TED2015
Sophie Scott: Why we laugh
Sophie Scott: De ce râdem
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Ştiaţi că şansa de a râde crește de 30 de ori când sunteţi cu cineva decât dacă sunteţi singuri? Sophie Scott, cercetător neurolog, ne împărtăşeşte asta şi alte câteva adevăruri surprinzătoare despre râs, într-un discurs alert, plin de vitalitate şi, ați ghicit, amuzant despre acest subiect ştiinţific.
Sophie Scott - Neuroscientist, stand-up comic
While exploring the neuroscience of speech and vocal behavior, Sophie Scott stumbled upon a surprising second vocation: making audiences laugh as a stand-up comic. Full bio
While exploring the neuroscience of speech and vocal behavior, Sophie Scott stumbled upon a surprising second vocation: making audiences laugh as a stand-up comic. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Hi. I'm going to talk
to you today about laughter,
to you today about laughter,
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Bună, astăzi o să vorbesc despre râs
00:15
and I just want to start
by thinking about the first time
by thinking about the first time
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şi mă gândesc la prima dată
când am observat râsul.
când am observat râsul.
00:18
I can ever remember noticing laughter.
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00:20
This is when I was a little girl.
I would've been about six.
I would've been about six.
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Aveam vreo 6 ani
și i-am surprins pe părinţi
făcând ceva neobişnuit:
făcând ceva neobişnuit:
00:23
And I came across my parents
doing something unusual,
doing something unusual,
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00:27
where they were laughing.
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râdeau.
Râdeau foarte foarte tare.
00:28
They were laughing very, very hard.
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00:30
They were lying on the floor laughing.
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Se tăvăleau pe jos de râs
şi chiuiau în gura mare.
şi chiuiau în gura mare.
00:32
They were screaming with laughter.
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00:34
I did not know what they were
laughing at, but I wanted in.
laughing at, but I wanted in.
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Nu ştiam de ce râdeau, dar voiam şi eu.
00:38
I wanted to be part of that,
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Stăteam pe margine şi îi imitam „Ha, ha!"
(Râsete)
(Râsete)
00:40
and I kind of sat around at the edge
going, "Hoo hoo!" (Laughter)
going, "Hoo hoo!" (Laughter)
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00:43
Now, incidentally,
what they were laughing at
what they were laughing at
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Din întâmplare ei râdeau de un cântec
de pe vremea aceea,
de pe vremea aceea,
00:47
was a song which people used to sing,
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despre semnele de la toaleta din tren
care-ţi spuneau ce poţi şi ce nu poţi face
care-ţi spuneau ce poţi şi ce nu poţi face
00:49
which was based around
signs in toilets on trains
signs in toilets on trains
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00:53
telling you what you could
and could not do
and could not do
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în toaleta trenului.
00:56
in toilets on trains.
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00:57
And the thing you have to remember
about the English is, of course,
about the English is, of course,
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Vă amintesc că noi, englezii,
avem un simţ al umorului sofisticat.
avem un simţ al umorului sofisticat.
01:00
we do have an immensely
sophisticated sense of humor.
sophisticated sense of humor.
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01:03
(Laughter)
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(Râsete)
01:04
At the time, though, I didn't
understand anything of that.
understand anything of that.
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Atunci nu înţelegeam toate astea.
Îmi păsa doar de râs.
Îmi păsa doar de râs.
01:07
I just cared about the laughter,
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Ca neurolog am devenit iar interesată.
01:09
and actually, as a neuroscientist,
I've come to care about it again.
I've come to care about it again.
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01:12
And it is a really weird thing to do.
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Şi e un lucru ciudat.
01:15
What I'm going to do now
is just play some examples
is just play some examples
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Acum vă rog să ascultaţi câteva exemple
de râsete de oameni.
de râsete de oameni.
01:17
of real human beings laughing,
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Observaţi cât sunt de ciudate
şi cât de primitive sunt.
şi cât de primitive sunt.
01:19
and I want you think about the sound
people make and how odd that can be,
people make and how odd that can be,
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01:22
and in fact how primitive
laughter is as a sound.
laughter is as a sound.
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Seamănă mai mult cu strigătele
animalelor decât cu vorbitul.
animalelor decât cu vorbitul.
01:25
It's much more like an animal call
than it is like speech.
than it is like speech.
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01:28
So here we've got some laughter for you.
The first one is pretty joyful.
The first one is pretty joyful.
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Iată câteva exemple.
Primul e chiar vesel.
Primul e chiar vesel.
(Audio: Râsete)
01:31
(Audio: Laughing)
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01:47
Now this next guy, I need him to breathe.
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Tipul care urmează are nevoie să respire.
01:50
There's a point in there
where I'm just, like,
where I'm just, like,
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La un moment dat i-aş spune:
„Respiră puţin!”
„Respiră puţin!”
01:52
you've got to get some air in there, mate,
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pentru că parcă nu mai are aer.
01:54
because he just sounds
like he's breathing out.
like he's breathing out.
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(Audio: Râsete)
01:56
(Audio: Laughing)
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02:05
This hasn't been edited; this is him.
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Sunetele nu sunt editate:
aşa râde el.
aşa râde el.
(Audio: Râsete)
(Râsete)
(Râsete)
02:08
(Audio: Laughing)
(Laughter)
(Laughter)
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02:14
And finally we have --
this is a human female laughing.
this is a human female laughing.
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Şi în final avem un râs de femeie.
02:18
And laughter can take us to some pretty
odd places in terms of making noises.
odd places in terms of making noises.
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Putem scoate sunete foarte ciudate
când râdem.
când râdem.
(Audio: Râsete)
02:22
(Audio: Laughing)
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02:41
She actually says, "Oh my God,
what is that?" in French.
what is that?" in French.
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Ea spune „O, Doamne, ce-i asta?”
în franceză.
în franceză.
02:44
We're all kind of with her.
I have no idea.
I have no idea.
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O înţelegem: habar n-avem nici noi.
02:48
Now, to understand laughter,
you have to look at a part of the body
you have to look at a part of the body
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Pentru a înţelege râsul
să analizăm o anumită parte a corpului
să analizăm o anumită parte a corpului
02:51
that psychologists and neuroscientists
don't normally spend much time looking at,
don't normally spend much time looking at,
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căreia psihologii şi neurologii
nu-i prea dau atenţie: cutia toracică.
nu-i prea dau atenţie: cutia toracică.
02:55
which is the ribcage,
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Nu pare foarte interesantă,
dar o folosim tot timpul.
dar o folosim tot timpul.
02:56
and it doesn't seem terribly exciting,
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02:58
but actually you're all using
your ribcage all the time.
your ribcage all the time.
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O folosiţi şi acum şi să nu vă opriţi:
se numeşte respiraţie.
se numeşte respiraţie.
03:00
What you're all doing
at the moment with your ribcage,
at the moment with your ribcage,
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03:03
and don't stop doing it, is breathing.
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Vă folosiţi muşchii intercostali
– muşchii dintre coaste –
– muşchii dintre coaste –
03:05
So you use the intercostal muscles,
the muscles between your ribs,
the muscles between your ribs,
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să băgaţi şi să scoateţi aer din plămâni,
mărind şi micşorând cutia toracică.
mărind şi micşorând cutia toracică.
03:08
to bring air in and out of your lungs
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03:10
just by expanding
and contracting your ribcage,
and contracting your ribcage,
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Dacă v-aş pune o centură de respiraţie
în jurul pieptului,
în jurul pieptului,
03:12
and if I was to put a strap
around the outside of your chest
around the outside of your chest
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am observa o mişcare lină, sinusoidală;
asta e respiraţia.
asta e respiraţia.
03:15
called a breath belt, and just look
at that movement,
at that movement,
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03:17
you see a rather gentle sinusoidal
movement, so that's breathing.
movement, so that's breathing.
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Toţi facem asta. Nu vă opriţi.
03:21
You're all doing it. Don't stop.
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Când începeţi să vorbiţi,
vă folosiţi respiraţia diferit.
vă folosiţi respiraţia diferit.
03:22
As soon as you start talking,
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03:24
you start using your breathing
completely differently.
completely differently.
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Ce fac acum arată cam aşa:
03:26
So what I'm doing now is you see
something much more like this.
something much more like this.
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când vorbim mişcăm uşor cutia toracică
să împingem aerul afară.
să împingem aerul afară.
03:29
In talking, you use very fine
movements of the ribcage
movements of the ribcage
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03:32
to squeeze the air out --
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Suntem singurele animale care fac asta.
De asta putem vorbi.
De asta putem vorbi.
03:33
and in fact, we're the only animals
that can do this.
that can do this.
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03:36
It's why we can talk at all.
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Atât vorbitul cât şi respiratul
au un inamic mortal,
au un inamic mortal,
03:37
Now, both talking and breathing
has a mortal enemy,
has a mortal enemy,
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03:40
and that enemy is laughter,
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iar aceasta e râsul.
Când râdeţi, aceiaşi muşchi
încep să se contracte regulat
încep să se contracte regulat
03:43
because what happens when you laugh
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03:45
is those same muscles
start to contract very regularly,
start to contract very regularly,
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– ce apare ca un de zig-zag –
de fapt scoateţi aerul din voi.
de fapt scoateţi aerul din voi.
03:48
and you get this very marked
sort of zig-zagging,
sort of zig-zagging,
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03:51
and that's just squeezing
the air out of you.
the air out of you.
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Asta faci când scoţi sunete.
03:53
It literally is that basic a way
of making a sound.
of making a sound.
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Dacă te apasă cineva pe piept,
efectul e acelaşi: aerul e presat afară.
efectul e acelaşi: aerul e presat afară.
03:56
You could be stamping on somebody,
it's having the same effect.
it's having the same effect.
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03:59
You're just squeezing air out,
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Cu fiecare contracţie – Ha! –
se aude un sunet.
se aude un sunet.
04:00
and each of those contractions --
Ha! -- gives you a sound.
Ha! -- gives you a sound.
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Deoarece contracţiile sunt în cascadă
aveţi acele spasme care dau...
aveţi acele spasme care dau...
04:03
And as the contractions run together,
you can get these spasms,
you can get these spasms,
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04:06
and that's when you start getting
these -- (Wheezing) -- things happening.
these -- (Wheezing) -- things happening.
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...(hârâituri), ca astea.
(Râsete)
(Râsete)
Mă pricep la asta.
(Râsete)
(Râsete)
04:10
I'm brilliant at this. (Laughter)
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04:13
Now, in terms of the science of laughter,
there isn't very much,
there isn't very much,
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Ştiinţa râsului e relativ simplă,
04:17
but it does turn out that pretty much
everything we think we know
everything we think we know
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doar că tot ce ştim despre râs e greşit.
04:20
about laughter is wrong.
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04:23
So it's not at all unusual, for example,
to hear people to say
to hear people to say
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Nu-i ciudat să auzim că noi
suntem singurele animale care râd.
suntem singurele animale care râd.
04:25
humans are the only animals that laugh.
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Nietzsche credea asta.
04:28
Nietzsche thought that humans
are the only animals that laugh.
are the only animals that laugh.
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Dar râsul e şi printre mamifere.
04:30
In fact, you find laughter
throughout the mammals.
throughout the mammals.
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A fost descris şi observat la primate,
dar a fost observat şi la şobolani
dar a fost observat şi la şobolani
04:33
It's been well-described
and well-observed in primates,
and well-observed in primates,
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04:35
but you also see it in rats,
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şi indiferent unde îl întâlniţi,
– la oameni, primate, şobolani –
– la oameni, primate, şobolani –
04:37
and wherever you find it --
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04:38
humans, primates, rats --
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veţi vedea că-i asociat cu lucruri
ca gâdilatul.
ca gâdilatul.
04:40
you find it associated
with things like tickling.
with things like tickling.
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04:43
That's the same for humans.
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La fel e şi la oameni.
04:46
You find it associated with play,
and all mammals play.
and all mammals play.
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E asociat cu joaca
şi toate mamiferele se joacă.
şi toate mamiferele se joacă.
Oriunde îl întâlniţi e asociat
cu interacţiunea.
cu interacţiunea.
04:51
And wherever you find it,
it's associated with interactions.
it's associated with interactions.
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04:55
So Robert Provine, who has done
a lot of work on this,
a lot of work on this,
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Robert Provine, care a studiat mult râsul,
04:58
has pointed out that you are 30 times
more likely to laugh
more likely to laugh
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a arătat că e de 30 de ori
mai probabil să râzi
mai probabil să râzi
dacă ești cu cineva decât singur.
05:02
if you are with somebody else
than if you're on your own,
than if you're on your own,
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Cel mai mult râdem când interacţionăm
social, cum ar fi în conversaţie.
social, cum ar fi în conversaţie.
05:06
and where you find most laughter
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05:08
is in social interactions
like conversation.
like conversation.
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Dacă-i întrebăm pe oameni când râd,
amintesc de comedii, umor şi glume.
amintesc de comedii, umor şi glume.
05:10
So if you ask human beings,
"When do you laugh?"
"When do you laugh?"
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05:13
they'll talk about comedy and they'll talk
about humor and they'll talk about jokes.
about humor and they'll talk about jokes.
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Dacă studiezi să vezi când râd,
vezi că râd cu prietenii.
vezi că râd cu prietenii.
05:17
If you look at when they laugh,
they're laughing with their friends.
they're laughing with their friends.
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05:20
And when we laugh with people, we're
hardly ever actually laughing at jokes.
hardly ever actually laughing at jokes.
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Când râdem cu alţi oameni
nu râdem de fapt atât la glume,
nu râdem de fapt atât la glume,
05:23
You are laughing to show people
that you understand them,
that you understand them,
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cât pentru a le arăta că-i înţelegem,
că suntem de acord cu ei,
că suntem de acord cu ei,
05:26
that you agree with them, that you're
part of the same group as them.
part of the same group as them.
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că facem parte din acelaşi grup,
râdem ca să le arătăm
că ne place de ei sau că-i iubim.
că ne place de ei sau că-i iubim.
05:29
You're laughing to show
that you like them.
that you like them.
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05:31
You might even love them.
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Facem asta în timp ce vorbim cu ei,
iar râsul se ocupă de partea emoţională.
iar râsul se ocupă de partea emoţională.
05:33
You're doing all that at the same time
as talking to them,
as talking to them,
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05:35
and the laughter is doing a lot
of that emotional work for you.
of that emotional work for you.
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Asta a arătat Robert Provine
05:38
Something that Robert Provine
has pointed out, as you can see here,
has pointed out, as you can see here,
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şi motivul pentru care râdem,
cum ați văzut la început,
cum ați văzut la început,
05:41
and the reason why we were laughing
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05:43
when we heard those
funny laughs at the start,
funny laughs at the start,
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şi ca atunci când mi-am
găsit părinţii râzând,
găsit părinţii râzând,
05:45
and why I was laughing
when I found my parents laughing,
when I found my parents laughing,
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e că râsul are un efect contagios.
05:48
is that it's an enormously
behaviorally contagious effect.
behaviorally contagious effect.
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Vă puteţi molipsi de la ceilalţi
05:51
You can catch laughter from somebody else,
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şi mai ales de la cineva cunoscut.
05:53
and you are more likely to catch laughter
off somebody else if you know them.
off somebody else if you know them.
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E modulat deci de contextul social.
05:57
So it's still modulated
by this social context.
by this social context.
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Originea râsului nu e în umor,
ci are o componentă socială.
ci are o componentă socială.
05:59
You have to put humor to one side
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06:00
and think about the social
meaning of laughter
meaning of laughter
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06:03
because that's where its origins lie.
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06:05
Now, something I've got very interested in
is different kinds of laughter,
is different kinds of laughter,
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Pe mine mă interesează
diferitele feluri de râs
diferitele feluri de râs
Avem dovezi neurobiologice
despre cum vocalizează oamenii,
despre cum vocalizează oamenii,
06:09
and we have some neurobiological evidence
about how human beings vocalize
about how human beings vocalize
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06:14
that suggests there might be
two kinds of laughs that we have.
two kinds of laughs that we have.
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iar ele sugerează că am putea avea
două feluri de râs.
două feluri de râs.
06:18
So it seems possible that the neurobiology
for helpless, involuntary laughter,
for helpless, involuntary laughter,
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E posibil ca neurobiologia
râsului involuntar,
râsului involuntar,
06:23
like my parents lying on the floor
screaming about a silly song,
screaming about a silly song,
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ca cel al părinţilor mei care hohoteau
la un cântec stupid,
la un cântec stupid,
06:26
might have a different basis to it
than some of that more polite
than some of that more polite
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să difere de râsul politicos, social,
06:29
social laughter that you encounter,
which isn't horrible laughter,
which isn't horrible laughter,
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care nu-i oribil, ci e doar felul
în care cineva comunică cu tine,
în care cineva comunică cu tine,
06:32
but it's behavior somebody is doing
as part of their communicative act to you,
as part of their communicative act to you,
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parte a interacţiunii dintre voi,
o alegere conştientă.
o alegere conştientă.
06:36
part of their interaction with you;
they are choosing to do this.
they are choosing to do this.
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06:40
In our evolution, we have developed
two different ways of vocalizing.
two different ways of vocalizing.
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Evolutiv am dezvoltat
două moduri de a vocaliza.
două moduri de a vocaliza.
Vocalizările involuntare aparţin
unui sistem mai vechi
unui sistem mai vechi
06:43
Involuntary vocalizations
are part of an older system
are part of an older system
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06:46
than the more voluntary vocalizations
like the speech I'm doing now.
like the speech I'm doing now.
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decât vocalizările voluntare
precum vorbitul meu de acum.
precum vorbitul meu de acum.
Am putea să ne imaginăm că râsul
are două rădăcini diferite.
are două rădăcini diferite.
06:49
So we might imagine that laughter
might actually have two different roots.
might actually have two different roots.
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06:53
So I've been looking at this
in more detail.
in more detail.
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Am cercetat asta în detaliu.
06:55
To do this, we've had to make
recordings of people laughing,
recordings of people laughing,
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Pentru asta am înregistrat oameni
care râd şi am făcut orice ca ei să râdă.
care râd şi am făcut orice ca ei să râdă.
06:58
and we've had to do whatever it takes
to make people laugh,
to make people laugh,
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Apoi tot pe aceiaşi i-am pus
să producă râsul social.
să producă râsul social.
07:01
and we got those same people
to produce more posed, social laughter.
to produce more posed, social laughter.
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07:04
So imagine your friend told a joke,
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Imaginaţi-vă că un prieten spune o glumă
şi voi râdeţi fiindcă vă place de el
şi voi râdeţi fiindcă vă place de el
07:05
and you're laughing because
you like your friend,
you like your friend,
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07:08
but not really because
the joke's all that.
the joke's all that.
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şi nu neapărat gluma.
07:10
So I'm going to play you
a couple of those.
a couple of those.
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Vă pun să ascultaţi câteva.
Spuneţi-mi dacă credeţi că acest râs
e real sau fals, involuntar sau voluntar?
e real sau fals, involuntar sau voluntar?
07:12
I want you to tell me if you think
this laughter is real laughter,
this laughter is real laughter,
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07:15
or if you think it's posed.
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07:16
So is this involuntary laughter
or more voluntary laughter?
or more voluntary laughter?
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07:19
(Audio: Laughing)
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(Audio: Râsete)
07:24
What does that sound like to you?
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Cum vă sună? Fals?
07:26
Audience: Posed.
Sophie Scott: Posed? Posed.
Sophie Scott: Posed? Posed.
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Publicul: Fals.
Fals.
Fals.
Dar acesta?
07:28
How about this one?
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(Audio: Râsete)
07:29
(Audio: Laughing)
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07:34
(Laughter)
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(Râsete)
07:35
I'm the best.
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Sunt cea mai bună.
07:37
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(Râsete) (Aplauze)
07:39
Not really.
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Nu chiar.
07:41
No, that was helpless laughter,
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E râs involuntar.
07:43
and in fact, to record that,
all they had to do was record me
all they had to do was record me
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De fapt ca să mă înregistreze a trebuit
să mă uit la o prietenă care asculta ceva
să mă uit la o prietenă care asculta ceva
07:47
watching one of my friends listening to
something I knew she wanted to laugh at,
something I knew she wanted to laugh at,
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la care ştiam că va râde
şi m-a pufnit râsul.
şi m-a pufnit râsul.
07:50
and I just started doing this.
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Oamenii ştiu să deosebească
un râs real de unul fals.
un râs real de unul fals.
07:52
What you find is that people
are good at telling the difference
are good at telling the difference
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07:55
between real and posed laughter.
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Se pare că sunt diferite pentru noi.
07:57
They seem to be different things to us.
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Similar la cimpanzei:
râd diferit când sunt gâdilaţi
râd diferit când sunt gâdilaţi
07:59
Interestingly, you see something
quite similar with chimpanzees.
quite similar with chimpanzees.
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08:02
Chimpanzees laugh differently
if they're being tickled
if they're being tickled
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decât când se joacă unii cu alţii.
08:04
than if they're playing with each other,
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Similar cu râsul involuntar,
de gâdilat, diferit de râsul social.
de gâdilat, diferit de râsul social.
08:06
and we might be seeing
something like that here,
something like that here,
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08:08
involuntary laughter, tickling laughter,
being different from social laughter.
being different from social laughter.
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Şi acustic sunt diferite:
râsetele reale sunt mai lungi,
au ton mai ridicat.
au ton mai ridicat.
08:12
They're acoustically very different.
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08:14
The real laughs are longer.
They're higher in pitch.
They're higher in pitch.
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Când râdeţi din suflet, aerul iese
cu o presiune mai mare din plămâni
cu o presiune mai mare din plămâni
08:16
When you start laughing hard,
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08:18
you start squeezing air out
from your lungs
from your lungs
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08:20
under much higher pressures
than you could ever produce voluntarily.
than you could ever produce voluntarily.
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decât aţi putea produce voluntar.
Adică n-aş scoate sunete
atât de înalte când cânt.
atât de înalte când cânt.
08:23
For example, I could never
pitch my voice that high to sing.
pitch my voice that high to sing.
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Şi aveţi aceste contracţii
şi sunete fluierate.
şi sunete fluierate.
08:26
Also, you start to get these sort of
contractions and weird whistling sounds,
contractions and weird whistling sounds,
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Toate astea înseamnă că râsul real
e extrem de uşor şi uşor de recunoscut.
e extrem de uşor şi uşor de recunoscut.
08:30
all of which mean that real laughter
is extremely easy,
is extremely easy,
170
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08:32
or feels extremely easy to spot.
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Prin comparație,
râsul de complezenţă sună un pic fals.
râsul de complezenţă sună un pic fals.
08:34
In contrast, posed laughter,
we might think it sounds a bit fake.
we might think it sounds a bit fake.
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De fapt nu-i aşa.
El e un indicator social important.
El e un indicator social important.
08:39
Actually, it's not, it's actually
an important social cue.
an important social cue.
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08:42
We use it a lot, we're choosing
to laugh in a lot of situations,
to laugh in a lot of situations,
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Îl folosim des.
Alegem să râdem în multe situaţii.
Alegem să râdem în multe situaţii.
08:45
and it seems to be its own thing.
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De exemplu, îl facem nazal,
– acel „ha ha ha ha ah" –
– acel „ha ha ha ha ah" –
08:47
So, for example, you find
nasality in posed laughter,
nasality in posed laughter,
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08:50
that kind of "ha ha ha ha ha" sound
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08:52
that you never get, you could not do,
if you were laughing involuntarily.
if you were laughing involuntarily.
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pe care nu îl puteţi face când
râdeţi involuntar.
râdeţi involuntar.
08:55
So they do seem to be genuinely
these two different sorts of things.
these two different sorts of things.
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Pare deci că sunt două lucruri diferite.
Am folosit scanerul să vedem
cum răspunde creierul când auzim râsete.
cum răspunde creierul când auzim râsete.
08:58
We took it into the scanner
to see how brains respond
to see how brains respond
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09:01
when you hear laughter.
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Un experiment plictisitor: am pus oamenii
să asculte râs real şi de complezenţă.
să asculte râs real şi de complezenţă.
09:02
And when you do this,
this is a really boring experiment.
this is a really boring experiment.
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09:05
We just played people
real and posed laughs.
real and posed laughs.
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Nu le-am spus că studiem râsul.
Mai erau şi alte sunete ca să-i distragem.
Mai erau şi alte sunete ca să-i distragem.
09:07
We didn't tell them
it was a study on laughter.
it was a study on laughter.
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09:09
We put other sounds in there
to distract them,
to distract them,
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Ei trebuiau să stea întinşi şi să asculte
sunetele. Nu aveau nimic altceva de făcut.
sunetele. Nu aveau nimic altceva de făcut.
09:11
and all they're doing
is lying listening to sounds.
is lying listening to sounds.
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2387
09:14
We don't tell them to do anything.
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Şi totuşi la cele două tipuri de râs,
real și de complezență,
real și de complezență,
09:15
Nonetheless, when you hear real laughter
and when you hear posed laughter,
and when you hear posed laughter,
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09:19
the brains are responding
completely differently,
completely differently,
189
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2417
creierul răspunde total diferit.
09:21
significantly differently.
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1432
09:23
What you see in the regions in blue,
which lies in auditory cortex,
which lies in auditory cortex,
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Zonele albastre ale cortexului auditiv
sunt ariile care răspund la râsul real.
sunt ariile care răspund la râsul real.
09:26
are the brain areas that respond
more to the real laughs,
more to the real laughs,
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Se pare că la râsul involuntar sunt sunete
pe care nu le întâlniţi în alt context,
pe care nu le întâlniţi în alt context,
09:29
and what seems to be the case,
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09:30
when you hear somebody
laughing involuntarily,
laughing involuntarily,
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2157
09:33
you hear sounds you would never
hear in any other context.
hear in any other context.
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2727
sunete lipsite de ambiguitate,
care se pare că sunt asociate
care se pare că sunt asociate
09:35
It's very unambiguous,
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1086
09:36
and it seems to be associated
with greater auditory processing
with greater auditory processing
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cu procesarea acestora
la un nivel cerebral mai înalt.
la un nivel cerebral mai înalt.
09:39
of these novel sounds.
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1370
În schimb când auziţi că cineva râde
de complezenţă se activează ariile roz,
de complezenţă se activează ariile roz,
09:41
In contrast, when you hear somebody
laughing in a posed way,
laughing in a posed way,
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3809
09:45
what you see are these regions in pink,
200
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2042
09:47
which are occupying brain areas
associated with mentalizing,
associated with mentalizing,
201
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2879
care se află în regiuni corticale
responsabile de mentalizare,
responsabile de mentalizare,
09:50
thinking about what
somebody else is thinking.
somebody else is thinking.
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2155
când ne gândim la ce se gândeşte cineva.
09:52
And I think what that means is,
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1540
Adică chiar dacă ţi se scanează creierul
– lucru plictisitor şi neinteresant –
– lucru plictisitor şi neinteresant –
09:53
even if you're having your brain scanned,
which is completely boring
which is completely boring
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3197
09:56
and not very interesting,
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1200
când auzi pe cineva: „A ha ha ha ha ha",
încerci să-ţi dai seama de ce râde.
încerci să-ţi dai seama de ce râde.
09:58
when you hear somebody going,
"A ha ha ha ha ha,"
"A ha ha ha ha ha,"
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2333
10:00
you're trying to work out
why they're laughing.
why they're laughing.
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10:02
Laughter is always meaningful.
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1445
Râsul înseamnă întotdeauna ceva.
Mereu încercăm să-l înţelegem în context,
Mereu încercăm să-l înţelegem în context,
10:04
You are always trying
to understand it in context,
to understand it in context,
209
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2340
10:06
even if, as far as you are concerned,
at that point in time,
at that point in time,
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chiar dacă în acel moment
nu are de-a face cu noi,
nu are de-a face cu noi,
10:09
it has not necessarily
anything to do with you,
anything to do with you,
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tot vrem să ştim de ce râd
acei oameni.
acei oameni.
10:11
you still want to know
why those people are laughing.
why those people are laughing.
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Am studiat cum aud oamenii
tipurile de râs în funcţie de vârstă.
tipurile de râs în funcţie de vârstă.
10:14
Now, we've had the opportunity to look
at how people hear real and posed laughter
at how people hear real and posed laughter
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10:18
across the age range.
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E un experiment online făcut
de Societatea Regală
de Societatea Regală
10:19
So this is an online experiment
we ran with the Royal Society,
we ran with the Royal Society,
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în care am pus oamenilor două întrebări.
10:21
and here we just asked people
two questions.
two questions.
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Ascultau nişte râsete şi trebuiau să spună
dacă sunt adevărate sau de complezenţă.
dacă sunt adevărate sau de complezenţă.
10:24
First of all, they heard some laughs,
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1828
10:25
and they had to say, how real
or posed do these laughs sound?
or posed do these laughs sound?
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Cele adevărate sunt roşii,
iar complezentele sunt albastre.
iar complezentele sunt albastre.
10:28
The real laughs are shown in red
and the posed laughs are shown in blue.
and the posed laughs are shown in blue.
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Se observă o creștere rapidă.
10:32
What you see is there is a rapid onset.
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Odată cu înaintarea în vârstă devenim
mai pricepuţi în a recunoaşte râsul real.
mai pricepuţi în a recunoaşte râsul real.
10:34
As you get older, you get better
and better at spotting real laughter.
and better at spotting real laughter.
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10:37
So six-year-olds are at chance,
they can't really hear the difference.
they can't really hear the difference.
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Copiii de 6 ani nu le prea deosebesc.
Mai târziu, devenim mai pricepuţi,
10:40
By the time you are older, you get better,
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2152
10:43
but interestingly, you do not hit
peak performance in this dataset
peak performance in this dataset
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3622
dar e interesant că nu atingem apogeul
10:46
until you are in your
late 30s and early 40s.
late 30s and early 40s.
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3531
decât pe la 35–45 de ani.
10:50
You don't understand laughter fully
by the time you hit puberty.
by the time you hit puberty.
226
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3041
La atingerea pubertăţii
nu interpretaţi mereu corect râsul
nu interpretaţi mereu corect râsul
10:53
You don't understand laughter fully
by the time your brain has matured
by the time your brain has matured
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3297
şi nici când creierul e complet dezvoltat,
adică la sfârşitul adolescenţei.
adică la sfârşitul adolescenţei.
10:56
at the end of your teens.
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1394
Învăţaţi despre râsete
în perioada maturităţii timpurii.
în perioada maturităţii timpurii.
10:58
You're learning about laughter
throughout your entire early adult life.
throughout your entire early adult life.
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11:01
If we turn the question around and now say
not, what does the laughter sound like
not, what does the laughter sound like
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3802
Putem întreba și invers:
nu cum ni se pare râsul,
nu cum ni se pare râsul,
11:05
in terms of being real
or posed, but we say,
or posed, but we say,
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2052
dacă e adevărat sau de complezenţă,
ci cât de mult de face să râzi,
ci cât de mult de face să râzi,
11:07
how much does this laughter
make you want to laugh,
make you want to laugh,
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cât de contagios este,
vedem ceva diferit.
vedem ceva diferit.
11:10
how contagious is this laughter to you,
we see a different profile.
we see a different profile.
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Cu cât mai tineri, cu atât mai mult
vreţi să vă alăturaţi celor care râd.
vreţi să vă alăturaţi celor care râd.
11:13
And here, the younger you are,
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1503
11:14
the more you want to join in
when you hear laughter.
when you hear laughter.
235
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11:17
Remember me laughing with my parents
when I had no idea what was going on.
when I had no idea what was going on.
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3493
Cum râdeam eu cu părinţii
deşi habar n-aveam ce se-ntâmpla.
deşi habar n-aveam ce se-ntâmpla.
Observăm, indiferent de vârstă, că râsul
real e mai contagios decât cel fals,
real e mai contagios decât cel fals,
11:20
You really can see this.
237
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1226
11:22
Now everybody, young and old,
238
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1395
11:23
finds the real laughs more contagious
than the posed laughs,
than the posed laughs,
239
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2845
dar pe măsură ce îmbătrânim
devine tot mai puţin molipsitor.
devine tot mai puţin molipsitor.
11:26
but as you get older, it all becomes
less contagious to you.
less contagious to you.
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11:29
Now, either we're all just becoming
really grumpy as we get older,
really grumpy as we get older,
241
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4204
Fie devenim tot mai morocănoşi
11:33
or it may mean that as you
understand laughter better,
understand laughter better,
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2929
sau poate pentru că înţelegem
râsul mai bine şi suntem mai pricepuţi,
râsul mai bine şi suntem mai pricepuţi,
11:36
and you are getting better at doing that,
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nu mai e suficient să auziţi oamenii
râzând ca să râdeți.
râzând ca să râdeți.
11:38
you need more than just
hearing people laugh to want to laugh.
hearing people laugh to want to laugh.
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2946
Aveţi nevoie de partea socială.
11:41
You need the social stuff there.
245
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2647
11:43
So we've got a very interesting behavior
246
691986
1974
Iată un comportament interesant
despre care avem presupuneri incorecte,
despre care avem presupuneri incorecte,
11:45
about which a lot of our
lay assumptions are incorrect,
lay assumptions are incorrect,
247
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3153
11:49
but I'm coming to see that actually
there's even more to laughter
there's even more to laughter
248
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3851
datorită căruia am înţeles că râsul
e mai mult decât emoţie socială exprimată,
e mai mult decât emoţie socială exprimată,
11:52
than it's an important social emotion
we should look at,
we should look at,
249
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2731
11:55
because it turns out
people are phenomenally nuanced
people are phenomenally nuanced
250
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2919
pentru că oamenii atribuie râsului
fenomenal de multe nuanţe.
fenomenal de multe nuanţe.
11:58
in terms of how we use laughter.
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1587
12:00
There's a really lovely
set of studies coming out
set of studies coming out
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2284
E interesant ce face Robert Levinson
în laboratorul său din California:
în laboratorul său din California:
12:02
from Robert Levenson's lab in California,
253
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2094
12:04
where he's doing
a longitudinal study with couples.
a longitudinal study with couples.
254
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2476
studii longitudinale cu cupluri.
Aduce în laborator cupluri căsătorite,
bărbaţi şi femei,
bărbaţi şi femei,
12:07
He gets married couples,
men and women, into the lab,
men and women, into the lab,
255
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2783
12:09
and he gives them
stressful conversations to have
stressful conversations to have
256
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2294
şi în timp ce ei au
o conversaţie stresantă
o conversaţie stresantă
12:12
while he wires them up to a polygraph
so he can see them becoming stressed.
so he can see them becoming stressed.
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3532
îi urmăreşte la poligraf
pe măsură ce se stresează.
pe măsură ce se stresează.
12:15
So you've got the two of them in there,
and he'll say to the husband,
and he'll say to the husband,
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3235
Îi pune împreună şi-i spune soţului:
„Spune-mi ceva care te irită la soţia ta.”
12:18
"Tell me something that your wife does
that irritates you."
that irritates you."
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2782
Se observă imediat
– imaginaţi-vă pe voi cu partenerul –
– imaginaţi-vă pe voi cu partenerul –
12:21
And what you see is immediately --
260
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12:23
just run that one through your head
briefly, you and your partner --
briefly, you and your partner --
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3327
toată lumea devine
puţin mai stresată, imediat.
puţin mai stresată, imediat.
12:26
you can imagine everybody gets a bit
more stressed as soon as that starts.
more stressed as soon as that starts.
262
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4148
Se vede fizic că ei devin mai stresaţi.
12:30
You can see physically,
people become more stressed.
people become more stressed.
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2624
12:33
What he finds is that the couples
who manage that feeling of stress
who manage that feeling of stress
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El a observat că perechile care îşi
gestionează acel stres prin râs,
gestionează acel stres prin râs,
12:39
with laughter,
positive emotions like laughter,
positive emotions like laughter,
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prin emoţii pozitive ca râsul,
nu doar că se destresează imediat,
nu doar că se destresează imediat,
12:42
not only immediately become less stressed,
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dar se şi simt mai bine fizic,
gestionează situaţia împreună mai bine,
gestionează situaţia împreună mai bine,
12:46
they can see them
physically feeling better,
physically feeling better,
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12:48
they're dealing with this
unpleasant situation better together,
unpleasant situation better together,
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12:52
they are also the couples that report
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fac parte din categoria celor cu relaţie
cu nivel crescut de satisfacţie
cu nivel crescut de satisfacţie
12:53
high levels of satisfaction
in their relationship
in their relationship
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şi rămân mai mult împreună.
12:56
and they stay together for longer.
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Dacă studiaţi relaţiile apropiate,
râsul e un indicator foarte util
râsul e un indicator foarte util
12:57
So in fact, when you look
at close relationships,
at close relationships,
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13:00
laughter is a phenomenally useful index
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13:02
of how people are regulating
their emotions together.
their emotions together.
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al modului în care oamenii
îşi reglează emoţiile împreună.
îşi reglează emoţiile împreună.
13:04
We're not just emitting it at each other
to show that we like each other,
to show that we like each other,
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Nu facem asta doar pentru a arăta
că ne plăcem reciproc,
că ne plăcem reciproc,
13:08
we're making ourselves
feel better together.
feel better together.
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ci ca să ne simţim mai bine împreună.
13:10
Now, I don't think this is going
to be limited to romantic relationships.
to be limited to romantic relationships.
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Nu cred că se aplică
doar la relaţiile romantice.
doar la relaţiile romantice.
13:13
I think this is probably
going to be a characteristic
going to be a characteristic
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Cred că e o caracteristică a relaţiilor
de prietenie apropiate
de prietenie apropiate
13:16
of close emotional relationships
such as you might have with friends,
such as you might have with friends,
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şi asta se vede în următorul clip,
13:19
which explains my next clip,
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un video de pe YouTube al unor tineri
din fosta Germanie de Est
din fosta Germanie de Est
13:21
which is of a YouTube video of some
young men in the former East Germany
young men in the former East Germany
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3645
13:24
on making a video to promote
their heavy metal band,
their heavy metal band,
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care îşi promovează formaţia heavy metal.
Sunt foarte macho şi foarte serioşi
13:28
and it's extremely macho,
and the mood is very serious,
and the mood is very serious,
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13:31
and I want you to notice
what happens in terms of laughter
what happens in terms of laughter
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şi vreau să observaţi ce rol are râsul
când lucrurile o iau razna,
când lucrurile o iau razna,
13:34
when things go wrong
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1950
13:36
and how quickly that happens,
and how that changes the mood.
and how that changes the mood.
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cât de repede
şi cum le schimbă dispoziţia.
şi cum le schimbă dispoziţia.
Îi e frig. Urmează să se ude.
Are slip, ia un prosop.
Are slip, ia un prosop.
13:41
He's cold. He's about to get wet.
He's got swimming trunks on,
He's got swimming trunks on,
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13:44
got a towel.
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Gheaţă.
13:48
Ice.
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13:50
What might possibly happen?
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Ce se poate întâmpla?
Începe filmarea.
13:54
Video starts.
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13:57
Serious mood.
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Dispoziţie serioasă.
14:06
And his friends are already laughing.
They are already laughing, hard.
They are already laughing, hard.
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Prietenii lui râd deja.
Râd chiar tare.
Râd chiar tare.
14:11
He's not laughing yet.
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El încă nu râde deloc.
14:14
(Laughter)
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(Râsete)
14:16
He's starting to go now.
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Începe acum.
14:25
And now they're all off.
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Şi acum râd cu toţii.
14:27
(Laughter)
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(Râsete)
14:44
They're on the floor.
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Sunt pe jos.
14:46
(Laughter)
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(Râsete)
14:55
The thing I really like about that
is it's all very serious
is it's all very serious
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Îmi place că sunt serioşi
până când el sare pe gheaţă
până când el sare pe gheaţă
14:59
until he jumps onto the ice, and
as soon as he doesn't go through the ice,
as soon as he doesn't go through the ice,
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şi dacă n-a spart-o,
dar nici nu-s oase şi sânge peste tot,
dar nici nu-s oase şi sânge peste tot,
15:02
but also there isn't blood
and bone everywhere,
and bone everywhere,
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15:05
his friends start laughing.
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1573
prietenii lui încep să râdă.
15:06
And imagine if that had played him out
with him standing there going,
with him standing there going,
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Imaginaţi-vă că el ar fi început să spună:
„Cred că mi-am rupt ceva"
„Cred că mi-am rupt ceva"
15:09
"No seriously, Heinrich,
I think this is broken,"
I think this is broken,"
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nu ne-am distra privind,
ar fi fost stresant.
ar fi fost stresant.
15:12
we wouldn't enjoy watching that.
That would be stressful.
That would be stressful.
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Sau dacă el ar alerga
cu piciorul rupt, râzând,
cu piciorul rupt, râzând,
15:15
Or if he was running around
with a visibly broken leg laughing,
with a visibly broken leg laughing,
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iar prietenii:
„Heinrich, hai la spital acum!",
„Heinrich, hai la spital acum!",
15:18
and his friends are going, "Heinrich, I
think we need to go to the hospital now,"
think we need to go to the hospital now,"
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nici asta n-ar fi distractiv.
Dar râsul a funcţionat, iar el a trecut
de la o situaţie dureroasă, jenantă, grea,
de la o situaţie dureroasă, jenantă, grea,
15:22
that also wouldn't be funny.
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1397
15:23
The fact that the laughter works,
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la una amuzantă,
pe care o vedem cu plăcere.
pe care o vedem cu plăcere.
15:25
it gets him from a painful,
embarrassing, difficult situation,
embarrassing, difficult situation,
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2962
15:28
into a funny situation, into what we're
actually enjoying there,
actually enjoying there,
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3085
Cred că asta e o utilizare interesantă
a râsului, care se-ntâmplă frecvent.
a râsului, care se-ntâmplă frecvent.
15:31
and I think that's
a really interesting use,
a really interesting use,
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Îmi amintesc acum că ceva asemănător
s-a întâmplat la înmormântarea lui tata.
s-a întâmplat la înmormântarea lui tata.
15:33
and it's actually happening all the time.
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921303
1978
15:35
For example, I can remember
something like this happening
something like this happening
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2691
Nu săream în chiloți pe gheaţă.
Nu suntem canadieni.
Nu suntem canadieni.
15:37
at my father's funeral.
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15:39
We weren't jumping around
on the ice in our underpants.
on the ice in our underpants.
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15:41
We're not Canadian.
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2641
(Râsete) (Aplauze)
15:44
(Laughter) (Applause)
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2455
15:46
These events are always difficult, I had
a relative who was being a bit difficult,
a relative who was being a bit difficult,
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3883
Astea-s evenimente triste, aveam o rudă
mai dificilă, mama era în apele ei
mai dificilă, mama era în apele ei
15:50
my mum was not in a good place,
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şi îmi amintesc cum,
chiar înainte să înceapă totul,
chiar înainte să înceapă totul,
15:52
and I can remember finding myself
just before the whole thing started
just before the whole thing started
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15:55
telling this story about something
that happened in a 1970s sitcom,
that happened in a 1970s sitcom,
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4247
povesteam ceva
dintr-o comedie din anii 1970
dintr-o comedie din anii 1970
15:59
and I just thought at the time,
I don't know why I'm doing this,
I don't know why I'm doing this,
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2438
şi mă gândeam că nu ştiu de ce fac asta,
16:02
and what I realized I was doing
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când mi-am dat seama
că încerc din răsputeri
că încerc din răsputeri
16:04
was I was coming up with
something from somewhere
something from somewhere
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952484
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16:07
I could use to make her laugh
together with me.
together with me.
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4389
s-o fac să râdă împreună cu mine.
16:11
It was a very basic reaction
to find some reason we can do this.
to find some reason we can do this.
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A fost o reacţie primară
să găsesc un motiv să facem asta.
să găsesc un motiv să facem asta.
Putem râde împreună. Putem trece de asta.
Vom fi în regulă.
Vom fi în regulă.
16:14
We can laugh together.
We're going to get through this.
We're going to get through this.
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16:17
We're going to be okay.
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Şi toţi facem asta mereu.
O faceţi atât de des că nici nu observaţi.
O faceţi atât de des că nici nu observaţi.
16:19
And in fact, all of us
are doing this all the time.
are doing this all the time.
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2431
16:21
You do it so often,
you don't even notice it.
you don't even notice it.
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Toți subestimăm cât de des râdem.
16:23
Everybody underestimates
how often they laugh,
how often they laugh,
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16:26
and you're doing something,
when you laugh with people,
when you laugh with people,
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De fapt, când râdeţi cu cineva,
accesaţi un sistem primordial evolutiv
16:29
that's actually letting you access
a really ancient evolutionary system
a really ancient evolutionary system
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4830
apărut la mamifere, cu ajutorul căruia
au creat și menţinut legături sociale,
au creat și menţinut legături sociale,
16:33
that mammals have evolved
to make and maintain social bonds,
to make and maintain social bonds,
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981949
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16:37
and clearly to regulate emotions,
to make ourselves feel better.
to make ourselves feel better.
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3390
cu rol de control al emoţiilor,
pentru ca să ne simţim bine.
pentru ca să ne simţim bine.
16:41
It's not something specific to humans --
it's a really ancient behavior
it's a really ancient behavior
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Nu e ceva specific oamenilor,
e un comportament ancestral
e un comportament ancestral
16:44
which really helps us regulate how we feel
and makes us feel better.
and makes us feel better.
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care ne ajută să reglăm ce simţim
şi ne face să ne simţim mai bine.
şi ne face să ne simţim mai bine.
16:48
In other words, when it comes to laughter,
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Cu alte cuvinte, când e vorba de râs
tu şi cu mine suntem simple mamifere.
tu şi cu mine suntem simple mamifere.
16:51
you and me, baby, ain't nothing
but mammals. (Laughter)
but mammals. (Laughter)
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Mulţumesc.
16:54
Thank you.
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16:56
Thank you. (Applause)
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Mulţumesc.
(Aplauze)
(Aplauze)
(Aplauze)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Sophie Scott - Neuroscientist, stand-up comicWhile exploring the neuroscience of speech and vocal behavior, Sophie Scott stumbled upon a surprising second vocation: making audiences laugh as a stand-up comic.
Why you should listen
As deputy director of the University College London’s Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Sophie Scott seeks out the neurological basis of communication, whether it’s speech or vocalized emotion.
As a pioneering researcher in the science of laughter, she’s made some unexpected discoveries -- including that rats are ticklish, and that the one tactic that’s almost guaranteed to get someone to laugh is to show them someone else laughing. But as an occasional stand-up comedian with UCL’s Bright Club, she shows that she’s no slouch at getting laughs herself.
Sophie Scott | Speaker | TED.com