TED2015
Sophie Scott: Why we laugh
蘇菲‧史考特: 我們為什麼笑
Filmed:
Readability: 3.9
3,932,346 views
你知道嗎？獨樂樂真的不如眾樂樂，你身邊如果有人在，笑的機率會比獨處時高 30 倍。認知神經學家蘇菲‧史考特在這場節奏快速、動感十足，當然，還很爆笑的演講中，與我們分享這個數據，以及其他有關笑聲的驚人事實。
Sophie Scott - Neuroscientist, stand-up comic
While exploring the neuroscience of speech and vocal behavior, Sophie Scott stumbled upon a surprising second vocation: making audiences laugh as a stand-up comic. Full bio
While exploring the neuroscience of speech and vocal behavior, Sophie Scott stumbled upon a surprising second vocation: making audiences laugh as a stand-up comic. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Hi. I'm going to talk
to you today about laughter,
to you today about laughter,
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大家好，我們今天來談笑聲，
00:15
and I just want to start
by thinking about the first time
by thinking about the first time
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我想從回想我自己第一次
00:18
I can ever remember noticing laughter.
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注意到笑聲開始說起。
00:20
This is when I was a little girl.
I would've been about six.
I would've been about six.
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那時我還是一個小女孩，
大概六歲左右。
大概六歲左右。
我正好看見我的父母
在做一件不太尋常的事，
在做一件不太尋常的事，
00:23
And I came across my parents
doing something unusual,
doing something unusual,
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他們當時正在笑。
00:27
where they were laughing.
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他們笑得非常非常開心。
00:28
They were laughing very, very hard.
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00:30
They were lying on the floor laughing.
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他們笑倒在地板上。
00:32
They were screaming with laughter.
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他們尖聲大笑。
00:34
I did not know what they were
laughing at, but I wanted in.
laughing at, but I wanted in.
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我不知道他們在笑什麼，
但我想和他們一起笑。
但我想和他們一起笑。
00:38
I wanted to be part of that,
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我想成為這個笑聲的一部分，
00:40
and I kind of sat around at the edge
going, "Hoo hoo!" (Laughter)
going, "Hoo hoo!" (Laughter)
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我就坐在他們旁邊，
叫著 「呵呵！」（笑聲）
叫著 「呵呵！」（笑聲）
00:43
Now, incidentally,
what they were laughing at
what they were laughing at
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順帶一提，
他們當時在笑的
他們當時在笑的
00:47
was a song which people used to sing,
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是當時流行的一首歌，
00:49
which was based around
signs in toilets on trains
signs in toilets on trains
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這首歌把火車廁所的
標示寫進詞裡，
標示寫進詞裡，
00:53
telling you what you could
and could not do
and could not do
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告訴你在火車廁所裡，
什麼可以做，
什麼不可以做。
什麼不可以做。
00:56
in toilets on trains.
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00:57
And the thing you have to remember
about the English is, of course,
about the English is, of course,
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有件事你們一定要記得，
當然就是我們英國人
當然就是我們英國人
的確有著無限複雜的幽默感。
01:00
we do have an immensely
sophisticated sense of humor.
sophisticated sense of humor.
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01:03
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
01:04
At the time, though, I didn't
understand anything of that.
understand anything of that.
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但是，我當時並不理解這些，
01:07
I just cared about the laughter,
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我只是很在意笑聲，
01:09
and actually, as a neuroscientist,
I've come to care about it again.
I've come to care about it again.
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而且其實現在身為神經學家，
我開始重新關注這個問題。
我開始重新關注這個問題。
01:12
And it is a really weird thing to do.
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笑真的是一件非常奇怪的事。
01:15
What I'm going to do now
is just play some examples
is just play some examples
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我現在要放幾段
01:17
of real human beings laughing,
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真人在笑的例子，
01:19
and I want you think about the sound
people make and how odd that can be,
people make and how odd that can be,
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我想讓大家想想人類發出的聲音，
這些聲音可以多麼奇怪，
這些聲音可以多麼奇怪，
01:22
and in fact how primitive
laughter is as a sound.
laughter is as a sound.
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以及，笑聲是一種多麼原始的聲音。
01:25
It's much more like an animal call
than it is like speech.
than it is like speech.
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笑聲更像是動物的叫聲，
而不像說話。
而不像說話。
01:28
So here we've got some laughter for you.
The first one is pretty joyful.
The first one is pretty joyful.
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現在來聽聽這幾段笑聲。
第一段還挺好笑。
第一段還挺好笑。
01:31
(Audio: Laughing)
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（音訊：笑聲）
01:47
Now this next guy, I need him to breathe.
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下一段的傢伙得去喘口氣。
01:50
There's a point in there
where I'm just, like,
where I'm just, like,
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有一段到了一個地步，
01:52
you've got to get some air in there, mate,
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我說老兄你真的需要吸氣，
因爲他聽起來真像喘不過氣了。
01:54
because he just sounds
like he's breathing out.
like he's breathing out.
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（音訊：笑聲）
01:56
(Audio: Laughing)
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02:05
This hasn't been edited; this is him.
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這没有被編輯過，
就是他在笑。
就是他在笑。
02:08
(Audio: Laughing)
(Laughter)
(Laughter)
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（音訊：笑聲）
（笑聲）
（笑聲）
02:14
And finally we have --
this is a human female laughing.
this is a human female laughing.
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最後，我們有一段女人的笑聲。
02:18
And laughter can take us to some pretty
odd places in terms of making noises.
odd places in terms of making noises.
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從發出聲音的角度來看，
笑聲能讓我們聯想到奇怪的地方。
笑聲能讓我們聯想到奇怪的地方。
02:22
(Audio: Laughing)
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（音訊：笑聲）
02:41
She actually says, "Oh my God,
what is that?" in French.
what is that?" in French.
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她其實在用法語說：
「我的天啊，這是什麼東西？」
「我的天啊，這是什麼東西？」
02:44
We're all kind of with her.
I have no idea.
I have no idea.
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應該是這樣吧？我也不知道。
02:48
Now, to understand laughter,
you have to look at a part of the body
you have to look at a part of the body
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要理解笑聲，
你必須去觀察身體的某部分，
你必須去觀察身體的某部分，
02:51
that psychologists and neuroscientists
don't normally spend much time looking at,
don't normally spend much time looking at,
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心理學家和神經學家
通常不會花很多時間去觀察這部分，
通常不會花很多時間去觀察這部分，
就是胸腔，
02:55
which is the ribcage,
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聽起來沒什麼了不起喔？
02:56
and it doesn't seem terribly exciting,
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但事實上你一直在使用你的胸腔。
02:58
but actually you're all using
your ribcage all the time.
your ribcage all the time.
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你無時無刻都在使用你的胸腔，
03:00
What you're all doing
at the moment with your ribcage,
at the moment with your ribcage,
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千萬不要停止使用它，
因為你在呼吸。
因為你在呼吸。
03:03
and don't stop doing it, is breathing.
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你使用肋間肌，
也就是在你肋骨之間的肌肉
也就是在你肋骨之間的肌肉
03:05
So you use the intercostal muscles,
the muscles between your ribs,
the muscles between your ribs,
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來擴張及收縮你的胸腔，
03:08
to bring air in and out of your lungs
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03:10
just by expanding
and contracting your ribcage,
and contracting your ribcage,
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讓空氣進出你的肺，
如果我把一條帶子
繞在你的胸腔外部，
繞在你的胸腔外部，
03:12
and if I was to put a strap
around the outside of your chest
around the outside of your chest
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叫它呼吸帶吧，
然後看它的移動，
然後看它的移動，
03:15
called a breath belt, and just look
at that movement,
at that movement,
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你會看見緩和的正旋起伏律動，
那就是呼吸。
那就是呼吸。
03:17
you see a rather gentle sinusoidal
movement, so that's breathing.
movement, so that's breathing.
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你們全都在做這件事。
不要停止。
不要停止。
03:21
You're all doing it. Don't stop.
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一旦你開始說話，
03:22
As soon as you start talking,
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你的呼吸會變得完全不同。
03:24
you start using your breathing
completely differently.
completely differently.
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所以我現在做的就很像這樣。
03:26
So what I'm doing now is you see
something much more like this.
something much more like this.
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在說話的時候，
你的胸腔進行細微的運動
你的胸腔進行細微的運動
03:29
In talking, you use very fine
movements of the ribcage
movements of the ribcage
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把空氣擠出去。
03:32
to squeeze the air out --
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03:33
and in fact, we're the only animals
that can do this.
that can do this.
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事實上，我們是唯一
可以這樣做的動物。
可以這樣做的動物。
這也就是為什麼我們能說話。
03:36
It's why we can talk at all.
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說話及呼吸有個致命的敵人，
03:37
Now, both talking and breathing
has a mortal enemy,
has a mortal enemy,
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03:40
and that enemy is laughter,
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那個敵人就是笑，
03:43
because what happens when you laugh
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因為當你在笑的時候，
同樣的那群肌肉會開始規律地收縮，
03:45
is those same muscles
start to contract very regularly,
start to contract very regularly,
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03:48
and you get this very marked
sort of zig-zagging,
sort of zig-zagging,
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你就會得到這樣
非常顯著的鋸齒狀訊號，
非常顯著的鋸齒狀訊號，
03:51
and that's just squeezing
the air out of you.
the air out of you.
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這只是把空氣擠出你的肺，
也是發出聲音的基本原理。
03:53
It literally is that basic a way
of making a sound.
of making a sound.
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這套用到所有人身上
都有一樣的效果。
都有一樣的效果。
03:56
You could be stamping on somebody,
it's having the same effect.
it's having the same effect.
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你只是把空氣擠出去，
03:59
You're just squeezing air out,
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每一次的收縮「哈！」
都讓你發出聲音。
都讓你發出聲音。
04:00
and each of those contractions --
Ha! -- gives you a sound.
Ha! -- gives you a sound.
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當這些收縮彼此相連的時候，
就有這些痙攣，
就有這些痙攣，
04:03
And as the contractions run together,
you can get these spasms,
you can get these spasms,
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所以你就會有（喘氣聲）
這樣的聲音。
這樣的聲音。
04:06
and that's when you start getting
these -- (Wheezing) -- things happening.
these -- (Wheezing) -- things happening.
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這個我超會。
（笑聲）
（笑聲）
04:10
I'm brilliant at this. (Laughter)
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04:13
Now, in terms of the science of laughter,
there isn't very much,
there isn't very much,
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要講笑的科學，
這並沒有太大的意義。
這並沒有太大的意義。
04:17
but it does turn out that pretty much
everything we think we know
everything we think we know
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但是這告訴我們
基本上我們對笑的認知
基本上我們對笑的認知
04:20
about laughter is wrong.
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都是錯的。
04:23
So it's not at all unusual, for example,
to hear people to say
to hear people to say
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所以舉個例子，
我們一點也不意外
我們一點也不意外
有人說人類是唯一會笑的動物。
04:25
humans are the only animals that laugh.
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尼采就認為人類是唯一會笑的動物。
04:28
Nietzsche thought that humans
are the only animals that laugh.
are the only animals that laugh.
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事實上，很多哺乳類動物都會笑。
04:30
In fact, you find laughter
throughout the mammals.
throughout the mammals.
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靈長類的這種現象
已有很完整的觀察和紀錄，
已有很完整的觀察和紀錄，
04:33
It's been well-described
and well-observed in primates,
and well-observed in primates,
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但是你也能在老鼠身上看到，
04:35
but you also see it in rats,
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不管你在哪裡看到
04:37
and wherever you find it --
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──人類、靈長類、老鼠──
04:38
humans, primates, rats --
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都會發現這和搔癢
這類的事件有關係。
這類的事件有關係。
04:40
you find it associated
with things like tickling.
with things like tickling.
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04:43
That's the same for humans.
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人類也一樣。
04:46
You find it associated with play,
and all mammals play.
and all mammals play.
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你會發現這和玩樂有關，
所有的哺乳類都會玩樂。
所有的哺乳類都會玩樂。
04:51
And wherever you find it,
it's associated with interactions.
it's associated with interactions.
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不論你在哪裡看到，
這都和互動有關。
這都和互動有關。
04:55
So Robert Provine, who has done
a lot of work on this,
a lot of work on this,
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羅伯特．普范對這做過很多研究，
04:58
has pointed out that you are 30 times
more likely to laugh
more likely to laugh
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他指出當你跟別人在一起的時候，
05:02
if you are with somebody else
than if you're on your own,
than if you're on your own,
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你笑的機會
比你獨自一人的時候多 30 倍，
比你獨自一人的時候多 30 倍，
05:06
and where you find most laughter
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你聽到最多笑聲的地方，
05:08
is in social interactions
like conversation.
like conversation.
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是在有社會互動的時候，像是對話。
05:10
So if you ask human beings,
"When do you laugh?"
"When do you laugh?"
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如果你問人類：
「你什麼時候會笑？」
「你什麼時候會笑？」
05:13
they'll talk about comedy and they'll talk
about humor and they'll talk about jokes.
about humor and they'll talk about jokes.
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他們會說到喜劇、
會說到幽默、會說到笑話。
會說到幽默、會說到笑話。
當你觀察他們什麼時候笑，
他們是與朋友一同歡笑。
他們是與朋友一同歡笑。
05:17
If you look at when they laugh,
they're laughing with their friends.
they're laughing with their friends.
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05:20
And when we laugh with people, we're
hardly ever actually laughing at jokes.
hardly ever actually laughing at jokes.
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當我們與人同樂的時候，
我們幾乎不是因為笑話而笑，
我們幾乎不是因為笑話而笑，
05:23
You are laughing to show people
that you understand them,
that you understand them,
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你用笑來表達你了解他們，
05:26
that you agree with them, that you're
part of the same group as them.
part of the same group as them.
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表示你同意他們，
表示你是團體的一份子。
表示你是團體的一份子。
你用笑來表示你喜歡他們。
05:29
You're laughing to show
that you like them.
that you like them.
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甚至是愛他們。
05:31
You might even love them.
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你在和他們說話的同時
也做出上述所有的事。
也做出上述所有的事。
05:33
You're doing all that at the same time
as talking to them,
as talking to them,
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笑幫助你表達這樣的情緒。
05:35
and the laughter is doing a lot
of that emotional work for you.
of that emotional work for you.
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05:38
Something that Robert Provine
has pointed out, as you can see here,
has pointed out, as you can see here,
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羅伯特．普凡說過，
如同你在此所見，
如同你在此所見，
我們在開頭聽到滑稽笑聲
跟著笑的原因，
跟著笑的原因，
05:41
and the reason why we were laughing
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05:43
when we heard those
funny laughs at the start,
funny laughs at the start,
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還有我在聽到我父母笑
而跟著笑的原因，
而跟著笑的原因，
05:45
and why I was laughing
when I found my parents laughing,
when I found my parents laughing,
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是因為這是一種極具
傳染性的行為。
傳染性的行為。
05:48
is that it's an enormously
behaviorally contagious effect.
behaviorally contagious effect.
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你會因別人笑而跟著笑，
05:51
You can catch laughter from somebody else,
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如果你認識笑的那個人，
你跟著笑的機率更高。
你跟著笑的機率更高。
05:53
and you are more likely to catch laughter
off somebody else if you know them.
off somebody else if you know them.
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這依然受到社會脈絡的控制。
05:57
So it's still modulated
by this social context.
by this social context.
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你得把幽默感放一邊，
05:59
You have to put humor to one side
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然後去思考笑的社會意義，
06:00
and think about the social
meaning of laughter
meaning of laughter
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因為那是笑的根本來源。
06:03
because that's where its origins lie.
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06:05
Now, something I've got very interested in
is different kinds of laughter,
is different kinds of laughter,
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我對各種不同的笑很有興趣，
06:09
and we have some neurobiological evidence
about how human beings vocalize
about how human beings vocalize
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根據神經生物學
關於人類如何發聲的證據，
關於人類如何發聲的證據，
06:14
that suggests there might be
two kinds of laughs that we have.
two kinds of laughs that we have.
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學者提出笑分成兩種。
06:18
So it seems possible that the neurobiology
for helpless, involuntary laughter,
for helpless, involuntary laughter,
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這意味著在神經生物學上，
不由自主、無法控制的笑，
不由自主、無法控制的笑，
06:23
like my parents lying on the floor
screaming about a silly song,
screaming about a silly song,
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就像我父母因為一首滑稽的歌
笑倒在地上尖叫，
笑倒在地上尖叫，
06:26
might have a different basis to it
than some of that more polite
than some of that more polite
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可能和你所見到的社交禮儀上的笑
有不同的根源，
有不同的根源，
06:29
social laughter that you encounter,
which isn't horrible laughter,
which isn't horrible laughter,
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這種禮貌的笑並不可怕，
而是他們對你表現社交的一部分，
06:32
but it's behavior somebody is doing
as part of their communicative act to you,
as part of their communicative act to you,
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06:36
part of their interaction with you;
they are choosing to do this.
they are choosing to do this.
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是和你互動的一部分；
他們選擇這麼做。
他們選擇這麼做。
06:40
In our evolution, we have developed
two different ways of vocalizing.
two different ways of vocalizing.
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我們在演化過程中
發展出兩種發聲方式。
發展出兩種發聲方式。
非自主的發聲屬於較古老系統，
06:43
Involuntary vocalizations
are part of an older system
are part of an older system
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06:46
than the more voluntary vocalizations
like the speech I'm doing now.
like the speech I'm doing now.
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比自主性的發聲系統還老，
我現在演講就是自主性發聲。
我現在演講就是自主性發聲。
我們可以想像
笑有兩個不同的根源。
笑有兩個不同的根源。
06:49
So we might imagine that laughter
might actually have two different roots.
might actually have two different roots.
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06:53
So I've been looking at this
in more detail.
in more detail.
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於是我深入研究。
06:55
To do this, we've had to make
recordings of people laughing,
recordings of people laughing,
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為了研究，
我們得錄製人們的笑聲，
我們得錄製人們的笑聲，
06:58
and we've had to do whatever it takes
to make people laugh,
to make people laugh,
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我們也必須想盡辦法讓人們笑，
07:01
and we got those same people
to produce more posed, social laughter.
to produce more posed, social laughter.
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我們也設法讓同一群人產生
更做作、社交式的笑。
更做作、社交式的笑。
07:04
So imagine your friend told a joke,
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想像你朋友說了一個笑話，
07:05
and you're laughing because
you like your friend,
you like your friend,
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然後你笑了，
因為你喜歡你朋友，
因為你喜歡你朋友，
並不是因為笑話本身好笑。
07:08
but not really because
the joke's all that.
the joke's all that.
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07:10
So I'm going to play you
a couple of those.
a couple of those.
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我要放幾段給你們聽。
我希望你們告訴我
你們覺得這是真的在笑，
你們覺得這是真的在笑，
07:12
I want you to tell me if you think
this laughter is real laughter,
this laughter is real laughter,
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還是做做樣子。
07:15
or if you think it's posed.
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這是自然發笑還是刻意的笑？
07:16
So is this involuntary laughter
or more voluntary laughter?
or more voluntary laughter?
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07:19
(Audio: Laughing)
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（音訊：笑聲）
07:24
What does that sound like to you?
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你們覺得聽起來如何？
07:26
Audience: Posed.
Sophie Scott: Posed? Posed.
Sophie Scott: Posed? Posed.
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聽眾：做做樣子。
蘇菲．史考特：做做樣子？沒錯。
蘇菲．史考特：做做樣子？沒錯。
07:28
How about this one?
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那這個呢？
07:29
(Audio: Laughing)
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（音訊：笑）
07:34
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
07:35
I'm the best.
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我最會笑了。
07:37
(Laughter) (Applause)
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（笑聲）（掌聲）
07:39
Not really.
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開玩笑的。
07:41
No, that was helpless laughter,
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那是無法控制的笑。
07:43
and in fact, to record that,
all they had to do was record me
all they had to do was record me
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事實上要錄這段，他們只需要錄下
07:47
watching one of my friends listening to
something I knew she wanted to laugh at,
something I knew she wanted to laugh at,
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我看我的朋友
聽一段我知道她一定會笑的東西，
聽一段我知道她一定會笑的東西，
07:50
and I just started doing this.
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我就笑成這樣了。
你會發現人們其實很能分辨
07:52
What you find is that people
are good at telling the difference
are good at telling the difference
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真笑與假笑。
07:55
between real and posed laughter.
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兩種笑對我們來說是不同的。
07:57
They seem to be different things to us.
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有趣的是，你在大猩猩身上
也能觀察到類似現象。
也能觀察到類似現象。
07:59
Interestingly, you see something
quite similar with chimpanzees.
quite similar with chimpanzees.
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大猩猩在被搔癢時候
08:02
Chimpanzees laugh differently
if they're being tickled
if they're being tickled
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和在玩的時候，
笑的方式不一樣，
笑的方式不一樣，
08:04
than if they're playing with each other,
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在這裡我們也能看到類似情形，
08:06
and we might be seeing
something like that here,
something like that here,
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自然發笑、搔癢的笑，
和社交的笑是不同的。
和社交的笑是不同的。
08:08
involuntary laughter, tickling laughter,
being different from social laughter.
being different from social laughter.
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聽起來就很不一樣。
真正的笑持續較久，音調較高。
08:12
They're acoustically very different.
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08:14
The real laughs are longer.
They're higher in pitch.
They're higher in pitch.
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你用力笑的時候，
08:16
When you start laughing hard,
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你會把空氣擠出你的肺，
08:18
you start squeezing air out
from your lungs
from your lungs
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這比你故意做的任何動作
產生的壓力都還要大。
產生的壓力都還要大。
08:20
under much higher pressures
than you could ever produce voluntarily.
than you could ever produce voluntarily.
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例如，我絕對無法
用那麼高的音調來唱歌。
用那麼高的音調來唱歌。
08:23
For example, I could never
pitch my voice that high to sing.
pitch my voice that high to sing.
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你也會有類似這種收縮
和奇怪的哨聲，
和奇怪的哨聲，
08:26
Also, you start to get these sort of
contractions and weird whistling sounds,
contractions and weird whistling sounds,
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這些都意味著真的笑很容易，
08:30
all of which mean that real laughter
is extremely easy,
is extremely easy,
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08:32
or feels extremely easy to spot.
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或讓人覺得很容易分辨。
08:34
In contrast, posed laughter,
we might think it sounds a bit fake.
we might think it sounds a bit fake.
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相反的，做作的笑，
我們可能認為這聽起來有點假。
我們可能認為這聽起來有點假。
08:39
Actually, it's not, it's actually
an important social cue.
an important social cue.
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其實並非如此。
這種笑真的是很重要的社交線索。
這種笑真的是很重要的社交線索。
08:42
We use it a lot, we're choosing
to laugh in a lot of situations,
to laugh in a lot of situations,
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我們很常使用，
我們在許多場合中選擇笑，
我們在許多場合中選擇笑，
08:45
and it seems to be its own thing.
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而且這種笑聲似乎很獨特。
08:47
So, for example, you find
nasality in posed laughter,
nasality in posed laughter,
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舉個例子，
你在做作的笑中發現鼻音，
你在做作的笑中發現鼻音，
08:50
that kind of "ha ha ha ha ha" sound
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那種像「哈哈哈哈」的音，
08:52
that you never get, you could not do,
if you were laughing involuntarily.
if you were laughing involuntarily.
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你永遠無法在非自主性的笑中
聽到或發出這種聲音。
聽到或發出這種聲音。
08:55
So they do seem to be genuinely
these two different sorts of things.
these two different sorts of things.
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這兩種不同的東西似乎都很真實。
08:58
We took it into the scanner
to see how brains respond
to see how brains respond
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我們以掃描器看腦部
在我們聽到笑聲時的反應。
在我們聽到笑聲時的反應。
09:01
when you hear laughter.
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09:02
And when you do this,
this is a really boring experiment.
this is a really boring experiment.
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做這個實驗
真的是無聊到極點，
真的是無聊到極點，
09:05
We just played people
real and posed laughs.
real and posed laughs.
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我們就是播放人
真笑與假笑的聲音。
真笑與假笑的聲音。
09:07
We didn't tell them
it was a study on laughter.
it was a study on laughter.
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我們沒有告訴他們
這是對笑聲的研究。
這是對笑聲的研究。
我們同時還播放
其他的聲音讓他們分心，
其他的聲音讓他們分心，
09:09
We put other sounds in there
to distract them,
to distract them,
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他們要做的就是躺在那裡聽。
09:11
and all they're doing
is lying listening to sounds.
is lying listening to sounds.
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09:14
We don't tell them to do anything.
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我們不告訴他們要做什麼。
然而，你聽到真笑與假笑的時候，
09:15
Nonetheless, when you hear real laughter
and when you hear posed laughter,
and when you hear posed laughter,
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09:19
the brains are responding
completely differently,
completely differently,
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腦部的反應迥然不同，
09:21
significantly differently.
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顯著不同。
09:23
What you see in the regions in blue,
which lies in auditory cortex,
which lies in auditory cortex,
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你們看到這塊藍色的區域，
位於聽覺皮質，
位於聽覺皮質，
09:26
are the brain areas that respond
more to the real laughs,
more to the real laughs,
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是腦部對真笑
有較多反應的地方，
有較多反應的地方，
09:29
and what seems to be the case,
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情況似乎是這樣，
09:30
when you hear somebody
laughing involuntarily,
laughing involuntarily,
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當你聽到非自主的笑時，
09:33
you hear sounds you would never
hear in any other context.
hear in any other context.
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你會聽到在其他情況下
都不會聽到的聲音。
都不會聽到的聲音。
09:35
It's very unambiguous,
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這非常明確，
09:36
and it seems to be associated
with greater auditory processing
with greater auditory processing
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這可能與要處理這些新聲音
需要更大的聽覺處理歷程有關。
09:39
of these novel sounds.
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09:41
In contrast, when you hear somebody
laughing in a posed way,
laughing in a posed way,
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相反的，聽到做作的笑聲時，
09:45
what you see are these regions in pink,
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你看到的是這塊粉紅色區域，
09:47
which are occupying brain areas
associated with mentalizing,
associated with mentalizing,
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位於大腦與心智化有關的區域，
09:50
thinking about what
somebody else is thinking.
somebody else is thinking.
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思索著別人在想什麼。
09:52
And I think what that means is,
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我想這意味著，
09:53
even if you're having your brain scanned,
which is completely boring
which is completely boring
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即使你正在掃描大腦，
這是件極其無聊、
這是件極其無聊、
沒什麼樂趣的事，
09:56
and not very interesting,
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當你聽到有人「呵呵呵呵」笑時，
09:58
when you hear somebody going,
"A ha ha ha ha ha,"
"A ha ha ha ha ha,"
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10:00
you're trying to work out
why they're laughing.
why they're laughing.
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你仍然想搞懂他們為什麼笑。
10:02
Laughter is always meaningful.
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笑聲永遠都有意義。
10:04
You are always trying
to understand it in context,
to understand it in context,
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你總是想知道
背後的情境是什麼，
背後的情境是什麼，
10:06
even if, as far as you are concerned,
at that point in time,
at that point in time,
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即使在那個當下，
在你關心的範圍內，
在你關心的範圍內，
那個笑與你一點關係都沒有，
10:09
it has not necessarily
anything to do with you,
anything to do with you,
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你還是很想知道
為什麼這些人在笑。
為什麼這些人在笑。
10:11
you still want to know
why those people are laughing.
why those people are laughing.
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我們有機會看不同年齡層的人
10:14
Now, we've had the opportunity to look
at how people hear real and posed laughter
at how people hear real and posed laughter
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如何聽真笑與假笑。
10:18
across the age range.
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這是個網路實驗，
我們與皇家學會合作，
我們與皇家學會合作，
10:19
So this is an online experiment
we ran with the Royal Society,
we ran with the Royal Society,
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我們在實驗中只問大家兩個問題。
10:21
and here we just asked people
two questions.
two questions.
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第一，他們聽到一些笑聲，
10:24
First of all, they heard some laughs,
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他們必須說出
這些笑聲有多真或多假？
這些笑聲有多真或多假？
10:25
and they had to say, how real
or posed do these laughs sound?
or posed do these laughs sound?
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真的笑聲以紅色顯示，
假笑則以藍色顯示。
假笑則以藍色顯示。
10:28
The real laughs are shown in red
and the posed laughs are shown in blue.
and the posed laughs are shown in blue.
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你可以看見有一段快速開展期。
10:32
What you see is there is a rapid onset.
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隨著年齡增長，
你辨識真笑的能力愈來愈好。
你辨識真笑的能力愈來愈好。
10:34
As you get older, you get better
and better at spotting real laughter.
and better at spotting real laughter.
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10:37
So six-year-olds are at chance,
they can't really hear the difference.
they can't really hear the difference.
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所以六歲小孩幾乎聽不出差別。
10:40
By the time you are older, you get better,
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到你長大一點，
你表現就好一點，
你表現就好一點，
10:43
but interestingly, you do not hit
peak performance in this dataset
peak performance in this dataset
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但有意思的是，
這組資料集顯示
這組資料集顯示
你要到 30 好幾 40 出頭
才會達到顛峰。
才會達到顛峰。
10:46
until you are in your
late 30s and early 40s.
late 30s and early 40s.
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10:50
You don't understand laughter fully
by the time you hit puberty.
by the time you hit puberty.
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青春期開始時
你對於笑聲不甚了解。
你對於笑聲不甚了解。
10:53
You don't understand laughter fully
by the time your brain has matured
by the time your brain has matured
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青春期結束，你的大腦成熟後，
對於笑聲還是不甚了解。
10:56
at the end of your teens.
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你要花整段成年初期來學習笑聲。
10:58
You're learning about laughter
throughout your entire early adult life.
throughout your entire early adult life.
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11:01
If we turn the question around and now say
not, what does the laughter sound like
not, what does the laughter sound like
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如果我們把問題反過來問，
我們不問這笑聲是真是假，
我們不問這笑聲是真是假，
11:05
in terms of being real
or posed, but we say,
or posed, but we say,
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但我們說，
這段笑聲讓你有多想笑，
11:07
how much does this laughter
make you want to laugh,
make you want to laugh,
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11:10
how contagious is this laughter to you,
we see a different profile.
we see a different profile.
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這段笑聲對你多有傳染力，
我們會看到不同的圖。
我們會看到不同的圖。
11:13
And here, the younger you are,
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這裡，你愈年輕，
11:14
the more you want to join in
when you hear laughter.
when you hear laughter.
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就愈想在聽到笑聲時
加入笑的行列。
加入笑的行列。
11:17
Remember me laughing with my parents
when I had no idea what was going on.
when I had no idea what was going on.
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記得我跟我父母一起大笑，
卻完全搞不清楚發生什麼事嗎？
卻完全搞不清楚發生什麼事嗎？
11:20
You really can see this.
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你會發現測驗結果確實如此。
11:22
Now everybody, young and old,
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每一個人，無論年紀大小，
11:23
finds the real laughs more contagious
than the posed laughs,
than the posed laughs,
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都會發現真的笑
比假的笑更具傳染力，
比假的笑更具傳染力，
11:26
but as you get older, it all becomes
less contagious to you.
less contagious to you.
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但是隨著年齡增長，
笑聲對你愈來愈不具傳染力。
笑聲對你愈來愈不具傳染力。
11:29
Now, either we're all just becoming
really grumpy as we get older,
really grumpy as we get older,
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要不就是我們真的愈老愈難搞，
11:33
or it may mean that as you
understand laughter better,
understand laughter better,
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要不就是
你愈來愈明白笑聲的含意，
你愈來愈明白笑聲的含意，
11:36
and you are getting better at doing that,
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因為你對此愈來愈嫻熟，
11:38
you need more than just
hearing people laugh to want to laugh.
hearing people laugh to want to laugh.
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你不僅再聽人笑就笑，
你還需要知道更多。
你還需要知道更多。
11:41
You need the social stuff there.
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你需要知道實際的社交情況。
11:43
So we've got a very interesting behavior
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所以我們看到
非常有意思的行為現象，
非常有意思的行為現象，
11:45
about which a lot of our
lay assumptions are incorrect,
lay assumptions are incorrect,
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與我們外行人的臆測不謀而合，
11:49
but I'm coming to see that actually
there's even more to laughter
there's even more to laughter
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但是我開始瞭解到其實笑聲
11:52
than it's an important social emotion
we should look at,
we should look at,
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不僅是我們應該研究的
重要社交情緒，
重要社交情緒，
11:55
because it turns out
people are phenomenally nuanced
people are phenomenally nuanced
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因為事實證明大家
運用笑聲的方式
運用笑聲的方式
11:58
in terms of how we use laughter.
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微妙得驚人。
12:00
There's a really lovely
set of studies coming out
set of studies coming out
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有一組非常棒的研究資料
12:02
from Robert Levenson's lab in California,
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由拉文森在加州的實驗室發表，
12:04
where he's doing
a longitudinal study with couples.
a longitudinal study with couples.
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他在實驗室裡對夫婦做長期追蹤。
12:07
He gets married couples,
men and women, into the lab,
men and women, into the lab,
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他把已婚夫婦帶進實驗室，
12:09
and he gives them
stressful conversations to have
stressful conversations to have
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並提出讓他們緊張的話題，
12:12
while he wires them up to a polygraph
so he can see them becoming stressed.
so he can see them becoming stressed.
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同時將他們接上波動描寫器，
觀察他們變得多緊張。
觀察他們變得多緊張。
12:15
So you've got the two of them in there,
and he'll say to the husband,
and he'll say to the husband,
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所以兩個人坐在那裡，
然後他跟丈夫說：
然後他跟丈夫說：
12:18
"Tell me something that your wife does
that irritates you."
that irritates you."
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「告訴我你太太做什麼
會惹你生氣。」
會惹你生氣。」
12:21
And what you see is immediately --
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你立刻就會看到
12:23
just run that one through your head
briefly, you and your partner --
briefly, you and your partner --
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──就在你腦海裡想像一下，
你和你的另一半──
你和你的另一半──
你能想像到這個實驗一開始，
每個人都會有點緊張。
每個人都會有點緊張。
12:26
you can imagine everybody gets a bit
more stressed as soon as that starts.
more stressed as soon as that starts.
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12:30
You can see physically,
people become more stressed.
people become more stressed.
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你能從生理現象
看到大家都變更緊張了。
看到大家都變更緊張了。
12:33
What he finds is that the couples
who manage that feeling of stress
who manage that feeling of stress
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他發現到能以笑
帶過緊張情緒的夫婦，
帶過緊張情緒的夫婦，
12:39
with laughter,
positive emotions like laughter,
positive emotions like laughter,
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正面的情緒如笑聲，
12:42
not only immediately become less stressed,
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不但立刻變得不那麼緊張，
12:46
they can see them
physically feeling better,
physically feeling better,
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他們在生理上感覺更好，
12:48
they're dealing with this
unpleasant situation better together,
unpleasant situation better together,
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他們更能一同
面對這種不愉快的情況，
面對這種不愉快的情況，
12:52
they are also the couples that report
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他們也是在婚姻關係中
12:53
high levels of satisfaction
in their relationship
in their relationship
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有高滿意度的夫婦，
12:56
and they stay together for longer.
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所以他們的婚姻維持更久。
12:57
So in fact, when you look
at close relationships,
at close relationships,
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所以事實上，
如果你去看親密關係，
如果你去看親密關係，
13:00
laughter is a phenomenally useful index
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會發現笑聲是很有用的指標，
13:02
of how people are regulating
their emotions together.
their emotions together.
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顯示人如何一起調整情緒。
13:04
We're not just emitting it at each other
to show that we like each other,
to show that we like each other,
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我們不但藉由互相抒發情緒
來顯示我們喜歡彼此，
來顯示我們喜歡彼此，
13:08
we're making ourselves
feel better together.
feel better together.
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我們還因此讓自己更自在。
13:10
Now, I don't think this is going
to be limited to romantic relationships.
to be limited to romantic relationships.
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我想這並不限於浪漫的關係。
13:13
I think this is probably
going to be a characteristic
going to be a characteristic
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這也應該是項特質，
13:16
of close emotional relationships
such as you might have with friends,
such as you might have with friends,
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存在於情緒親密的關係中，
如你與朋友的關係，
如你與朋友的關係，
13:19
which explains my next clip,
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這也解釋了我的下一段影片，
13:21
which is of a YouTube video of some
young men in the former East Germany
young men in the former East Germany
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這段 YouTube 影片，
是一些前東德的年輕人
是一些前東德的年輕人
13:24
on making a video to promote
their heavy metal band,
their heavy metal band,
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在製作他們重金屬樂團的宣傳短片，
13:28
and it's extremely macho,
and the mood is very serious,
and the mood is very serious,
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超男子氣概，氣氛超嚴肅，
13:31
and I want you to notice
what happens in terms of laughter
what happens in terms of laughter
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我要你們注意一下在情況有異時，
13:34
when things go wrong
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笑聲的變化，
13:36
and how quickly that happens,
and how that changes the mood.
and how that changes the mood.
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注意一下這發生得多快，
又如何改變氣氛。
又如何改變氣氛。
13:41
He's cold. He's about to get wet.
He's got swimming trunks on,
He's got swimming trunks on,
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他很冷。他快要下水了。
他穿著泳褲，
他穿著泳褲，
13:44
got a towel.
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有條毛巾。
13:48
Ice.
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冰。
13:50
What might possibly happen?
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到底發生了什麼？
13:54
Video starts.
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影片開始。
13:57
Serious mood.
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氣氛嚴肅。
14:06
And his friends are already laughing.
They are already laughing, hard.
They are already laughing, hard.
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他的朋友已經開始笑了起來。
他們已經笑得很大聲了。
他們已經笑得很大聲了。
14:11
He's not laughing yet.
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他還沒開始笑。
14:14
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
14:16
He's starting to go now.
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他要笑了。
14:25
And now they're all off.
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現在他們都笑翻了。
14:27
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
14:44
They're on the floor.
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他們笑倒在地上。
14:46
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
14:55
The thing I really like about that
is it's all very serious
is it's all very serious
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我最喜歡的部分，
是這原本非常嚴肅，
是這原本非常嚴肅，
14:59
until he jumps onto the ice, and
as soon as he doesn't go through the ice,
as soon as he doesn't go through the ice,
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直到他跳進冰裡，
但是沒有真的掉進去，
但是沒有真的掉進去，
15:02
but also there isn't blood
and bone everywhere,
and bone everywhere,
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而且影片中沒有頭破血流，
15:05
his friends start laughing.
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他的朋友就笑了起來。
15:06
And imagine if that had played him out
with him standing there going,
with him standing there going,
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想像一下，如果他皮開肉綻
站起來說：
站起來說：
15:09
"No seriously, Heinrich,
I think this is broken,"
I think this is broken,"
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「說真的，亨利，
我想這裡斷了。」
我想這裡斷了。」
我們就不會這麼喜歡看這個。
這可能會很緊張。
這可能會很緊張。
15:12
we wouldn't enjoy watching that.
That would be stressful.
That would be stressful.
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或是如果他明顯拖著斷腿
邊到處跑還邊笑，
邊到處跑還邊笑，
15:15
Or if he was running around
with a visibly broken leg laughing,
with a visibly broken leg laughing,
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而且他的朋友說：
「亨利，我想我們現在得去趟醫院，」
「亨利，我想我們現在得去趟醫院，」
15:18
and his friends are going, "Heinrich, I
think we need to go to the hospital now,"
think we need to go to the hospital now,"
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那就不會這麼好笑了。
事實上笑在這裡起了作用，
15:22
that also wouldn't be funny.
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笑讓他避開痛苦、
尷尬、困難的情況，
尷尬、困難的情況，
15:23
The fact that the laughter works,
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15:25
it gets him from a painful,
embarrassing, difficult situation,
embarrassing, difficult situation,
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變成有趣的局面，
我們其實還挺喜歡的，
我們其實還挺喜歡的，
15:28
into a funny situation, into what we're
actually enjoying there,
actually enjoying there,
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我想這個用法真的很有意思，
15:31
and I think that's
a really interesting use,
a really interesting use,
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而且這其實還時時發生。
舉一個例子，
我還記得類似的情況
我還記得類似的情況
15:33
and it's actually happening all the time.
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1978
15:35
For example, I can remember
something like this happening
something like this happening
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在我父親的葬禮上出現。
我們沒有穿著內褲在冰上跳來跳去。
15:37
at my father's funeral.
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15:39
We weren't jumping around
on the ice in our underpants.
on the ice in our underpants.
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我們不是加拿大人。
15:41
We're not Canadian.
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2641
（譯註：加拿大有新年冬泳傳統，
本大會現場在加拿大。）
本大會現場在加拿大。）
15:44
(Laughter) (Applause)
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（笑聲）（掌聲）
15:46
These events are always difficult, I had
a relative who was being a bit difficult,
a relative who was being a bit difficult,
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這樣的場合總是難熬，
我有個親戚變得有點難伺候，
我有個親戚變得有點難伺候，
15:50
my mum was not in a good place,
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我媽媽的狀況也不好，
我還記得就在葬禮開始前，
我發現自己
我發現自己
15:52
and I can remember finding myself
just before the whole thing started
just before the whole thing started
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15:55
telling this story about something
that happened in a 1970s sitcom,
that happened in a 1970s sitcom,
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在說 1970 年代
某個情境喜劇的劇情，
某個情境喜劇的劇情，
15:59
and I just thought at the time,
I don't know why I'm doing this,
I don't know why I'm doing this,
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那時候我還在想，
我幹嘛在這時候做這個，
我幹嘛在這時候做這個，
16:02
and what I realized I was doing
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我意識到我在做的
16:04
was I was coming up with
something from somewhere
something from somewhere
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是我想以此神來之舉，
16:07
I could use to make her laugh
together with me.
together with me.
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4389
讓她跟我一起笑一笑。
16:11
It was a very basic reaction
to find some reason we can do this.
to find some reason we can do this.
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這是非常基本的反應，
16:14
We can laugh together.
We're going to get through this.
We're going to get through this.
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2685
我們能一起笑，
我們能共度難關。
我們能共度難關。
16:17
We're going to be okay.
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1496
我們會沒事的。
16:19
And in fact, all of us
are doing this all the time.
are doing this all the time.
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事實上，我們時時都在做這件事。
16:21
You do it so often,
you don't even notice it.
you don't even notice it.
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你很常做，你不曾注意而已。
每個人都低估了自己有多常笑，
16:23
Everybody underestimates
how often they laugh,
how often they laugh,
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你跟大家一起笑的時候
其實是在做某件事，
其實是在做某件事，
16:26
and you're doing something,
when you laugh with people,
when you laugh with people,
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16:29
that's actually letting you access
a really ancient evolutionary system
a really ancient evolutionary system
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讓你進入非常古老的演化系統，
16:33
that mammals have evolved
to make and maintain social bonds,
to make and maintain social bonds,
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哺乳動物以此進化
建立及維持社會連繫，
建立及維持社會連繫，
16:37
and clearly to regulate emotions,
to make ourselves feel better.
to make ourselves feel better.
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並明顯以此來調控情緒，
讓我們感覺更好。
讓我們感覺更好。
16:41
It's not something specific to humans --
it's a really ancient behavior
it's a really ancient behavior
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這並非人類特有，
這是非常古老的行為，
這是非常古老的行為，
16:44
which really helps us regulate how we feel
and makes us feel better.
and makes us feel better.
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能真正幫助我們調控我們的感覺，
並讓我們感覺更好。
並讓我們感覺更好。
16:48
In other words, when it comes to laughter,
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換句話說，說到笑，
16:51
you and me, baby, ain't nothing
but mammals. (Laughter)
but mammals. (Laughter)
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你和我寶貝，不過就是哺乳類罷了！
（另類樂團諷刺歌詞）
（另類樂團諷刺歌詞）
謝謝。（笑聲）
16:54
Thank you.
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16:56
Thank you. (Applause)
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謝謝。（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sophie Scott - Neuroscientist, stand-up comicWhile exploring the neuroscience of speech and vocal behavior, Sophie Scott stumbled upon a surprising second vocation: making audiences laugh as a stand-up comic.
Why you should listen
As deputy director of the University College London’s Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Sophie Scott seeks out the neurological basis of communication, whether it’s speech or vocalized emotion.
As a pioneering researcher in the science of laughter, she’s made some unexpected discoveries -- including that rats are ticklish, and that the one tactic that’s almost guaranteed to get someone to laugh is to show them someone else laughing. But as an occasional stand-up comedian with UCL’s Bright Club, she shows that she’s no slouch at getting laughs herself.
Sophie Scott | Speaker | TED.com