TEDSalon NY2012
Clay Shirky: Why SOPA is a bad idea
克莱·舍基：为什么SOPA不是个好主意
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Readability: 4.6
1,582,800 views
如PIPA/SOPA这样的一个议案对我们的共享世界意味着什么？在TED的办公室，克莱·舍基发出了一个严肃的宣言 —— 号召我们捍卫创建、讨论、链接和分享的自由，而不是被动地消费。
Clay Shirky - Social Media Theorist
Clay Shirky argues that the history of the modern world could be rendered as the history of ways of arguing, where changes in media change what sort of arguments are possible -- with deep social and political implications. Full bio
Clay Shirky argues that the history of the modern world could be rendered as the history of ways of arguing, where changes in media change what sort of arguments are possible -- with deep social and political implications. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I'm going to start here.
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我想从这儿开始。
00:17
This is a hand-lettered sign
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这是一个手写告示
00:19
that appeared in a mom and pop bakery
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在数年前出现在布鲁克林
00:21
in my old neighborhood in Brooklyn a few years ago.
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我住过的旧社区里一个家庭式面包店里
00:24
The store owned one of those machines
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店中的机器中有一台
00:26
that can print on plates of sugar.
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可以用糖打印图文的机器
00:28
And kids could bring in drawings
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孩子们会带着画来
00:30
and have the store print a sugar plate
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让面包店在他们的
00:33
for the top of their birthday cake.
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生日蛋糕上画上一幅糖画。
00:35
But unfortunately, one of the things kids liked to draw
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但不幸地是，孩子们最喜欢画的东西之一
00:38
was cartoon characters.
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就是卡通人物。
00:40
They liked to draw the Little Mermaid,
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他们喜欢画小美人鱼，
00:42
they'd like to draw a smurf, they'd like to draw Micky Mouse.
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蓝精灵，米老鼠。
00:45
But it turns out to be illegal
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但结果，把一副孩子画的
00:47
to print a child's drawing of Micky Mouse
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米老鼠画做成糖画
00:50
onto a plate of sugar.
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竟是非法的
00:53
And it's a copyright violation.
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并且侵犯了版权
00:55
And policing copyright violations
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监管孩子生日蛋糕的
00:57
for children's birthday cakes
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版权侵犯
00:59
was such a hassle
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真是个麻烦事
01:01
that the College Bakery said,
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学院面包店如是说，
01:03
"You know what, we're getting out of that business.
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“你知道么，这个业务我们不能再提供了
01:05
If you're an amateur,
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如果你是个外行
01:07
you don't have access to our machine anymore.
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你可不能擅用我们的机器。
01:09
If you want a printed sugar birthday cake,
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如果你制作一份带糖画的生日蛋糕，
01:11
you have to use one of our prefab images --
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你必须用从我们的预制图像中选取一个 ——
01:15
only for professionals."
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机器只对专业人士开放。”
01:17
So there's two bills in Congress right now.
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这是目前国会的两个议案。
01:20
One is called SOPA, the other is called PIPA.
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一个名为SOPA，另一个名为PIPA。
01:22
SOPA stands for the Stop Online Piracy Act.
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SOPA表示禁止网络盗版法案（Stop Online Piracy Act）。
01:24
It's from the Senate.
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它出自参议院。
01:26
PIPA is short for PROTECTIP,
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PIPA是PROTECTIP的缩写，
01:29
which is itself short for
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这本身又是
01:31
Preventing Real Online Threats
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防止实时在线
01:33
to Economic Creativity
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对经济创新能力
01:35
and Theft of Intellectual Property --
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的威胁和对知识产权的盗窃法案的缩写——
01:37
because the congressional aides who name these things
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提出这些法案的国会助手
01:39
have a lot of time on their hands.
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有着大把的时间。
01:41
And what SOPA and PIPA want to do
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SOPA和PIPA想做的
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is they want to do this.
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就是他们想做的。
01:45
They want to raise the cost
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他们想把遵守版权的成本
01:47
of copyright compliance
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提高到某个程度，
01:50
to the point where people simply get out of the business
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这样外行人就
01:53
of offering it as a capability to amateurs.
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直接无法参与了
01:56
Now the way they propose to do this
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现在他们的方法是
01:59
is to identify sites
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识别出那些
02:01
that are substantially infringing on copyright --
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严重侵犯版权的网站 ——
02:03
although how those sites are identified
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但是到底怎么鉴别这些网站
02:05
is never fully specified in the bills --
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法案到说得不明不白--
02:07
and then they want to remove them from the domain name system.
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识别后他们就要删除其域名
02:10
They want to take them out of the domain name system.
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把他们的域名删了
02:12
Now the domain name system
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域名系统就是
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is the thing that turns human-readable names, like Google.com,
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把我们能读的名字，比如Google.com
02:17
into the kinds of addresses
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转化成
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machines expect --
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机器阅读的地址－
02:21
74.125.226.212.
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74.125.226.212
02:26
Now the problem with this model of censorship,
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这个审查模式的问题是
02:29
of identifying a site
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鉴定一个网站
02:31
and then trying to remove it from the domain name system,
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然后移除其域名
02:33
is that it won't work.
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这根本行不通
02:35
And you'd think that would be a pretty big problem for a law,
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而且在法律上来说也相当棘手
02:38
but Congress seems not to have let that bother them too much.
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但是国会似乎根本不操心这个
02:40
Now the reason it won't work
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这个方法不奏效的原因是
02:42
is that you can still type 74.125.226.212 into the browser
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如果你在浏览器输入74.125.226.212
02:46
or you can make it a clickable link
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或者做一个链接
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and you'll still go to Google.
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你仍然能打开谷歌
02:51
So the policing layer
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所以这个问题的
02:53
around the problem
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监管层面
02:55
becomes the real threat of the act.
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是这个法案本身最大的问题
02:59
Now to understand how Congress came to write a bill
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国会是怎么写了一个
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that won't accomplish its stated goals,
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自己没法达成目标
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but will produce a lot of pernicious side effects,
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还导致负面效果的法案呢
03:07
you have to understand a little bit about the back story.
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你得再深入了解点此问题
03:09
And the back story is this:
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这个问题的背景就是
03:11
SOPA and PIPA, as legislation,
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SOPA和PIPA的立法
03:13
were drafted largely by media companies
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主要是由上世纪成立的
03:16
that were founded in the 20th century.
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媒体公司起草的
03:18
The 20th century was a great time to be a media company,
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20世纪的媒体公司风华正茂的时候
03:20
because the thing you really had on your side was scarcity.
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因为他们掌握着稀缺资源
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If you were making a TV show,
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如果拍个电视
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it didn't have to be better than all other TV shows ever made;
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根本不必做得比以前的好
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it only had to be better
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只要比
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than the two other shows
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另两家的电视好就成了
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that were on at the same time --
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同时放映的只有这么多－
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which is a very low threshold
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这个对竞争难度
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of competitive difficulty.
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是个很低的门槛
03:40
Which meant
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也就是说
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that if you fielded average content,
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你只要作出平均水平的东西
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you got a third of the U.S. public for free --
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就有了全美三分之一的观众－
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tens of millions of users
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那可是上千万人
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for simply doing something
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只要简单做点东西
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that wasn't too terrible.
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不太烂就可以了
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This is like having a license to print money
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这就好像有印钞的许可证
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and a barrel of free ink.
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还有一桶免费的墨水
03:58
But technology moved on, as technology is wont to do.
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但是技术在发展，一直在进步
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And slowly, slowly, at the end of the 20th century,
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渐渐地，到了20世纪末
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that scarcity started to get eroded --
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稀缺性坐吃山空--
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and I don't mean by digital technology;
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我不是说数字技术
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I mean by analog technology.
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我是说模拟技术
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Cassette tapes, video cassette recorders,
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磁带录像带，录像机
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even the humble Xerox machine
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甚至是不起眼的复印机
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created new opportunities
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提供给我们新机会
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for us to behave in ways
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让媒体行业
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that astonished the media business.
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大大吃了一惊
04:20
Because it turned out
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因为不是每个人
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we're not really couch potatoes.
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都窝在沙发上看电视
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We don't really like to only consume.
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我们不愿意只做消费者
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We do like to consume,
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我们的确喜欢消费
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but every time one of these new tools came along,
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但每当有新工具问世
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it turned out we also like to produce
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我们就希望做出点什么
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and we like to share.
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来分享
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And this freaked the media businesses out --
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这可让媒体行业不爽了－
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it freaked them out every time.
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每次都是
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Jack Valenti, who was the head lobbyist
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杰克･瓦伦蒂是美国电影协会的
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for the Motion Picture Association of America,
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首席说客
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once likened the ferocious video cassette recorder
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他有次把盒带式录像机比喻成
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to Jack the Ripper
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开膛手杰克
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and poor, helpless Hollywood
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把可怜的无助的好莱坞
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to a woman at home alone.
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比喻成独自在家的女人
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That was the level of rhetoric.
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就是这么比喻的
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And so the media industries
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媒体行业
04:59
begged, insisted, demanded
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乞求，强调，要求
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that Congress do something.
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国会得做点什么
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And Congress did something.
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国会确实做了
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By the early 90s, Congress passed the law
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九十年代初国会通过了一个法案
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that changed everything.
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改变了一切
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And that law was called the Audio Home Recording Act
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该法案就是
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of 1992.
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1992年的《家庭录制法》
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What the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 said was,
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1992年的《家庭录制法》规定
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look, if people are taping stuff off the radio
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如果人们自己录像
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and then making mixtapes for their friends,
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然后和朋友分享
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that is not a crime. That's okay.
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这不是犯罪，没事
05:25
Taping and remixing
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录像，制作
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and sharing with your friends is okay.
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和朋友分享是可以的
05:30
If you make lots and lots of high quality copies and you sell them,
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但是如果制作很多高质量的然后出售
05:32
that's not okay.
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就不行了
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But this taping business,
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但是录像的行为
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fine, let it go.
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就放行吧
05:38
And they thought that they clarified the issue,
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他们觉得话说得很明白了
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because they'd set out a clear distinction
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因为他们划清了
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between legal and illegal copying.
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合法和非法翻拍的界线
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But that wasn't what the media businesses wanted.
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但那可不是媒体行业想的
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They had wanted Congress
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他们要的是
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to outlaw copying full-stop.
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国会禁止翻拍行为
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So when the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 was passed,
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所以当1992年《家庭录制法》通过的时候
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the media businesses gave up on the idea
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媒体行业放弃了
06:00
of legal versus illegal distinctions for copying
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划定合法和非法翻拍行为的想法
06:02
because it was clear
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因为很明显
06:04
that if Congress was acting in their framework,
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如果国会真的执行的话
06:06
they might actually increase the rights of citizens
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这可能反而促使
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to participate in our own media environment.
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更多人参与媒体活动
06:12
So they went for plan B.
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他们另辟蹊径
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It took them a while to formulate plan B.
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找到这另一个法子不容易
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Plan B appeared in its first full-blown form
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这个方法1998年终于
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in 1998 --
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全面问世
06:20
something called the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.
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称作《数字千年著作权法案》
06:23
It was a complicated piece of legislation, a lot of moving parts.
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这个立法内容非常复杂，有很多灵活的部分
06:25
But the main thrust of the DMCA
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但是DMCA的杀手锏是
06:28
was that it was legal to sell you
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销售不可复制的
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uncopyable digital material --
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数字内容是合法的－
06:32
except that there's no such things as uncopyable digital material.
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但是根本就不存在不可复制的数字内容阿
06:35
It would be, as Ed Felton once famously said,
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就像爱德･费尔顿说的
06:37
"Like handing out water
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“像泼出
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that wasn't wet."
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不湿的水一样。”
06:41
Bits are copyable. That's what computers do.
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比特位是可以复制的，这是电脑的功能
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That is a side effect of their ordinary operation.
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这是电脑正常操作的一个副产品
06:47
So in order to fake the ability
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所以假装
06:49
to sell uncopyable bits,
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存在出售无法复制的比特位的可能
06:51
the DMCA also made it legal
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DMCA也把
06:53
to force you to use systems
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强制你使用
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that broke the copying function of your devices.
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可破坏设备复制功能的系统定为合法
06:59
Every DVD player and game player
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你买回家的DVD播放器和游戏机
07:01
and television and computer you brought home --
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还有电视电脑－
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no matter what you thought you were getting when you bought it --
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无论买的时候你以为会有什么东西到手--
07:07
could be broken by the content industries,
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都可能被内容供应商破坏
07:10
if they wanted to set that as a condition of selling you the content.
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如果他们想以此作为出售给你内容的条件的话
07:13
And to make sure you didn't realize,
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为了确保你不知情
07:16
or didn't enact their capabilities
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或者说不让他们的条款
07:19
as general purpose computing devices,
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对一般性的电子设备适用
07:21
they also made it illegal
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他们还规定
07:23
for you to try to reset
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重新设置内容的复制性设置
07:25
the copyability of that content.
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也是违法的
07:27
The DMCA marks the moment
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DMCA标志着
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when the media industries
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媒体行业
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gave up on the legal system
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放弃了用法律手段
07:33
of distinguishing between legal and illegal copying
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来区分合法和非法复制
07:36
and simply tried to prevent copying
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而是采用技术手段
07:39
through technical means.
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来防止复制
07:41
Now the DMCA had, and is continuing to have, a lot of complicated effects,
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DMCA产生了很多复杂的作用
07:44
but in this one domain, limiting sharing,
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但在网域限制分享的范围内
07:47
it has mostly not worked.
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它是不适用的
07:49
And the main reason it hasn't worked
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不适用的原因是
07:51
is the Internet has turned out to be far more popular and far more powerful
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互联网的流行及其力量
07:54
than anyone imagined.
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远超人们的想象
07:57
The mixtape, the fanzine,
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自制录像 爱好者杂志
07:59
that was nothing compared to what we're seeing now
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这些有了互联网
08:01
with the Internet.
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就完全不一样了
08:03
We are in a world
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我们身处的世界
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where most American citizens
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大多数12岁以上的
08:07
over the age of 12
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美国人
08:09
share things with each other online.
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在线上与别人分享
08:11
We share written things, we share images,
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我们分享文稿，图片
08:13
we share audio, we share video.
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声频，视频
08:15
Some of the stuff we share is stuff we've made.
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分享的东西有些是我们制作的
08:17
Some of the stuff we share is stuff we've found.
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有些是我们找到的
08:19
Some of the stuff we share
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有些是
08:21
is stuff we've made out of what we've found,
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在那些找到的东西上加工出来的
08:23
and all of it horrifies those industries.
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这可让媒体行业吓坏了
08:26
So PIPA and SOPA
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PIPA和SOPA
08:28
are round two.
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可是第二回合
08:30
But where the DMCA was surgical --
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但好比DMCA是外科手术式的
08:32
we want to go down into your computer,
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要进入你的电脑
08:35
we want to go down into your television set, down into your game machine,
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你的电视机，还有游戏机
08:38
and prevent it from doing
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并且阻止店员
08:40
what they said it would do at the store --
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告诉你它们的功能
08:42
PIPA and SOPA are nuclear
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PIPA和SOPA就好比是核武器
08:44
and they're saying, we want to go anywhere in the world
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他们要插手世界上每一个角落
08:48
and censor content.
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去审查内容
08:50
Now the mechanism, as I said, for doing this,
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现在用于此目的的机制
08:53
is you need to take out anybody
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是移除任何一个
08:56
pointing to those IP addresses.
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指向IP地址的人
08:58
You need to take them out of search engines,
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把他们移出搜索引擎
09:00
you need to take them out of online directories,
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移出线上目录
09:02
you need to take them out of user lists.
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从用户名单里删除
09:05
And because the biggest producers of content on the Internet
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因为线上内容的最大生产者
09:09
are not Google and Yahoo,
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既不是谷歌也不是雅虎
09:12
they're us,
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而是我们
09:14
we're the people getting policed.
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是我们被管制了
09:16
Because in the end,
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因为说到底
09:18
the real threat
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实施
09:21
to the enactment of PIPA and SOPA
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PIPA和SOPA的真正威胁
09:24
is our ability to share things with one another.
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是我们与他人分享的能力
09:27
So what PIPA and SOPA risk doing
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PIPA和SOPA是在逆行倒施
09:30
is taking a centuries-old legal concept,
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把一个几百年来的法律概念
09:33
innocent until proven guilty,
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及“无罪推定”的概念
09:35
and reversing it --
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反过来－
09:37
guilty until proven innocent.
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变成“有罪推定”
09:39
You can't share
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除非你能
09:41
until you show us
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证明你分享的东西
09:44
that you're not sharing something
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是我们允许的
09:46
we don't like.
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否则就不能分享
09:48
Suddenly, the burden of proof for legal versus illegal
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这样一来，区分有罪无罪的证据负担
09:51
falls affirmatively on us
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就落到了我们身上
09:53
and on the services
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以及那些
09:55
that might be offering us any new capabilities.
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提供我们分享功能的服务商身上
09:58
And if it costs even a dime
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就算一名使用者
10:01
to police a user,
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只需一毛钱成本来管制
10:03
that will crush a service
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那么成千上万的使用者
10:05
with a hundred million users.
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无疑会压垮一个服务商
10:07
So this is the Internet they have in mind.
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这就是他们理想的互联网
10:09
Imagine this sign everywhere --
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想象一下这个标示随处可见的样子－
10:12
except imagine it doesn't say College Bakery,
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除了想象它不是叫学院面包房
10:15
imagine it says YouTube
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想象一下如果是YouTube
10:17
and Facebook and Twitter.
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脸书和推特
10:19
Imagine it says TED,
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如果是TED
10:21
because the comments can't be policed
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因为评论管制的
10:24
at any acceptable cost.
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成本无可估量
10:27
The real effects of SOPA and PIPA
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SOPA和PIPA的实际效果
10:30
are going to be different than the proposed effects.
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和预期效果是不同的
10:33
The threat, in fact,
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真正的威胁是
10:35
is this inversion of the burden of proof,
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供证的逆转
10:38
where we suddenly
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我们突然
10:40
are all treated like thieves
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成了做贼的
10:42
at every moment we're given the freedom to create,
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只要我们尝试自由地创作
10:45
to produce or to share.
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和分享
10:48
And the people who provide those capabilities to us --
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而提供此功能的人们
10:51
the YouTubes, the Facebooks, the Twitters and TEDs --
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YouTube，脸书，推特或者TED此类种种
10:54
are in the business
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就不得不
10:56
of having to police us,
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管制我们
10:58
or being on the hook for contributory infringement.
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或者被牵连构成间接侵权
11:01
There's two things you can do
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有两件事
11:03
to help stop this --
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你可以来帮助阻止这一切－
11:05
a simple thing and a complicated thing,
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一个简单一个复杂
11:08
an easy thing and a hard thing.
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一个容易一个困难
11:10
The simple thing, the easy thing, is this:
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这个简单容易的事就是
11:12
if you're an American citizen,
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如果你是美国公民
11:14
call your representative, call your senator.
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告诉你的众议员和参议员
11:17
When you look at
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当你看到
11:20
the people who co-signed on the SOPA bill,
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共同签署SOPA法案的人
11:23
people who've co-signed on PIPA,
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共同签署PIPA法案的人
11:25
what you see is that they have cumulatively received
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他们从
11:28
millions and millions of dollars
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传统媒体逐渐地收受了
11:31
from the traditional media industries.
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数以百万的钱财
11:33
You don't have millions and millions of dollars,
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你没有那么多钱
11:35
but you can call your representatives,
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但你可以告诉那些参议员
11:37
and you can remind them that you vote,
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提醒他们你握着投票权
11:40
and you can ask not to be treated like a thief,
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你可以要求不被作对一个贼来对待
11:43
and you can suggest that you would prefer
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你可以建议你宁愿要
11:45
that the Internet not be broken.
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一个健全的互联网
11:48
And if you're not an American citizen,
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如果你不是美国公民
11:50
you can contact American citizens that you know
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你可以告诉你认识的美国公民
11:52
and encourage them to do the same.
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劝他们这么做
11:54
Because this seems like a national issue,
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因为这个虽然看上去是美国国内的问题
11:56
but it is not.
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但不是的
11:58
These industries will not be content
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打击互联网
12:00
with breaking our Internet.
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是不能满足传统媒体产业的
12:02
If they break it, they will break it for everybody.
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如果他们打击了互联网，每个人都会受到损害
12:05
That's the easy thing.
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这是容易的这件事
12:07
That's the simple thing.
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简单的一件事
12:09
The hard thing is this:
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难的是
12:11
get ready, because more is coming.
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因为有更多的还在等着我们
12:14
SOPA is simply a reversion of COICA,
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SOPA是COICA的简版
12:17
which was purposed last year, which did not pass.
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COICA是去年提出的，没有通过
12:19
And all of this goes back
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这个源于
12:21
to the failure of the DMCA
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DMCA没有能够
12:23
to disallow sharing as a technical means.
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禁止分享技术手段的失败
12:25
And the DMCA goes back to the Audio Home Recording Act,
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而DMCA又是源于《家庭录制法》
12:28
which horrified those industries.
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那是让那些公司闻之胆寒的事
12:30
Because the whole business
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因为如果某人
12:32
of actually suggesting that someone is breaking the law
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违反了那个条例然后举证
12:35
and then gathering evidence and proving that,
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并证明的整个过程
12:37
that turns out to be really inconvenient.
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非常麻烦
12:40
"We'd prefer not to do that,"
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“我们不太喜欢那么干”
12:42
says the content industries.
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内容提供商如此自述
12:44
And what they want is not to have to do that.
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他们真正想要的是不必那么干
12:47
They don't want legal distinctions
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他们不想在合法和非法分享间
12:49
between legal and illegal sharing.
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有明确的司法界定
12:51
They just want the sharing to go away.
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他们只是想让分享彻底消失
12:53
PIPA and SOPA are not oddities, they're not anomalies,
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PIPA和SOPA不是异想天开，不是异常现象
12:56
they're not events.
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也不是个体事件
12:58
They're the next turn of this particular screw,
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它们是给螺丝又上紧了一圈
13:01
which has been going on 20 years now.
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而这已经持续了二十年
13:03
And if we defeat these, as I hope we do,
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如果我们反抗的话，我希望我们能
13:05
more is coming.
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还有更多的等着
13:07
Because until we convince Congress
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直到我们能说服国会
13:12
that the way to deal with copyright violation
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处理侵犯版权的做法
13:15
is the way copyright violation was dealt with with Napster, with YouTube,
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应该像处理Napster和YouTube的侵权那样
13:19
which is to have a trial with all the presentation of evidence
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也就是在民主社会中
13:22
and the hashing out of facts and the assessment of remedies
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通过举证，核对事实
13:25
that goes on in democratic societies.
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和补救措施评估的审讯的做法
13:27
That's the way to handle this.
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这才是正确的做法
13:29
In the meantime,
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同时
13:31
the hard thing to do is to be ready.
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困难之处还有要做好准备
13:33
Because that's the real message of PIPA and SOPA.
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这是PIPA和SOPA的真正要传达的信息
13:35
Time Warner has called
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时代华纳曾呼吁
13:37
and they want us all back on the couch,
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要我们坐回沙发上去
13:39
just consuming --
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单纯消费--
13:41
not producing, not sharing --
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别去创作，分享--
13:43
and we should say, "No."
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我们应该说“不。”
13:45
Thank you.
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谢谢。
13:47
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Clay Shirky - Social Media TheoristClay Shirky argues that the history of the modern world could be rendered as the history of ways of arguing, where changes in media change what sort of arguments are possible -- with deep social and political implications.
Why you should listen
Clay Shirky's work focuses on the rising usefulness of networks -- using decentralized technologies such as peer-to-peer sharing, wireless, software for social creation, and open-source development. New technologies are enabling new kinds of cooperative structures to flourish as a way of getting things done in business, science, the arts and elsewhere, as an alternative to centralized and institutional structures, which he sees as self-limiting. In his writings and speeches he has argued that "a group is its own worst enemy."
Shirky is an adjunct professor in New York Universityʼs graduate Interactive Telecommunications Program, where he teaches a course named “Social Weather.” Heʼs the author of several books. This spring at the TED headquarters in New York, he gave an impassioned talk against SOPA/PIPA that saw 1 million views in 48 hours.
Clay Shirky | Speaker | TED.com