaľ, jednu z vecí, ktoré deti radi kreslili
00:38
was cartoon characters.
10
23000
2000
boli rozprávkové postavičky.
00:40
They liked to draw the Little Mermaid,
11
25000
2000
Radi kreslili Malú morskú vílu,
00:42
they'd like to draw a smurf, they'd like to draw Micky Mouse.
12
27000
3000
Šmolkov, radi kreslili Micky Mouse.
00:45
But it turns out to be illegal
13
30000
2000
Ukázalo sa, že je nelegálne
00:47
to print a child's drawing of Micky Mouse
14
32000
3000
tlačiť detské kresby Mickyho Mousa
00:50
onto a plate of sugar.
15
35000
3000
do plátov cukru.
00:53
And it's a copyright violation.
16
38000
2000
Je to porušenie autorských práv.
00:55
And policing copyright violations
17
40000
2000
Kontrolovanie porušovania autorských práv
00:57
for children's birthday cakes
18
42000
2000
na detských narodeninových tortách,
00:59
was such a hassle
19
44000
2000
bolo tak náročné,
01:01
that the College Bakery said,
20
46000
2000
že si pekáreň College povedala:
01:03
"You know what, we're getting out of that business.
21
48000
2000
"Viete čo, prestávame s týmto podnikaním.
01:05
If you're an amateur,
22
50000
2000
Ak ste amatér,
01:07
you don't have access to our machine anymore.
23
52000
2000
už viac nemáte prístup k nášmu prístroju.
01:09
If you want a printed sugar birthday cake,
24
54000
2000
Ak chcete potlačenú narodeninovú tortu,
01:11
you have to use one of our prefab images --
25
56000
4000
musíte použiť jeden z predpripravených obrázkov
01:15
only for professionals."
26
60000
2000
len pre profesionálov."
01:17
So there's two bills in Congress right now.
27
62000
3000
Takže v Kongrese sú teraz dva zákony.
01:20
One is called SOPA, the other is called PIPA.
28
65000
2000
Jeden sa volá SOPA, druhý sa volá PIPA.
01:22
SOPA stands for the Stop Online Piracy Act.
29
67000
2000
SOPA znamená Stop Online Piracy Act.
01:24
It's from the Senate.
30
69000
2000
Je od Senátu.
01:26
PIPA is short for PROTECTIP,
31
71000
3000
PIPA je skrátene PROTECTIP,
01:29
which is itself short for
32
74000
2000
čo je samo skratka pre
01:31
Preventing Real Online Threats
33
76000
2000
Preventing Real Online Threats
01:33
to Economic Creativity
34
78000
2000
to Economic Creativity
01:35
and Theft of Intellectual Property --
35
80000
2000
and Theft of Intellectual Property,
01:37
because the congressional aides who name these things
36
82000
2000
lebo pracovníci v Kongrese, ktorí tieto názvy vymýšľajú,
01:39
have a lot of time on their hands.
37
84000
2000
majú zjavne veľa voľného času.
01:41
And what SOPA and PIPA want to do
38
86000
2000
To, čo SOPA a PIPA chcú,
01:43
is they want to do this.
39
88000
2000
je toto.
01:45
They want to raise the cost
40
90000
2000
Chcú zdvihnúť náklady na
01:47
of copyright compliance
41
92000
3000
dodržiavanie autorských práv,
01:50
to the point where people simply get out of the business
42
95000
3000
až do bodu, že ľudí odstavia z podnikania
01:53
of offering it as a capability to amateurs.
43
98000
3000
a ponúkania služieb amatérom.
01:56
Now the way they propose to do this
44
101000
3000
Navrhujú to spraviť tak,
01:59
is to identify sites
45
104000
2000
že identifikujú stránky,
02:01
that are substantially infringing on copyright --
46
106000
2000
ktoré svojou podstatou porušujú autorské práva,
02:03
although how those sites are identified
47
108000
2000
hoci to, ako tieto stránky budú idetifikovať
02:05
is never fully specified in the bills --
48
110000
2000
nie je nikde v zákone plne vysvetlené.
02:07
and then they want to remove them from the domain name system.
49
112000
3000
A chcú ich odstrániť zo systému na správu doménových mien.
02:10
They want to take them out of the domain name system.
50
115000
2000
Chcú ich vylúčiť z doménového systému.
02:12
Now the domain name system
51
117000
2000
Systém na správu doménových mien
02:14
is the thing that turns human-readable names, like Google.com,
52
119000
3000
slúži na zmenu čitateľných mien, ako Google.com,
02:17
into the kinds of addresses
53
122000
2000
na druh adresy,
02:19
machines expect --
54
124000
2000
ktorú očakáva stroj.
02:21
74.125.226.212.
55
126000
5000
Ako 74.125.226.212.
02:26
Now the problem with this model of censorship,
56
131000
3000
Problém s týmto spôsobom cenzúry je,
02:29
of identifying a site
57
134000
2000
že identifikovanie stránky
02:31
and then trying to remove it from the domain name system,
58
136000
2000
a snaha odstrániť ju z doménového systému,
02:33
is that it won't work.
59
138000
2000
nebude fungovať.
02:35
And you'd think that would be a pretty big problem for a law,
60
140000
3000
A to je pre právo dosť problém.
02:38
but Congress seems not to have let that bother them too much.
61
143000
2000
Ale Kongres to veľmi netrápi.
02:40
Now the reason it won't work
62
145000
2000
Tu je dôvod, prečo to nebude fungovať.
02:42
is that you can still type 74.125.226.212 into the browser
63
147000
4000
Stále budete môcť do prehliadača napísať 74.125.226.212
02:46
or you can make it a clickable link
64
151000
2000
alebo spraviť odkaz na kliknutie.
02:48
and you'll still go to Google.
65
153000
3000
Stále sa dostanete na Google.
02:51
So the policing layer
66
156000
2000
Takže samotná kontrola
02:53
around the problem
67
158000
2000
pri tomto probléme
02:55
becomes the real threat of the act.
68
160000
4000
je skutočnou hrozbou zákona.
02:59
Now to understand how Congress came to write a bill
69
164000
3000
Aby ste porozumeli, prečo Kongres napísal zákon,
03:02
that won't accomplish its stated goals,
70
167000
3000
ktorý nebude spĺňať stanovené ciele
03:05
but will produce a lot of pernicious side effects,
71
170000
2000
a vyvolá mnoho škodlivých vedľajších následkov,
03:07
you have to understand a little bit about the back story.
72
172000
2000
musíte sa dozvedieť niečo z pozadia
03:09
And the back story is this:
73
174000
2000
jeho tvorby, a to že:
03:11
SOPA and PIPA, as legislation,
74
176000
2000
Zákony SOPA a PIPA
03:13
were drafted largely by media companies
75
178000
3000
navrhli z väčšej časti mediálne spoločnosti,
03:16
that were founded in the 20th century.
76
181000
2000
založené v 20-tom storočí.
03:18
The 20th century was a great time to be a media company,
77
183000
2000
20-te storočie bolo skvelým obdobím pre mediálnu spoločnosť,
03:20
because the thing you really had on your side was scarcity.
78
185000
3000
lebo do karát vám hral nedostatok.
03:23
If you were making a TV show,
79
188000
2000
Ak ste vytvárali televízny program,
03:25
it didn't have to be better than all other TV shows ever made;
80
190000
4000
nemusel byť lepší než všetky ostatné televízne programy.
03:29
it only had to be better
81
194000
2000
Musel byť len lepší ako
03:31
than the two other shows
82
196000
2000
dva iné programy,
03:33
that were on at the same time --
83
198000
2000
ktoré dávali v rovnakom čase.
03:35
which is a very low threshold
84
200000
2000
Čo je nízka laťka
03:37
of competitive difficulty.
85
202000
3000
konkurencieschopnosti.
03:40
Which meant
86
205000
2000
To znamenalo, že
03:42
that if you fielded average content,
87
207000
2000
aj priemerným obsahom
03:44
you got a third of the U.S. public for free --
88
209000
3000
ste získali tretinu amerického publika zdarma.
03:47
tens of millions of users
89
212000
3000
Desať miliónov divákov
03:50
for simply doing something
90
215000
2000
len preto, že ste spravili niečo,
03:52
that wasn't too terrible.
91
217000
2000
čo nebolo až také strašné.
03:54
This is like having a license to print money
92
219000
2000
Je to ako mať licenciu na tlač peňazí
03:56
and a barrel of free ink.
93
221000
2000
a súd atramentu zdarma.
03:58
But technology moved on, as technology is wont to do.
94
223000
3000
Ale technológia pokročila, ako to má vo zvyku.
04:01
And slowly, slowly, at the end of the 20th century,
95
226000
3000
A pomaly na konci 20-teho storočia,
04:04
that scarcity started to get eroded --
96
229000
2000
skončila výhoda nedostatku.
04:06
and I don't mean by digital technology;
97
231000
2000
Nemám na mysli kvôli digitálnej technológii,
04:08
I mean by analog technology.
98
233000
2000
ale kvôli analógovej technológii.
04:10
Cassette tapes, video cassette recorders,
99
235000
2000
Kazety, kazetové videonahrávače,
04:12
even the humble Xerox machine
100
237000
2000
aj skromný Xerox
04:14
created new opportunities
101
239000
2000
nám vytvorili nové
04:16
for us to behave in ways
102
241000
2000
možnosti, ktoré
04:18
that astonished the media business.
103
243000
2000
prekvapili mediálny biznis.
04:20
Because it turned out
104
245000
2000
Lebo sa ukázalo, že
04:22
we're not really couch potatoes.
105
247000
2000
nie sme len pasívni diváci.
04:24
We don't really like to only consume.
106
249000
3000
Nejde nám len o konzum.
04:27
We do like to consume,
107
252000
2000
Máme radi konzum
04:29
but every time one of these new tools came along,
108
254000
3000
ale vždy keď prišla jedna z nových technológií,
04:32
it turned out we also like to produce
109
257000
2000
ukázalo sa, že tiež radi produkujeme
04:34
and we like to share.
110
259000
2000
a zdieľame.
04:36
And this freaked the media businesses out --
111
261000
2000
A to mediálny biznis vystrašilo,
04:38
it freaked them out every time.
112
263000
2000
zakaždým ich to vystrašilo.
04:40
Jack Valenti, who was the head lobbyist
113
265000
2000
Jack Valenti, ktorý bol vedúcim lobistom,
04:42
for the Motion Picture Association of America,
114
267000
2000
Motion Picture Association of America,
04:44
once likened the ferocious video cassette recorder
115
269000
4000
raz prirovnal zúrivý videorekordér
04:48
to Jack the Ripper
116
273000
2000
k Jackovi Rozparovačovi
04:50
and poor, helpless Hollywood
117
275000
2000
a chudobný, bezmocný Hollywood
04:52
to a woman at home alone.
118
277000
3000
k žene, ktorá je doma sama.
04:55
That was the level of rhetoric.
119
280000
2000
Taká bola rétorika.
04:57
And so the media industries
120
282000
2000
A preto mediálne odvetvie
04:59
begged, insisted, demanded
121
284000
2000
prosilo, požadovalo, naliehalo,
05:01
that Congress do something.
122
286000
2000
aby s tým Kongres niečo urobil.
05:03
And Congress did something.
123
288000
2000
A Kongres urobil.
05:05
By the early 90s, Congress passed the law
124
290000
2000
Na začiatku 90-tych rokov, prijal zákon,
05:07
that changed everything.
125
292000
3000
ktorý všetko zmenil.
05:10
And that law was called the Audio Home Recording Act
126
295000
2000
Zákon sa volal Audio Home Recording Act.
05:12
of 1992.
127
297000
2000
z roku 1992.
05:14
What the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 said was,
128
299000
3000
Audio Home Recording Act povedal,
05:17
look, if people are taping stuff off the radio
129
302000
2000
pozrite, ak si ľudia nahrávajú veci z rádia
05:19
and then making mixtapes for their friends,
130
304000
3000
a robia výberovky pre kamarátov,
05:22
that is not a crime. That's okay.
131
307000
3000
to nie je zločin. To je v poriadku.
05:25
Taping and remixing
132
310000
2000
Nahrávanie, remixovanie
05:27
and sharing with your friends is okay.
133
312000
3000
a zdieľanie s vašimi priateľmi je v poriadku.
05:30
If you make lots and lots of high quality copies and you sell them,
134
315000
2000
Ak spravíte mnoho kvalitných kópií a predáte ich,
05:32
that's not okay.
135
317000
2000
to nie je v poriadku.
05:34
But this taping business,
136
319000
2000
Ale to nahrávanie,
05:36
fine, let it go.
137
321000
2000
nechajte to tak.
05:38
And they thought that they clarified the issue,
138
323000
3000
A mysleli si, že to objasnili,
05:41
because they'd set out a clear distinction
139
326000
2000
lebo vyjasnili rozdiel
05:43
between legal and illegal copying.
140
328000
2000
medzi legálnym a ilegálnym kopírovaním.
05:45
But that wasn't what the media businesses wanted.
141
330000
3000
Ale mediálny biznis to nechcel.
05:48
They had wanted Congress
142
333000
2000
Chceli, aby Kongres
05:50
to outlaw copying full-stop.
143
335000
3000
zakázal akékoľvek kopírovanie.
05:53
So when the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 was passed,
144
338000
3000
Takže, keď Audio Home Recording Act v roku 1992 prešiel,
05:56
the media businesses gave up on the idea
145
341000
4000
mediálne odvetvie upustilo od
06:00
of legal versus illegal distinctions for copying
146
345000
2000
legálneho verzus ilegálneho rozlišovania kopírovania,
06:02
because it was clear
147
347000
2000
lebo bolo jasné,
06:04
that if Congress was acting in their framework,
148
349000
2000
že ak Kongres konal v rámci svojho rámca,
06:06
they might actually increase the rights of citizens
149
351000
4000
mohol v skutočnosti zvýšiť práva občanov
06:10
to participate in our own media environment.
150
355000
2000
účastniť sa mediálneho prostredia.
06:12
So they went for plan B.
151
357000
2000
Takže zvolili plán B.
06:14
It took them a while to formulate plan B.
152
359000
2000
Istý čas im trvalo, kým sformulovali plán B.
06:16
Plan B appeared in its first full-blown form
153
361000
2000
Plán B sa objavil v celej kráse
06:18
in 1998 --
154
363000
2000
v roku 1998.
06:20
something called the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.
155
365000
3000
Nazvaný bol Digital Millennium Copyright Act.
06:23
It was a complicated piece of legislation, a lot of moving parts.
156
368000
2000
Bol to komplikovaný zákon.
06:25
But the main thrust of the DMCA
157
370000
3000
Ale kľúčovým bodom DMCA bolo,
06:28
was that it was legal to sell you
158
373000
2000
že bolo legálne predať vám
06:30
uncopyable digital material --
159
375000
2000
neskopírovateľný digitálny materiál.
06:32
except that there's no such things as uncopyable digital material.
160
377000
3000
Až na to, že nič také ako neskopírovateľný digitálny materiál neexistuje.
06:35
It would be, as Ed Felton once famously said,
161
380000
2000
Bolo by to, ako povedal Ed Felton:
06:37
"Like handing out water
162
382000
2000
"Ako rozdávať vodu,
06:39
that wasn't wet."
163
384000
2000
ktorá nie je mokrá."
06:41
Bits are copyable. That's what computers do.
164
386000
3000
Bity sú kopírovateľné. Na to sú počítače.
06:44
That is a side effect of their ordinary operation.
165
389000
3000
To je vedľajší produkt ich bežného fungovania.
06:47
So in order to fake the ability
166
392000
2000
V snahe predstierať schopnosť
06:49
to sell uncopyable bits,
167
394000
2000
predávania nekopírovateľných bitov,
06:51
the DMCA also made it legal
168
396000
2000
DMCA tiež ukákonila, že
06:53
to force you to use systems
169
398000
3000
budete nútení používať systémy,
06:56
that broke the copying function of your devices.
170
401000
3000
ktoré znemožnia koprírovaciu funkciu vašich zariadení.
06:59
Every DVD player and game player
171
404000
2000
Každý DVD prehrávač a konzola,
07:01
and television and computer you brought home --
172
406000
3000
televízia a počítač, ktorý si prinesiete domov,
07:04
no matter what you thought you were getting when you bought it --
173
409000
3000
pričom nezáleží, čo ste mysleli, keď ste si ich kúpili,
07:07
could be broken by the content industries,
174
412000
3000
môžu byť prelomené týmto odvetvím,
07:10
if they wanted to set that as a condition of selling you the content.
175
415000
3000
ak to chcú nastaviť ako podmienku predaja.
07:13
And to make sure you didn't realize,
176
418000
3000
Aby sa uistili, že ste si neuvedomili
07:16
or didn't enact their capabilities
177
421000
3000
alebo neschávili ich schopnosti
07:19
as general purpose computing devices,
178
424000
2000
ako výpočtového zariadenia všeobecného účelu,
07:21
they also made it illegal
179
426000
2000
tiež bolo nelegálne,
07:23
for you to try to reset
180
428000
2000
ak ste chceli prenastaviť
07:25
the copyability of that content.
181
430000
2000
koprírovateľnosť daného obsahu.
07:27
The DMCA marks the moment
182
432000
2000
DMCA je tým bodom,
07:29
when the media industries
183
434000
2000
ked´sa mediálny priemysel
07:31
gave up on the legal system
184
436000
2000
vzdal právneho delenia
07:33
of distinguishing between legal and illegal copying
185
438000
3000
legálneho a nelegálneho koprírovania
07:36
and simply tried to prevent copying
186
441000
3000
a rovno sa snažil predísť kopírovaniu
07:39
through technical means.
187
444000
2000
skrz technické prostriedky.
07:41
Now the DMCA had, and is continuing to have, a lot of complicated effects,
188
446000
3000
DMCA mal a stále má, mnoho komplikovaných následkov,
07:44
but in this one domain, limiting sharing,
189
449000
3000
ale v tejto oblasti, limitovaného zdieľania,
07:47
it has mostly not worked.
190
452000
2000
poväčšine nefungoval.
07:49
And the main reason it hasn't worked
191
454000
2000
A hlavný dôvod, prečo nefungoval,
07:51
is the Internet has turned out to be far more popular and far more powerful
192
456000
3000
je, že internet sa ukázal byť oveľa populárnejší a silnejší,
07:54
than anyone imagined.
193
459000
3000
než si kto predstavoval.
07:57
The mixtape, the fanzine,
194
462000
2000
Remixy a časopisy fanúšikov,
07:59
that was nothing compared to what we're seeing now
195
464000
2000
boli nič v porovnaní s tým, čo vidíme dnes
08:01
with the Internet.
196
466000
2000
na internete.
08:03
We are in a world
197
468000
2000
Sme vo svete,
08:05
where most American citizens
198
470000
2000
kde väčšina amerických občanov
08:07
over the age of 12
199
472000
2000
nad 12 rokov
08:09
share things with each other online.
200
474000
2000
zdieľa veci online.
08:11
We share written things, we share images,
201
476000
2000
Delíme sa o písané veci, obrázky,
08:13
we share audio, we share video.
202
478000
2000
zdieľame audio, video.
08:15
Some of the stuff we share is stuff we've made.
203
480000
2000
Niektoré z nich sme vytvorili sami.
08:17
Some of the stuff we share is stuff we've found.
204
482000
2000
Niektoré z nich sme našli.
08:19
Some of the stuff we share
205
484000
2000
Niektoré veci, ktoré zdieľame
08:21
is stuff we've made out of what we've found,
206
486000
2000
sú z vecí, ktoré sme vytvorili i našli,
08:23
and all of it horrifies those industries.
207
488000
3000
a to všetko desí tento priemysel.
08:26
So PIPA and SOPA
208
491000
2000
Takže PIPA a SOPA
08:28
are round two.
209
493000
2000
sú druhým kolom.
08:30
But where the DMCA was surgical --
210
495000
2000
Zatiaľčo DMCA bol chirurgický,
08:32
we want to go down into your computer,
211
497000
3000
šiel do vášho počítača,
08:35
we want to go down into your television set, down into your game machine,
212
500000
3000
šiel do vašej televízie a hracích zariadení
08:38
and prevent it from doing
213
503000
2000
a znemožnil im robiť to,
08:40
what they said it would do at the store --
214
505000
2000
čo vám bolo sľúbené v predajni.
08:42
PIPA and SOPA are nuclear
215
507000
2000
PIPA a SOPA sú nukleárne
08:44
and they're saying, we want to go anywhere in the world
216
509000
4000
a chcú ísť do celého sveta
08:48
and censor content.
217
513000
2000
cenzúrovať obsah.
08:50
Now the mechanism, as I said, for doing this,
218
515000
3000
A tento mechanizmus, ako som povedal,
08:53
is you need to take out anybody
219
518000
3000
znamená odstránenie každého,
08:56
pointing to those IP addresses.
220
521000
2000
kto odkazuje na takú IP adresu.
08:58
You need to take them out of search engines,
221
523000
2000
Odstrániť sa musí z vyhľadávačov,
09:00
you need to take them out of online directories,
222
525000
2000
z online adresárov,
09:02
you need to take them out of user lists.
223
527000
3000
zo zoznamu používateľov.
09:05
And because the biggest producers of content on the Internet
224
530000
4000
A preto, že najväčší tvorca obsahu na internete
09:09
are not Google and Yahoo,
225
534000
3000
nie sú Google ani Yahoo
09:12
they're us,
226
537000
2000
ale my,
09:14
we're the people getting policed.
227
539000
2000
to nás budú kontrolovať.
09:16
Because in the end,
228
541000
2000
Lebo nakoniec
09:18
the real threat
229
543000
3000
skutočne ohrozená,
09:21
to the enactment of PIPA and SOPA
230
546000
3000
prijatím PIPA a SOPA
09:24
is our ability to share things with one another.
231
549000
3000
je naša schopnosť zdieľať.
09:27
So what PIPA and SOPA risk doing
232
552000
3000
Čo PIPA a SOPA riskujú,
09:30
is taking a centuries-old legal concept,
233
555000
3000
je zmena pradávnej právnej zásady
09:33
innocent until proven guilty,
234
558000
2000
prezumpcie neviny
09:35
and reversing it --
235
560000
2000
na opačnú zásadu
09:37
guilty until proven innocent.
236
562000
2000
prezumpcie viny.
09:39
You can't share
237
564000
2000
Nemôžete zdieľať,
09:41
until you show us
238
566000
3000
kým nám nepreukážete,
09:44
that you're not sharing something
239
569000
2000
že nezdieľate niečo,
09:46
we don't like.
240
571000
2000
čo sa nám nepáči.
09:48
Suddenly, the burden of proof for legal versus illegal
241
573000
3000
Zrazu dôkazné bremeno
09:51
falls affirmatively on us
242
576000
2000
leží na nás
09:53
and on the services
243
578000
2000
a na službách,
09:55
that might be offering us any new capabilities.
244
580000
3000
ktoré nám ponúkajú nové možnosti.
09:58
And if it costs even a dime
245
583000
3000
Ak bude stáť čo i len cent
10:01
to police a user,
246
586000
2000
kontrolavať jedného používateľa,
10:03
that will crush a service
247
588000
2000
zablokujú službu
10:05
with a hundred million users.
248
590000
2000
so sto miliónmi používateľov.
10:07
So this is the Internet they have in mind.
249
592000
2000
Takto si predstavujú internet.
10:09
Imagine this sign everywhere --
250
594000
3000
Predstavte si všade tento nadpis.
10:12
except imagine it doesn't say College Bakery,
251
597000
3000
Nebude tam ale napísané College Bakery
10:15
imagine it says YouTube
252
600000
2000
ale YouTube
10:17
and Facebook and Twitter.
253
602000
2000
a Facebook a Twitter.
10:19
Imagine it says TED,
254
604000
2000
Predstavte si, že tam bude TED,
10:21
because the comments can't be policed
255
606000
3000
lebo komentáre nemožno kontrolovať
10:24
at any acceptable cost.
256
609000
3000
za prijateľné náklady.
10:27
The real effects of SOPA and PIPA
257
612000
3000
Skutočné dôsledky SOPA a PIPA
10:30
are going to be different than the proposed effects.
258
615000
3000
budú iné než stanovujú ciele.
10:33
The threat, in fact,
259
618000
2000
V skutočnosti je hrozbou
10:35
is this inversion of the burden of proof,
260
620000
3000
otočenie dôkazného bremena,
10:38
where we suddenly
261
623000
2000
keď zrazu budeme všetci
10:40
are all treated like thieves
262
625000
2000
považovaní za zlodejov,
10:42
at every moment we're given the freedom to create,
263
627000
3000
vždy, keď máme možnosť vytvárať,
10:45
to produce or to share.
264
630000
3000
produkovať a zdieľať.
10:48
And the people who provide those capabilities to us --
265
633000
3000
A tí, ktorí nám tieto služby ponúkajú,
10:51
the YouTubes, the Facebooks, the Twitters and TEDs --
266
636000
3000
YouTuby, Facebooky, Twitteri a TEDi,
10:54
are in the business
267
639000
2000
nás budú musieť v rámci podnikania
10:56
of having to police us,
268
641000
2000
kontrolovať.
10:58
or being on the hook for contributory infringement.
269
643000
3000
Alebo sa vystavia spolupáchateľstvu.
11:01
There's two things you can do
270
646000
2000
Sú dve veci, ktoré môžete spraviť,
11:03
to help stop this --
271
648000
2000
aby sa to zastavilo.
11:05
a simple thing and a complicated thing,
272
650000
3000
Ľahkú vec a náročnú vec,
11:08
an easy thing and a hard thing.
273
653000
2000
jednu ľahkú, jednu náročnú vec.
11:10
The simple thing, the easy thing, is this:
274
655000
2000
Ľahká vec je toto:
11:12
if you're an American citizen,
275
657000
2000
ak ste americký občan,
11:14
call your representative, call your senator.
276
659000
3000
zavolajte svojmu poslancovi, zavolajte svojmu senátorovi.
11:17
When you look at
277
662000
3000
Ak sa pozriete na to,
11:20
the people who co-signed on the SOPA bill,
278
665000
3000
aký ľudia sa podpísali pod SOPA,
11:23
people who've co-signed on PIPA,
279
668000
2000
aký ľudia sa podpísali pod PIPA,
11:25
what you see is that they have cumulatively received
280
670000
3000
uvidíte, že spoločne obdržali
11:28
millions and millions of dollars
281
673000
3000
milióny a milióny dolárov
11:31
from the traditional media industries.
282
676000
2000
od mediálneho priemyslu.
11:33
You don't have millions and millions of dollars,
283
678000
2000
Vy milióny a milióny dolárov nemáte,
11:35
but you can call your representatives,
284
680000
2000
ale zavolať svojmu poslancovi môžete,
11:37
and you can remind them that you vote,
285
682000
3000
môžte im pripomenúť, že ste ich volili,
11:40
and you can ask not to be treated like a thief,
286
685000
3000
požiadať ich, aby s vami nezaobchádzali ako so zlodejmi,
11:43
and you can suggest that you would prefer
287
688000
2000
môžete odporučiť, že by ste boli radšej,
11:45
that the Internet not be broken.
288
690000
3000
ak by internet ostal neporušený.
11:48
And if you're not an American citizen,
289
693000
2000
Ak nie ste americký občan,
11:50
you can contact American citizens that you know
290
695000
2000
kontaktujte amerického občana, ktorého poznáte
11:52
and encourage them to do the same.
291
697000
2000
a povzbuďte ho na to isté.
11:54
Because this seems like a national issue,
292
699000
2000
Lebo síce to vyzerá ako národná záležitosť
11:56
but it is not.
293
701000
2000
ale nie je.
11:58
These industries will not be content
294
703000
2000
Toto odvetvie sa neuspokojí
12:00
with breaking our Internet.
295
705000
2000
so zničením nášho internetu.
12:02
If they break it, they will break it for everybody.
296
707000
3000
Ak ho zničia, narušia ho pre každého.
12:05
That's the easy thing.
297
710000
2000
To bola tá ľahká vec.
12:07
That's the simple thing.
298
712000
2000
Tá jednoduchá vec.
12:09
The hard thing is this:
299
714000
2000
Náročná vec je táto:
12:11
get ready, because more is coming.
300
716000
3000
Pripravte sa, pretože sa chystá viac.
12:14
SOPA is simply a reversion of COICA,
301
719000
3000
SOPA je len revízia zákona COICA,
12:17
which was purposed last year, which did not pass.
302
722000
2000
ktorý mal prejsť minulý rok ale neprešiel.
12:19
And all of this goes back
303
724000
2000
A všetko sa to vracia
12:21
to the failure of the DMCA
304
726000
2000
k zlyhaniu DMCA,
12:23
to disallow sharing as a technical means.
305
728000
2000
ktorý nezabránil zdieľaniu technickými prostriedkami.
12:25
And the DMCA goes back to the Audio Home Recording Act,
306
730000
3000
A DMCA sa vracia späť k Audio Home Recording Act,
12:28
which horrified those industries.
307
733000
2000
ktorý tak vydesil priemysel.
12:30
Because the whole business
308
735000
2000
Lebo celý proces
12:32
of actually suggesting that someone is breaking the law
309
737000
3000
od naznačenia, že niekto porušuje právo
12:35
and then gathering evidence and proving that,
310
740000
2000
po zbieranie dôkazov a preukázania,
12:37
that turns out to be really inconvenient.
311
742000
3000
je vskutku nepraktický.
12:40
"We'd prefer not to do that,"
312
745000
2000
"Neradi by sme to robili,"
12:42
says the content industries.
313
747000
2000
vraví priemysel.
12:44
And what they want is not to have to do that.
314
749000
3000
Oni nechcú, aby to museli robiť.
12:47
They don't want legal distinctions
315
752000
2000
Nechcú zákonný rozdiel
12:49
between legal and illegal sharing.
316
754000
2000
medzi legálnym a nelegálnym zdieľaním.
12:51
They just want the sharing to go away.
317
756000
2000
Chcú, aby zdieľanie zmizlo.
12:53
PIPA and SOPA are not oddities, they're not anomalies,
318
758000
3000
PIPA a SOPA nie sú zvláštnosti, nie sú anomálie,
12:56
they're not events.
319
761000
2000
nie sú náhodné.
12:58
They're the next turn of this particular screw,
320
763000
3000
Sú ďalším závitom na skrutke,
13:01
which has been going on 20 years now.
321
766000
2000
ktorá sa zakrúca už 20 rokov.
13:03
And if we defeat these, as I hope we do,
322
768000
2000
A ak ich porazíme, čo dúfam,
13:05
more is coming.
323
770000
2000
aj tak príde viac.
13:07
Because until we convince Congress
324
772000
5000
Kým nepresvedčíme Kongres,
13:12
that the way to deal with copyright violation
325
777000
3000
že k porušeniu autorských práv
13:15
is the way copyright violation was dealt with with Napster, with YouTube,
326
780000
4000
treba pristupovať, ako pri Napsteri a YouTube.
13:19
which is to have a trial with all the presentation of evidence
327
784000
3000
Čo znamená súd a preukázanie dôkazov
13:22
and the hashing out of facts and the assessment of remedies
328
787000
3000
a skúmanie faktov a hodnotenie nápravy,
13:25
that goes on in democratic societies.
329
790000
2000
ako sa to robí v demokratických spoločnostiach.
13:27
That's the way to handle this.
330
792000
2000
Takto k tomu treba pristupovať.
13:29
In the meantime,
331
794000
2000
A zatiaľ,
13:31
the hard thing to do is to be ready.
332
796000
2000
tou ťažkou vecou, je byť pripravený.
13:33
Because that's the real message of PIPA and SOPA.
333
798000
2000
Lebo to je skuročný odkaz PIPA a SOPA.
13:35
Time Warner has called
334
800000
2000
Volal Time Warner.
13:37
and they want us all back on the couch,
335
802000
2000
Chcú nás všetkých naspäť na gauči,
13:39
just consuming --
336
804000
2000
len konzumujúcich,
13:41
not producing, not sharing --
337
806000
2000
nie vytvárajúcich, nie zdieľajúcich.
13:43
and we should say, "No."
338
808000
2000
A my by sme mali povedať: "Nie."
13:45
Thank you.
339
810000
2000
Ďakujem vám.
13:47
(Applause)
340
812000
6000
(Potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Clay Shirky - Social Media TheoristClay Shirky argues that the history of the modern world could be rendered as the history of ways of arguing, where changes in media change what sort of arguments are possible -- with deep social and political implications.
Why you should listen
Clay Shirky's work focuses on the rising usefulness of networks -- using decentralized technologies such as peer-to-peer sharing, wireless, software for social creation, and open-source development. New technologies are enabling new kinds of cooperative structures to flourish as a way of getting things done in business, science, the arts and elsewhere, as an alternative to centralized and institutional structures, which he sees as self-limiting. In his writings and speeches he has argued that "a group is its own worst enemy."
Shirky is an adjunct professor in New York Universityʼs graduate Interactive Telecommunications Program, where he teaches a course named “Social Weather.” Heʼs the author of several books. This spring at the TED headquarters in New York, he gave an impassioned talk against SOPA/PIPA that saw 1 million views in 48 hours.
Clay Shirky | Speaker | TED.com