TED2015
Sophie Scott: Why we laugh
Sophie Scott: Prečo sa smejeme
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Vedeli ste, že je 30-krát pravdepodobnejšie, že sa budete smiať s niekým iným, ako sám? Kognitívna neurovedkyňa Sophie Scott sa s vami podelí o tento a ďalšie prekvapivé fakty o smiechu v tomto rýchlom, akciou nabitom a, áno, veselom behu naprieč vedeckým poľom na túto tému.
Sophie Scott - Neuroscientist, stand-up comic
While exploring the neuroscience of speech and vocal behavior, Sophie Scott stumbled upon a surprising second vocation: making audiences laugh as a stand-up comic. Full bio
While exploring the neuroscience of speech and vocal behavior, Sophie Scott stumbled upon a surprising second vocation: making audiences laugh as a stand-up comic. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Hi. I'm going to talk
to you today about laughter,
to you today about laughter,
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Dobrý deň, dnes vám budem
prednášať o smiechu
prednášať o smiechu
00:15
and I just want to start
by thinking about the first time
by thinking about the first time
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a chcela by som začať
zamyslením sa nad tým,
zamyslením sa nad tým,
00:18
I can ever remember noticing laughter.
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kedy som si po prvý raz všimla smiech.
00:20
This is when I was a little girl.
I would've been about six.
I would've been about six.
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Bola som vtedy malé dievčatko,
mohla som mať asi 6 rokov.
mohla som mať asi 6 rokov.
00:23
And I came across my parents
doing something unusual,
doing something unusual,
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A videla som, že moji rodičia
robia niečo neobvyklé,
robia niečo neobvyklé,
00:27
where they were laughing.
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a smiali sa pritom.
00:28
They were laughing very, very hard.
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Smiali sa naozaj, naozaj poriadne.
00:30
They were lying on the floor laughing.
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Od smiechu sa váľali po zemi.
00:32
They were screaming with laughter.
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So smiechom kričali.
00:34
I did not know what they were
laughing at, but I wanted in.
laughing at, but I wanted in.
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Nevedela som, na čom sa smejú,
ale chcela som sa pridať.
ale chcela som sa pridať.
00:38
I wanted to be part of that,
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Chcela som byť toho súčasťou,
00:40
and I kind of sat around at the edge
going, "Hoo hoo!" (Laughter)
going, "Hoo hoo!" (Laughter)
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a tak som si prisadla a spravila:
„Hu-hú!“ (smiech)
„Hu-hú!“ (smiech)
00:43
Now, incidentally,
what they were laughing at
what they were laughing at
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To, na čom sa smiali, bola náhodou pieseň,
00:47
was a song which people used to sing,
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ktorú v tom čase ľudia spievali,
00:49
which was based around
signs in toilets on trains
signs in toilets on trains
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bola založená z nápisov
na vlakových toaletách,
na vlakových toaletách,
00:53
telling you what you could
and could not do
and could not do
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ktoré hovorili, čo smiete a čo nie,
00:56
in toilets on trains.
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na toaletách vo vlaku.
00:57
And the thing you have to remember
about the English is, of course,
about the English is, of course,
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A o Angličanoch si musíte pamätať,
01:00
we do have an immensely
sophisticated sense of humor.
sophisticated sense of humor.
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že máme ohromne sofistikovaný
zmysel pre humor.
zmysel pre humor.
01:03
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
01:04
At the time, though, I didn't
understand anything of that.
understand anything of that.
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V tom čase som však
ničomu z toho nerozumela.
ničomu z toho nerozumela.
01:07
I just cared about the laughter,
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Zaujímal ma len smiech,
01:09
and actually, as a neuroscientist,
I've come to care about it again.
I've come to care about it again.
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a vlastne ako neurovedkyňa som sa
oň začala zaujímať opäť.
oň začala zaujímať opäť.
01:12
And it is a really weird thing to do.
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A je to naozaj zvláštna činnosť.
01:15
What I'm going to do now
is just play some examples
is just play some examples
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Chystám sa vám tu predviesť príklady
01:17
of real human beings laughing,
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ako sa skutoční ľudia smejú
a chcem, aby ste sa zamysleli nad zvukom,
ktorý ľudia robia, aký čudný môže byť,
ktorý ľudia robia, aký čudný môže byť,
01:19
and I want you think about the sound
people make and how odd that can be,
people make and how odd that can be,
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01:22
and in fact how primitive
laughter is as a sound.
laughter is as a sound.
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a nad faktom, aký primitívny
je smiech ako zvuk.
je smiech ako zvuk.
01:25
It's much more like an animal call
than it is like speech.
than it is like speech.
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Je to skôr zvieracie volanie než reč.
01:28
So here we've got some laughter for you.
The first one is pretty joyful.
The first one is pretty joyful.
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Tu máme nejaké ukážky smiechu.
Prvý je dosť radostný.
Prvý je dosť radostný.
01:31
(Audio: Laughing)
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(zvuk: ukážka smiechu)
01:47
Now this next guy, I need him to breathe.
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Tento ďalší muž musí nejako dýchať.
01:50
There's a point in there
where I'm just, like,
where I'm just, like,
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V určitej chvíli si hovorím,
chlape, musíš dostať nejaký vzduch aj dnu,
01:52
you've got to get some air in there, mate,
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pretože on znie akoby len vydychoval.
01:54
because he just sounds
like he's breathing out.
like he's breathing out.
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(zvuk: ukážka smiechu)
01:56
(Audio: Laughing)
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02:05
This hasn't been edited; this is him.
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Toto nebolo upravené, takýto je.
02:08
(Audio: Laughing)
(Laughter)
(Laughter)
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(zvuk: ukážka smiechu)
(smiech)
(smiech)
02:14
And finally we have --
this is a human female laughing.
this is a human female laughing.
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A na záver tu máme smejúcu sa ženu.
02:18
And laughter can take us to some pretty
odd places in terms of making noises.
odd places in terms of making noises.
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Smiech nás môže doviesť ku zvláštnostiam,
čo sa týka vydávania zvukov.
čo sa týka vydávania zvukov.
02:22
(Audio: Laughing)
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(zvuk: ukážka smiechu)
02:41
She actually says, "Oh my God,
what is that?" in French.
what is that?" in French.
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A hovorí: „Ó môj Bože,
čo to je?“, po francúzsky.
čo to je?“, po francúzsky.
02:44
We're all kind of with her.
I have no idea.
I have no idea.
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A my všetci tak trochu s ňou.
Nemám tušenia.
Nemám tušenia.
02:48
Now, to understand laughter,
you have to look at a part of the body
you have to look at a part of the body
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Aby ste pochopili smiech, musíte sa
pozrieť na časť tela,
pozrieť na časť tela,
02:51
that psychologists and neuroscientists
don't normally spend much time looking at,
don't normally spend much time looking at,
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na ktorú sa psychológovia a neurovedci
bežne veľmi nedívajú,
bežne veľmi nedívajú,
02:55
which is the ribcage,
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je to hrudný kôš,
02:56
and it doesn't seem terribly exciting,
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a nezdá sa to veľmi vzrušujúce,
02:58
but actually you're all using
your ribcage all the time.
your ribcage all the time.
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ale vlastne používate hrudný kôš stále.
03:00
What you're all doing
at the moment with your ribcage,
at the moment with your ribcage,
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To, čo práve teraz vaším
hrudným košom robíte,
hrudným košom robíte,
a neprestávajte s tým, je dýchanie.
03:03
and don't stop doing it, is breathing.
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Čiže používate vaše medzirebrové svaly,
03:05
So you use the intercostal muscles,
the muscles between your ribs,
the muscles between your ribs,
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03:08
to bring air in and out of your lungs
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aby ste dostali vzdych do pľúc a von,
03:10
just by expanding
and contracting your ribcage,
and contracting your ribcage,
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len roztiahnutím a stiahnutím
hrudného koša,
hrudného koša,
03:12
and if I was to put a strap
around the outside of your chest
around the outside of your chest
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a keby som vám dala pás okolo vašej hrude,
03:15
called a breath belt, and just look
at that movement,
at that movement,
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nazývaný pás monitorovania dýchania,
uvidíte ten pohyb,
uvidíte ten pohyb,
03:17
you see a rather gentle sinusoidal
movement, so that's breathing.
movement, so that's breathing.
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vidíte celkom miernu sínusoidu pohybu,
to je dýchanie.
to je dýchanie.
Všetci to robíte. Neprestávajte.
03:21
You're all doing it. Don't stop.
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Hneď ako začnete rozprávať,
03:22
As soon as you start talking,
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03:24
you start using your breathing
completely differently.
completely differently.
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začnete svoje dýchanie používať inak.
03:26
So what I'm doing now is you see
something much more like this.
something much more like this.
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Takže ja práve robím niečo,
čo vyzerá viac ako tento graf.
čo vyzerá viac ako tento graf.
03:29
In talking, you use very fine
movements of the ribcage
movements of the ribcage
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Pri rozprávaní používate veľmi
jemné pohyby hrudníka,
jemné pohyby hrudníka,
03:32
to squeeze the air out --
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aby ste vytlačili vzduch von,
03:33
and in fact, we're the only animals
that can do this.
that can do this.
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a v podstate sme jediné živočíchy,
ktoré toto dokážu.
ktoré toto dokážu.
03:36
It's why we can talk at all.
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Vďaka tomu dokážeme hovoriť.
03:37
Now, both talking and breathing
has a mortal enemy,
has a mortal enemy,
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Rozprávanie a dýchanie
majú úhlavného nepriateľa
majú úhlavného nepriateľa
03:40
and that enemy is laughter,
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a tým nepriateľom je smiech,
03:43
because what happens when you laugh
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pretože, keď sa smejete,
03:45
is those same muscles
start to contract very regularly,
start to contract very regularly,
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tie isté svaly sa začnú sťahovať
veľmi pravidelne
veľmi pravidelne
03:48
and you get this very marked
sort of zig-zagging,
sort of zig-zagging,
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a váš graf dýchania má
výraznú cik-cakovú podobu,
výraznú cik-cakovú podobu,
03:51
and that's just squeezing
the air out of you.
the air out of you.
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jednoducho z vás vytláča vzduch.
03:53
It literally is that basic a way
of making a sound.
of making a sound.
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To je doslova základný spôsob
vydávania zvukov.
vydávania zvukov.
03:56
You could be stamping on somebody,
it's having the same effect.
it's having the same effect.
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Ak by ste po niekom dupali,
malo by to rovnaký účinok.
malo by to rovnaký účinok.
03:59
You're just squeezing air out,
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Vytláčate von vzduch
04:00
and each of those contractions --
Ha! -- gives you a sound.
Ha! -- gives you a sound.
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a každé z týchto stiahnutí „Ha!“,
vydáva zvuk.
vydáva zvuk.
04:03
And as the contractions run together,
you can get these spasms,
you can get these spasms,
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A keď sťahy prebiehajú súbežne,
môžete dostať záchvat,
môžete dostať záchvat,
04:06
and that's when you start getting
these -- (Wheezing) -- things happening.
these -- (Wheezing) -- things happening.
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a vtedy sa začnú diať – (chrčanie) –
takéto veci.
takéto veci.
V tomto som výborná. (smiech)
04:10
I'm brilliant at this. (Laughter)
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04:13
Now, in terms of the science of laughter,
there isn't very much,
there isn't very much,
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Čo sa týka vedy o smiechu,
nie je toho veľa,
nie je toho veľa,
04:17
but it does turn out that pretty much
everything we think we know
everything we think we know
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ale ukazuje sa, že zrejme všetko,
čo o smiechu vieme,
čo o smiechu vieme,
04:20
about laughter is wrong.
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je nesprávne.
04:23
So it's not at all unusual, for example,
to hear people to say
to hear people to say
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Preto nie je neobvyklé, napríklad,
počuť, že ľudia hovoria,
počuť, že ľudia hovoria,
že sú jedinými živočíchmi, ktoré sa smejú.
04:25
humans are the only animals that laugh.
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Nietzsche si myslel, že ľudia sú jediné
živočíchy, čo sa smejú.
živočíchy, čo sa smejú.
04:28
Nietzsche thought that humans
are the only animals that laugh.
are the only animals that laugh.
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04:30
In fact, you find laughter
throughout the mammals.
throughout the mammals.
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V skutočnosti nájdete smiech
medzi cicavcami.
medzi cicavcami.
04:33
It's been well-described
and well-observed in primates,
and well-observed in primates,
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Bol spozorovaný a dobre zaznamenaný
u primátov,
u primátov,
04:35
but you also see it in rats,
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ale vidno ho tiež u potkanov,
04:37
and wherever you find it --
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a kdekoľvek ho nájdete,
04:38
humans, primates, rats --
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u ľudí, primátov, potkanov,
04:40
you find it associated
with things like tickling.
with things like tickling.
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zistíte, že sa spája s vecami
ako šteklenie.
ako šteklenie.
04:43
That's the same for humans.
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Rovnaké je to u ľudí.
04:46
You find it associated with play,
and all mammals play.
and all mammals play.
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Zistíte, že sa spája s hrou,
a všetky cicavce sa hrajú.
a všetky cicavce sa hrajú.
04:51
And wherever you find it,
it's associated with interactions.
it's associated with interactions.
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A kdekoľvek ho nájdete,
spája sa s interakciami.
spája sa s interakciami.
04:55
So Robert Provine, who has done
a lot of work on this,
a lot of work on this,
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Robert Provine, ktorý na tejto téme
veľa pracoval,
veľa pracoval,
04:58
has pointed out that you are 30 times
more likely to laugh
more likely to laugh
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uviedol, že je 30-krát pravdepodobnejšie,
že sa budete smiať,
že sa budete smiať,
05:02
if you are with somebody else
than if you're on your own,
than if you're on your own,
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ak ste s niekým iným,
ako keď ste sami,
ako keď ste sami,
05:06
and where you find most laughter
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a najviac smiechu sa vyskytne
05:08
is in social interactions
like conversation.
like conversation.
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pri sociálnych interakciách,
ako konverzácia.
ako konverzácia.
05:10
So if you ask human beings,
"When do you laugh?"
"When do you laugh?"
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Takže keď sa ľudí opýtate:
„Kedy sa smejete?“,
„Kedy sa smejete?“,
05:13
they'll talk about comedy and they'll talk
about humor and they'll talk about jokes.
about humor and they'll talk about jokes.
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povedia vám o komédiách,
o humore a o vtipoch.
o humore a o vtipoch.
05:17
If you look at when they laugh,
they're laughing with their friends.
they're laughing with their friends.
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Keď sa pozriete, kedy sa smejú,
smejú sa so svojimi priateľmi.
smejú sa so svojimi priateľmi.
05:20
And when we laugh with people, we're
hardly ever actually laughing at jokes.
hardly ever actually laughing at jokes.
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A keď sa smejeme s ľudmi,
sotva sa smejeme na vtipoch.
sotva sa smejeme na vtipoch.
05:23
You are laughing to show people
that you understand them,
that you understand them,
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Smejete sa, aby ste ľuďom ukázali,
že ich chápete,
že ich chápete,
05:26
that you agree with them, that you're
part of the same group as them.
part of the same group as them.
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že s nimi súhlasíte, že ste súčasťou
rovnakej skupiny ako oni.
rovnakej skupiny ako oni.
05:29
You're laughing to show
that you like them.
that you like them.
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Aby ste im ukázali, že ich máte radi.
05:31
You might even love them.
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Môžete ich aj milovať.
05:33
You're doing all that at the same time
as talking to them,
as talking to them,
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Robíte to všetko súčasne s tým,
ako s nimi hovoríte,
ako s nimi hovoríte,
05:35
and the laughter is doing a lot
of that emotional work for you.
of that emotional work for you.
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a smiech za vás odvedie
veľa emocionálnej práce.
veľa emocionálnej práce.
05:38
Something that Robert Provine
has pointed out, as you can see here,
has pointed out, as you can see here,
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To, čo Robert Provine zdôraznil
a môžete to tu vidieť,
a môžete to tu vidieť,
a dôvod, prečo sme sa smiali,
05:41
and the reason why we were laughing
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keď sme počuli tie
ukážky smiechu na začiatku,
ukážky smiechu na začiatku,
05:43
when we heard those
funny laughs at the start,
funny laughs at the start,
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a preto som sa ja smiala,
keď som zbadala smiať sa rodičov,
keď som zbadala smiať sa rodičov,
05:45
and why I was laughing
when I found my parents laughing,
when I found my parents laughing,
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je to, že je to správanie s ohromne
nákazlivým účinkom.
nákazlivým účinkom.
05:48
is that it's an enormously
behaviorally contagious effect.
behaviorally contagious effect.
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05:51
You can catch laughter from somebody else,
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Môžete pochytiť smiech od niekoho iného,
05:53
and you are more likely to catch laughter
off somebody else if you know them.
off somebody else if you know them.
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a je pravdepodobnejšie, že sa tak stane
od človeka, ktorého poznáte.
od človeka, ktorého poznáte.
Čiže to stále podlieha
sociálnemu prostrediu.
sociálnemu prostrediu.
05:57
So it's still modulated
by this social context.
by this social context.
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Musíte dať humor bokom
05:59
You have to put humor to one side
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a rozmýšľať nad spoločenským
významom smiechu,
významom smiechu,
06:00
and think about the social
meaning of laughter
meaning of laughter
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pretože v ňom spočíva jeho pôvod.
06:03
because that's where its origins lie.
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06:05
Now, something I've got very interested in
is different kinds of laughter,
is different kinds of laughter,
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Veľmi ma zaujímajú rôzne typy smiechu,
06:09
and we have some neurobiological evidence
about how human beings vocalize
about how human beings vocalize
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máme určité neurobiologické záznamy,
o tom, ako ľudia vydávajú zvuky,
o tom, ako ľudia vydávajú zvuky,
06:14
that suggests there might be
two kinds of laughs that we have.
two kinds of laughs that we have.
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ktoré uvádzajú, že by mohli byť
dva druhy smiechu.
dva druhy smiechu.
06:18
So it seems possible that the neurobiology
for helpless, involuntary laughter,
for helpless, involuntary laughter,
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Možno má neurobiológia
bezmocného neúmyselného smiechu,
bezmocného neúmyselného smiechu,
06:23
like my parents lying on the floor
screaming about a silly song,
screaming about a silly song,
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ako keď moji rodičia ležali na podlahe
kvôli smiešnej pesničke,
kvôli smiešnej pesničke,
06:26
might have a different basis to it
than some of that more polite
than some of that more polite
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odlišný základ ako ten slušnejší,
06:29
social laughter that you encounter,
which isn't horrible laughter,
which isn't horrible laughter,
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spoločenský smiech, s ktorým sa stretnete,
čo nie je hrozný smiech,
čo nie je hrozný smiech,
06:32
but it's behavior somebody is doing
as part of their communicative act to you,
as part of their communicative act to you,
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ale je to správanie, ktoré niekto
predvádza ako súčasť komunikácie k vám,
predvádza ako súčasť komunikácie k vám,
06:36
part of their interaction with you;
they are choosing to do this.
they are choosing to do this.
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ako súčasť interakcie s vami,
si zvolia toto.
si zvolia toto.
06:40
In our evolution, we have developed
two different ways of vocalizing.
two different ways of vocalizing.
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Pri evolúcii sme si vyvinuli
dva rôzne spôsoby vydávania zvukov.
dva rôzne spôsoby vydávania zvukov.
06:43
Involuntary vocalizations
are part of an older system
are part of an older system
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Neúmyselné vydávanie
patrí k staršiemu systému
patrí k staršiemu systému
06:46
than the more voluntary vocalizations
like the speech I'm doing now.
like the speech I'm doing now.
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ako sú úmyselné zvuky,
ako napr. reč, ktorú teraz prevádzam.
ako napr. reč, ktorú teraz prevádzam.
06:49
So we might imagine that laughter
might actually have two different roots.
might actually have two different roots.
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Preto si môžeme predstaviť, že smiech
má vlastne dva odlišné základy.
má vlastne dva odlišné základy.
06:53
So I've been looking at this
in more detail.
in more detail.
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Pozrela som sa na túto vec podrobnejšie.
06:55
To do this, we've had to make
recordings of people laughing,
recordings of people laughing,
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Aby sme tak mohli urobiť, museli sme
nahrať smejúcich sa ľudí,
nahrať smejúcich sa ľudí,
06:58
and we've had to do whatever it takes
to make people laugh,
to make people laugh,
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a museli sme urobiť čokoľvek,
čo dokáže ľudí rozosmiať,
čo dokáže ľudí rozosmiať,
07:01
and we got those same people
to produce more posed, social laughter.
to produce more posed, social laughter.
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a chceli sme od tých istých ľudí,
aby ukázali predstieraný smiech.
aby ukázali predstieraný smiech.
07:04
So imagine your friend told a joke,
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Napríklad váš priateľ povie vtip,
07:05
and you're laughing because
you like your friend,
you like your friend,
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a vy sa smejete, pretože ho máte radi,
07:08
but not really because
the joke's all that.
the joke's all that.
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ale vôbec nie kvôli vtipu.
07:10
So I'm going to play you
a couple of those.
a couple of those.
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Pustím vám niekoľko takých ukážok.
07:12
I want you to tell me if you think
this laughter is real laughter,
this laughter is real laughter,
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Chcem aby ste mi povedali,
či si myslíte, že je smiech skutočný,
či si myslíte, že je smiech skutočný,
07:15
or if you think it's posed.
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alebo je hraný.
07:16
So is this involuntary laughter
or more voluntary laughter?
or more voluntary laughter?
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Je teda toto smiech neúmyselný
alebo skôr úmyselný?
alebo skôr úmyselný?
07:19
(Audio: Laughing)
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(zvuk: ukážka smiechu)
07:24
What does that sound like to you?
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Ako vám tento zvuk znie?
Publikum: Hraný.
Sophie Scottová: Hraný? Hraný.
Sophie Scottová: Hraný? Hraný.
07:26
Audience: Posed.
Sophie Scott: Posed? Posed.
Sophie Scott: Posed? Posed.
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A čo tento?
07:28
How about this one?
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(zvuk: ukážka smiechu)
07:29
(Audio: Laughing)
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07:34
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
07:35
I'm the best.
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Som najlepšia.
07:37
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(smiech) (potlesk)
07:39
Not really.
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Naozaj nie.
07:41
No, that was helpless laughter,
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Nie, to bol bezmocný smiech
07:43
and in fact, to record that,
all they had to do was record me
all they had to do was record me
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a jediné, čo museli urobiť,
aby ho nahrali,
aby ho nahrali,
07:47
watching one of my friends listening to
something I knew she wanted to laugh at,
something I knew she wanted to laugh at,
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bolo nahrať mňa, ako sledujem kamarátku
ako počúva niečo smiešne
ako počúva niečo smiešne
07:50
and I just started doing this.
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a začala som sa takto smiať.
07:52
What you find is that people
are good at telling the difference
are good at telling the difference
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Zistíte, že ľudia dobre rozoznajú rozdiel
07:55
between real and posed laughter.
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medzi pravým a hraným smiechom.
07:57
They seem to be different things to us.
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Zdajú sa nám ako odlišné veci.
07:59
Interestingly, you see something
quite similar with chimpanzees.
quite similar with chimpanzees.
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Je zaujímavé, že čosi podobné
vidno i u šimpanzov.
vidno i u šimpanzov.
Šimpanzy sa smejú inak pri šteklení
08:02
Chimpanzees laugh differently
if they're being tickled
if they're being tickled
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a inak, keď sa spolu hrajú
08:04
than if they're playing with each other,
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a niečo podobné vidíme aj tu,
08:06
and we might be seeing
something like that here,
something like that here,
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neúmyselný smiech, smiech pre šteklení,
sa odlišujú od spoločenského smiechu.
sa odlišujú od spoločenského smiechu.
08:08
involuntary laughter, tickling laughter,
being different from social laughter.
being different from social laughter.
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Akusticky sú veľmi rozdielne.
08:12
They're acoustically very different.
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Skutočný smiech je dlhší.
Stúpa vyššie.
Stúpa vyššie.
08:14
The real laughs are longer.
They're higher in pitch.
They're higher in pitch.
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Keď sa začnete veľmi smiať,
08:16
When you start laughing hard,
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začnete vytláčať z pľúc vzduch,
08:18
you start squeezing air out
from your lungs
from your lungs
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pod oveľa väčším tlakom
ako by ste to dokázali urobiť úmyselne.
ako by ste to dokázali urobiť úmyselne.
08:20
under much higher pressures
than you could ever produce voluntarily.
than you could ever produce voluntarily.
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Ja by som napríklad nevytiahla
hlas tak vysoko pri speve.
hlas tak vysoko pri speve.
08:23
For example, I could never
pitch my voice that high to sing.
pitch my voice that high to sing.
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08:26
Also, you start to get these sort of
contractions and weird whistling sounds,
contractions and weird whistling sounds,
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Začnete mať sťahy a vydávať
čudné piskľavé zvuky,
čudné piskľavé zvuky,
08:30
all of which mean that real laughter
is extremely easy,
is extremely easy,
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čo všetko znamená, že pravý smiech
je extrémne ľahký
je extrémne ľahký
08:32
or feels extremely easy to spot.
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a extrémne ľahko si ho všimnete.
08:34
In contrast, posed laughter,
we might think it sounds a bit fake.
we might think it sounds a bit fake.
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Naopak, hraný smiech sa nám
môže zdať trochu falošný.
môže zdať trochu falošný.
08:39
Actually, it's not, it's actually
an important social cue.
an important social cue.
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V skutočnosti nie je,
má dôležitú spoločenskú rolu.
má dôležitú spoločenskú rolu.
08:42
We use it a lot, we're choosing
to laugh in a lot of situations,
to laugh in a lot of situations,
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Často ho využívame, volíme si smiech
v mnohých situáciách,
v mnohých situáciách,
08:45
and it seems to be its own thing.
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a zdá sa nezávislý.
08:47
So, for example, you find
nasality in posed laughter,
nasality in posed laughter,
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Mohli ste si všimnúť hovorenie nosom
pri hranom smiechu,
pri hranom smiechu,
08:50
that kind of "ha ha ha ha ha" sound
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taký „ha ha ha ha ha“ zvuk,
08:52
that you never get, you could not do,
if you were laughing involuntarily.
if you were laughing involuntarily.
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ktorý nevydáte, nedá sa to,
ak sa smejete úmyselne.
ak sa smejete úmyselne.
08:55
So they do seem to be genuinely
these two different sorts of things.
these two different sorts of things.
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Takže sa zdá, že sú to naozaj
dve odlišné veci.
dve odlišné veci.
08:58
We took it into the scanner
to see how brains respond
to see how brains respond
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Nasnímali sme mozog,
aby sme videli ako odpovedá,
aby sme videli ako odpovedá,
09:01
when you hear laughter.
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keď počujete smiech.
09:02
And when you do this,
this is a really boring experiment.
this is a really boring experiment.
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Je to veľmi nudný experiment.
09:05
We just played people
real and posed laughs.
real and posed laughs.
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Púšťali sme ľuďom smiech
pravý a hraný.
pravý a hraný.
09:07
We didn't tell them
it was a study on laughter.
it was a study on laughter.
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Nepovedali sme im,
že ide o výskum smiechu.
že ide o výskum smiechu.
09:09
We put other sounds in there
to distract them,
to distract them,
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Pridali sme ďalšie zvuky,
aby sme ich zmiatli
aby sme ich zmiatli
09:11
and all they're doing
is lying listening to sounds.
is lying listening to sounds.
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a oni len ležali a počúvali zvuky.
09:14
We don't tell them to do anything.
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Nekázali sme im nič robiť.
09:15
Nonetheless, when you hear real laughter
and when you hear posed laughter,
and when you hear posed laughter,
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Napriek tomu, keď počujete pravý smiech,
a keď počujete hraný,
a keď počujete hraný,
09:19
the brains are responding
completely differently,
completely differently,
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mozog odpovedá odlišným spôsobom,
09:21
significantly differently.
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výrazne odlišným.
09:23
What you see in the regions in blue,
which lies in auditory cortex,
which lies in auditory cortex,
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Modrou vyznačené oblasti,
nachádzajúce sa v sluchovej kôre,
nachádzajúce sa v sluchovej kôre,
09:26
are the brain areas that respond
more to the real laughs,
more to the real laughs,
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sú oblasti mozgu, ktoré odpovedajú
viac na pravý smiech
viac na pravý smiech
09:29
and what seems to be the case,
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a zdá sa, že to je aj dôvod,
09:30
when you hear somebody
laughing involuntarily,
laughing involuntarily,
194
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keď počujete niekoho smiať sa neúmyselne,
09:33
you hear sounds you would never
hear in any other context.
hear in any other context.
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počujete zvuky, ktoré nikdy
nepočuť v inom kontexte.
nepočuť v inom kontexte.
09:35
It's very unambiguous,
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1086
Je to jednoznačné
09:36
and it seems to be associated
with greater auditory processing
with greater auditory processing
197
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a zdá sa, že je to spojené
s lepším sluchovým spracovaním
s lepším sluchovým spracovaním
09:39
of these novel sounds.
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týchto nových zvukov.
09:41
In contrast, when you hear somebody
laughing in a posed way,
laughing in a posed way,
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Naopak, keď počujete niekoho
hraný smiech,
hraný smiech,
09:45
what you see are these regions in pink,
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uvidíte tieto oblasti vyznačené ružovou,
09:47
which are occupying brain areas
associated with mentalizing,
associated with mentalizing,
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ktoré zobrazujú oblasti mozgu
spojené s uvažovaním,
spojené s uvažovaním,
09:50
thinking about what
somebody else is thinking.
somebody else is thinking.
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myslením na to, čo si myslí niekto iný.
09:52
And I think what that means is,
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A podľa mňa to znamená,
09:53
even if you're having your brain scanned,
which is completely boring
which is completely boring
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že aj keď vám skenujú mozog,
čo je nudné
čo je nudné
09:56
and not very interesting,
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a nie veľmi zaujímavé,
09:58
when you hear somebody going,
"A ha ha ha ha ha,"
"A ha ha ha ha ha,"
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keď počujete niekoho robiť
„A ha ha ha ha ha“,
„A ha ha ha ha ha“,
10:00
you're trying to work out
why they're laughing.
why they're laughing.
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snažíte sa zistiť, na čom sa smeje.
10:02
Laughter is always meaningful.
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Smiech má vždy zmysel.
10:04
You are always trying
to understand it in context,
to understand it in context,
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Vždy sa mu snažíte porozumieť v kontexte,
10:06
even if, as far as you are concerned,
at that point in time,
at that point in time,
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aj keď, čo sa týka vás v danom momente
s vami nemá nič spoločné,
10:09
it has not necessarily
anything to do with you,
anything to do with you,
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stále chcete vedieť,
prečo sa tí ľudia smejú.
prečo sa tí ľudia smejú.
10:11
you still want to know
why those people are laughing.
why those people are laughing.
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10:14
Now, we've had the opportunity to look
at how people hear real and posed laughter
at how people hear real and posed laughter
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My sme teraz mali príležitosť pozrieť sa,
ako ľudia počujú pravý a hraný smiech
ako ľudia počujú pravý a hraný smiech
s ohľadom na vek.
10:18
across the age range.
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10:19
So this is an online experiment
we ran with the Royal Society,
we ran with the Royal Society,
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Spolu s Kráľovskou spoločnosťou
sme urobili online experiment,
sme urobili online experiment,
10:21
and here we just asked people
two questions.
two questions.
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v ktorom sme sa pýtali
ľudí len dve otázky.
ľudí len dve otázky.
10:24
First of all, they heard some laughs,
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Najprv si vypočuli ukážky smiechu
a museli povedať, či znejú
ako smiech hraný alebo pravý.
ako smiech hraný alebo pravý.
10:25
and they had to say, how real
or posed do these laughs sound?
or posed do these laughs sound?
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Pravý smiech je znázornený
červenou a hraný modrou.
červenou a hraný modrou.
10:28
The real laughs are shown in red
and the posed laughs are shown in blue.
and the posed laughs are shown in blue.
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Vidíte, že je tam prudký vzostup.
10:32
What you see is there is a rapid onset.
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Ako starnete, stále sa zlepšujete
v pozorovaní pravého smiechu.
v pozorovaní pravého smiechu.
10:34
As you get older, you get better
and better at spotting real laughter.
and better at spotting real laughter.
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10:37
So six-year-olds are at chance,
they can't really hear the difference.
they can't really hear the difference.
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Čiže šesťroční možno
skutočne nepočujú rozdiel.
skutočne nepočujú rozdiel.
10:40
By the time you are older, you get better,
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Ale ako časom starnete, zlepšujete sa,
10:43
but interestingly, you do not hit
peak performance in this dataset
peak performance in this dataset
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no je zaujímavé, že najlepší výkon
v tejto oblasti dosiahnete
v tejto oblasti dosiahnete
10:46
until you are in your
late 30s and early 40s.
late 30s and early 40s.
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až koncom 30-tich
a začiatkom 40-tich rokov.
a začiatkom 40-tich rokov.
10:50
You don't understand laughter fully
by the time you hit puberty.
by the time you hit puberty.
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Smiech nechápete úplne
v čase, keď ste v puberte.
v čase, keď ste v puberte.
10:53
You don't understand laughter fully
by the time your brain has matured
by the time your brain has matured
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Smiech nechápete úplne
v čase, keď sa končí vývoj mozgu,
v čase, keď sa končí vývoj mozgu,
10:56
at the end of your teens.
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na konci vášho dospievania.
10:58
You're learning about laughter
throughout your entire early adult life.
throughout your entire early adult life.
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O smiechu sa učíte počas
vášho celého života mladého dospelého.
vášho celého života mladého dospelého.
11:01
If we turn the question around and now say
not, what does the laughter sound like
not, what does the laughter sound like
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Ak by sme zmenili otázku:
a teraz nám povedzte, nie ako
a teraz nám povedzte, nie ako
11:05
in terms of being real
or posed, but we say,
or posed, but we say,
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zvuk znie ohľadom pravosti
a predstierania,
a predstierania,
11:07
how much does this laughter
make you want to laugh,
make you want to laugh,
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ale ako veľmi vás tento smiech
chce prinútiť smiať,
chce prinútiť smiať,
11:10
how contagious is this laughter to you,
we see a different profile.
we see a different profile.
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aký nákazlivý sa vám zdá,
vidíme iné výsledky.
vidíme iné výsledky.
11:13
And here, the younger you are,
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Teraz, čím ste mladší,
11:14
the more you want to join in
when you hear laughter.
when you hear laughter.
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tým viac sa chcete pripojiť,
keď počujete smiech.
keď počujete smiech.
11:17
Remember me laughing with my parents
when I had no idea what was going on.
when I had no idea what was going on.
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Spomeňte si, ako som ja smiala s rodičmi,
aj keď som netušila, čo sa deje.
aj keď som netušila, čo sa deje.
11:20
You really can see this.
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Tam si to môžete všimnúť.
11:22
Now everybody, young and old,
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Teda každý, mladý či starý,
11:23
finds the real laughs more contagious
than the posed laughs,
than the posed laughs,
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považuje pravý smiech za nákazlivejší
ako smiech hraný,
ako smiech hraný,
11:26
but as you get older, it all becomes
less contagious to you.
less contagious to you.
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ale ako starnete, všetko sa vám zdá
menej nákazlivé.
menej nákazlivé.
11:29
Now, either we're all just becoming
really grumpy as we get older,
really grumpy as we get older,
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Nuž, buď sa všetci vekom
stávame mrzutejšími,
stávame mrzutejšími,
11:33
or it may mean that as you
understand laughter better,
understand laughter better,
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alebo to môže znamenať,
že keď lepšie chápete smiech,
že keď lepšie chápete smiech,
11:36
and you are getting better at doing that,
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a zlepšujete sa v tom,
11:38
you need more than just
hearing people laugh to want to laugh.
hearing people laugh to want to laugh.
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potrebujete viac ako počuť smiech iných,
aby ste sa smiali.
aby ste sa smiali.
11:41
You need the social stuff there.
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Potrebujete spoločenský základ.
11:43
So we've got a very interesting behavior
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Máme teda veľmi zaujímavé správanie,
11:45
about which a lot of our
lay assumptions are incorrect,
lay assumptions are incorrect,
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o ktorom máme veľa
nesprávnych predpokladov,
nesprávnych predpokladov,
11:49
but I'm coming to see that actually
there's even more to laughter
there's even more to laughter
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ale ja už vlastne vidím v smiechu viac,
11:52
than it's an important social emotion
we should look at,
we should look at,
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je to dôležitá spoločenská emócia,
ktorú si treba všímať,
ktorú si treba všímať,
11:55
because it turns out
people are phenomenally nuanced
people are phenomenally nuanced
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pretože sa ukazuje,
že ľudia sa mimoriadne odlišujú,
že ľudia sa mimoriadne odlišujú,
11:58
in terms of how we use laughter.
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čo sa týka používania smiechu.
12:00
There's a really lovely
set of studies coming out
set of studies coming out
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Vychádza výborná zbierka výskumov
12:02
from Robert Levenson's lab in California,
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z laboratória Roberta Levensona
v Kalifornii,
v Kalifornii,
12:04
where he's doing
a longitudinal study with couples.
a longitudinal study with couples.
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kde pracuje na dlhodobej štúdii s pármi.
12:07
He gets married couples,
men and women, into the lab,
men and women, into the lab,
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Privedie do laboratória
zosobášené páry, mužov a ženy,
zosobášené páry, mužov a ženy,
12:09
and he gives them
stressful conversations to have
stressful conversations to have
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a nariadi im stresujúci rozhovor,
12:12
while he wires them up to a polygraph
so he can see them becoming stressed.
so he can see them becoming stressed.
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zatiaľ čo ich pripojí k polygrafu,
aby videl, kedy začínajú byť v strese.
aby videl, kedy začínajú byť v strese.
12:15
So you've got the two of them in there,
and he'll say to the husband,
and he'll say to the husband,
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Takže tam máte tých dvoch
a on povie manželovi:
a on povie manželovi:
12:18
"Tell me something that your wife does
that irritates you."
that irritates you."
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„Povedzte mi o niečom, čo vaša žena robí
a vás to irituje.“
a vás to irituje.“
12:21
And what you see is immediately --
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A to vidíte okamžite,
12:23
just run that one through your head
briefly, you and your partner --
briefly, you and your partner --
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len si to rýchlo prebehnite v mysli,
vy a váš partner,
vy a váš partner,
12:26
you can imagine everybody gets a bit
more stressed as soon as that starts.
more stressed as soon as that starts.
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viete si predstaviť, že každý je trochu
v strese už od začiatku.
v strese už od začiatku.
12:30
You can see physically,
people become more stressed.
people become more stressed.
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Fyzicky môžete vidieť
ako ľudia viac podliehajú stresu.
ako ľudia viac podliehajú stresu.
12:33
What he finds is that the couples
who manage that feeling of stress
who manage that feeling of stress
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On zistil, že páry,
ktoré zvládajú pocit stresu so smiechom,
ktoré zvládajú pocit stresu so smiechom,
12:39
with laughter,
positive emotions like laughter,
positive emotions like laughter,
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s pozitívnymi emóciami ako je smiech,
12:42
not only immediately become less stressed,
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nielenže okamžite sú menej v strese,
12:46
they can see them
physically feeling better,
physically feeling better,
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fyzicky sa cítia lepšie,
12:48
they're dealing with this
unpleasant situation better together,
unpleasant situation better together,
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spoločne túto nepríjemnú situáciu
lepšie zvládajú,
lepšie zvládajú,
12:52
they are also the couples that report
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sú takisto páry, ktoré označujú
12:53
high levels of satisfaction
in their relationship
in their relationship
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svoje vzťahy za vysoko uspokojivé
12:56
and they stay together for longer.
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a dlhšie spolu vydržia.
12:57
So in fact, when you look
at close relationships,
at close relationships,
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V podstate, keď sa pozriete
na blízke vzťahy,
na blízke vzťahy,
smiech je mimoriadne užitočný ukazovateľ,
13:00
laughter is a phenomenally useful index
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13:02
of how people are regulating
their emotions together.
their emotions together.
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ako ľudia spolu ovládajú svoje emócie.
13:04
We're not just emitting it at each other
to show that we like each other,
to show that we like each other,
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Nielenže ho na seba navzájom vysielame,
aby sme ukázali, že sa máme radi,
aby sme ukázali, že sa máme radi,
13:08
we're making ourselves
feel better together.
feel better together.
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ale spoločne sa takto aj cítime lepšie.
13:10
Now, I don't think this is going
to be limited to romantic relationships.
to be limited to romantic relationships.
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Nemyslím si, že toto sa obmedzuje
len na romantické vzťahy.
len na romantické vzťahy.
13:13
I think this is probably
going to be a characteristic
going to be a characteristic
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Myslím si, že je to charakteristické
13:16
of close emotional relationships
such as you might have with friends,
such as you might have with friends,
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pre blízke emocionálne vzťahy,
také, ako môžete mať s priateľmi,
také, ako môžete mať s priateľmi,
13:19
which explains my next clip,
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ako vysvetľuje moje ďalšie video,
13:21
which is of a YouTube video of some
young men in the former East Germany
young men in the former East Germany
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ktoré dali na YouTube istí mladí muži
z bývalého Východného Nemecka,
z bývalého Východného Nemecka,
13:24
on making a video to promote
their heavy metal band,
their heavy metal band,
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o tom, ako robili video, aby spropagovali
svoju heavymetalovú kapelu,
svoju heavymetalovú kapelu,
13:28
and it's extremely macho,
and the mood is very serious,
and the mood is very serious,
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je to extrémne „mačovské“,
atmosféra je veľmi vážna
atmosféra je veľmi vážna
a chcem, aby ste si všimli, čo sa stane,
čo sa týka smiechu,
čo sa týka smiechu,
13:31
and I want you to notice
what happens in terms of laughter
what happens in terms of laughter
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13:34
when things go wrong
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keď veci nevyjdú,
13:36
and how quickly that happens,
and how that changes the mood.
and how that changes the mood.
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ako rýchlo sa to stane
a ako to zmení atmosféru.
a ako to zmení atmosféru.
13:41
He's cold. He's about to get wet.
He's got swimming trunks on,
He's got swimming trunks on,
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Je mu zima. Ide sa zmáčať.
Má na sebe plavky,
Má na sebe plavky,
13:44
got a towel.
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má uterák.
13:48
Ice.
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Ľad.
13:50
What might possibly happen?
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Čo by sa tak mohlo stať?
13:54
Video starts.
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Začína video.
13:57
Serious mood.
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Vážna nálada.
14:06
And his friends are already laughing.
They are already laughing, hard.
They are already laughing, hard.
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A jeho priatelia sa už smejú.
Smejú sa naozaj riadne.
Smejú sa naozaj riadne.
14:11
He's not laughing yet.
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On sa ešte nesmeje.
(smiech)
14:14
(Laughter)
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14:16
He's starting to go now.
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Teraz sa začína smiať.
14:25
And now they're all off.
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A teraz sú už všetci hotoví.
14:27
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
14:44
They're on the floor.
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Váľajú sa po zemi.
14:46
(Laughter)
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(smiech)
14:55
The thing I really like about that
is it's all very serious
is it's all very serious
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Veľmi sa mi na tom páči,
aké je to celé strašne vážne,
aké je to celé strašne vážne,
14:59
until he jumps onto the ice, and
as soon as he doesn't go through the ice,
as soon as he doesn't go through the ice,
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pokým naskočí na ľad,
a akonáhle ho neprerazí
a akonáhle ho neprerazí
15:02
but also there isn't blood
and bone everywhere,
and bone everywhere,
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ale nie je tam všade krv a netrčia kosti,
15:05
his friends start laughing.
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jeho priatelia sa začnú smiať.
15:06
And imagine if that had played him out
with him standing there going,
with him standing there going,
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A predstavte si,
že by to zahral a povedal:
že by to zahral a povedal:
„Nie vážne, Heinrich,
myslím, že som si zlomil nohu.“
myslím, že som si zlomil nohu.“
15:09
"No seriously, Heinrich,
I think this is broken,"
I think this is broken,"
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To by nás nebavilo pozerať.
Bolo by to stresujúce.
Bolo by to stresujúce.
15:12
we wouldn't enjoy watching that.
That would be stressful.
That would be stressful.
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Alebo keby tam pobiehal
s viditeľne zlomenou nohou a smiechom
s viditeľne zlomenou nohou a smiechom
15:15
Or if he was running around
with a visibly broken leg laughing,
with a visibly broken leg laughing,
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a jeho kamoši by vraveli: „Heinrich,
musíme ísť do nemocnice“,
musíme ísť do nemocnice“,
15:18
and his friends are going, "Heinrich, I
think we need to go to the hospital now,"
think we need to go to the hospital now,"
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to by tiež nebolo vtipné.
Skutočnosť, že smiech funguje,
15:22
that also wouldn't be funny.
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dostal ho z bolestivej, trápnej,
náročnej situácie
náročnej situácie
15:23
The fact that the laughter works,
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15:25
it gets him from a painful,
embarrassing, difficult situation,
embarrassing, difficult situation,
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do situácie smiešnej, do tej,
na ktorej sa vlastne bavíme,
na ktorej sa vlastne bavíme,
15:28
into a funny situation, into what we're
actually enjoying there,
actually enjoying there,
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je práve to jeho zaujímavé využitie,
15:31
and I think that's
a really interesting use,
a really interesting use,
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a práve to sa deje po celý čas.
15:33
and it's actually happening all the time.
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Napríklad si pamätám,
že čosi podobné sa stalo
že čosi podobné sa stalo
15:35
For example, I can remember
something like this happening
something like this happening
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na pohrebe môjho otca.
15:37
at my father's funeral.
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Neskákali sme tam na ľad
v spodnej bielizni.
v spodnej bielizni.
15:39
We weren't jumping around
on the ice in our underpants.
on the ice in our underpants.
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Nie sme Kanaďania.
15:41
We're not Canadian.
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(smiech) (potlesk)
15:44
(Laughter) (Applause)
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15:46
These events are always difficult, I had
a relative who was being a bit difficult,
a relative who was being a bit difficult,
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Tieto udalosti sú vždy náročné.
S jedným príbuzným bolo ťažko,
mojej mame nebolo dobre
mojej mame nebolo dobre
15:50
my mum was not in a good place,
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15:52
and I can remember finding myself
just before the whole thing started
just before the whole thing started
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a pamätám si, že tesne predtým,
ako to celé začalo,
ako to celé začalo,
15:55
telling this story about something
that happened in a 1970s sitcom,
that happened in a 1970s sitcom,
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som rozprávala o tom, ako sa niečo
stalo v sitkome zo 70. rokov,
stalo v sitkome zo 70. rokov,
15:59
and I just thought at the time,
I don't know why I'm doing this,
I don't know why I'm doing this,
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a vtedy som si pomyslela,
neviem prečo toto robím,
neviem prečo toto robím,
16:02
and what I realized I was doing
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a uvedomila som si,
16:04
was I was coming up with
something from somewhere
something from somewhere
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že som hľadala niekde niečo,
16:07
I could use to make her laugh
together with me.
together with me.
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čo by som mohla použiť,
aby sme sa spolu zasmiali.
aby sme sa spolu zasmiali.
16:11
It was a very basic reaction
to find some reason we can do this.
to find some reason we can do this.
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Je to základná reakcia,
nájsť dôvod, pre ktorý to môžeme urobiť.
nájsť dôvod, pre ktorý to môžeme urobiť.
16:14
We can laugh together.
We're going to get through this.
We're going to get through this.
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Môžeme sa spolu zasmiať.
Dostaneme sa cez to.
Dostaneme sa cez to.
16:17
We're going to be okay.
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Budeme v poriadku.
16:19
And in fact, all of us
are doing this all the time.
are doing this all the time.
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A v podstate, všetci to tak
robíme po celý čas.
robíme po celý čas.
16:21
You do it so often,
you don't even notice it.
you don't even notice it.
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Robíte to tak často,
že si to ani nevšímate.
že si to ani nevšímate.
16:23
Everybody underestimates
how often they laugh,
how often they laugh,
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Každý podceňuje, ako často sa smeje,
16:26
and you're doing something,
when you laugh with people,
when you laugh with people,
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a keď sa s ľuďmi smejete, robíte niečo,
16:29
that's actually letting you access
a really ancient evolutionary system
a really ancient evolutionary system
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čo vám umožňuje prístup
k dávnemu evolučnému systému,
k dávnemu evolučnému systému,
16:33
that mammals have evolved
to make and maintain social bonds,
to make and maintain social bonds,
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ktorý sa u cicavcov vyvinul,
aby si vytvorili a udržali sociálne väzby,
aby si vytvorili a udržali sociálne väzby,
16:37
and clearly to regulate emotions,
to make ourselves feel better.
to make ourselves feel better.
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a zjavne aj na ovládanie emócií,
aby sme sa cítili lepšie.
aby sme sa cítili lepšie.
16:41
It's not something specific to humans --
it's a really ancient behavior
it's a really ancient behavior
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Nie je to špecifické len pre ľudí,
je to skutočne dávne správanie,
je to skutočne dávne správanie,
16:44
which really helps us regulate how we feel
and makes us feel better.
and makes us feel better.
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ktoré nám naozaj pomáha ovládať,
ako sa cítime, a cítiť sa lepšie.
ako sa cítime, a cítiť sa lepšie.
16:48
In other words, when it comes to laughter,
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Inými slovami, keď dôjde na smiech,
16:51
you and me, baby, ain't nothing
but mammals. (Laughter)
but mammals. (Laughter)
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2670
ty a ja, bejby, nie sme nič iné
ako cicavce. (smiech)
ako cicavce. (smiech)
16:54
Thank you.
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Ďakujem.
16:56
Thank you. (Applause)
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Ďakujem. (potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sophie Scott - Neuroscientist, stand-up comicWhile exploring the neuroscience of speech and vocal behavior, Sophie Scott stumbled upon a surprising second vocation: making audiences laugh as a stand-up comic.
Why you should listen
As deputy director of the University College London’s Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Sophie Scott seeks out the neurological basis of communication, whether it’s speech or vocalized emotion.
As a pioneering researcher in the science of laughter, she’s made some unexpected discoveries -- including that rats are ticklish, and that the one tactic that’s almost guaranteed to get someone to laugh is to show them someone else laughing. But as an occasional stand-up comedian with UCL’s Bright Club, she shows that she’s no slouch at getting laughs herself.
Sophie Scott | Speaker | TED.com