TEDGlobal 2014
Dilip Ratha: The hidden force in global economics: sending money home
Dilip Rata (Dilip Ratha): Skrivena snaga u globalnoj ekonomiji: slanje novca kući
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Readability: 4.2
1,411,836 views
2013, međunarodni migranti su poslali 413 milijardi dolara kući porodicama i prijateljima - tri puta više od ukupne globalne strane pomoći (oko 135 milijardi dolara). Ovaj novac, poznat kao doznake, značajno utiče na život onih koji ga primaju i igra važnu ulogu u ekonomijama mnogih zemalja. Ekonomista Dilip Rata opisuje potencijal ovih "dolara upakovanih s ljubavlju" i analizira kako su sputani praktičnim i normativnim preprekama.
Dilip Ratha - Remittances expert
Economist Dilip Ratha was the first to analyze the global significance of remittances -- money sent from foreign workers to their families back home. Full bio
Economist Dilip Ratha was the first to analyze the global significance of remittances -- money sent from foreign workers to their families back home. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I live in Washington, D.C.,
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Živim u Vašingtonu
00:17
but I grew up in Sindhekela, a village in Orissa,
in India.
in India.
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ali sam odrastao u Sindekelu,
selu u Orisi, u Indiji.
selu u Orisi, u Indiji.
00:24
My father was a government worker.
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Moj otac je bio državni službenik.
00:28
My mother could not read or write, but she
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Moja majka je bila nepismena,
00:32
would say to me, "A king is
worshipped only in his
worshipped only in his
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ali bi mi govorila: "Kralja poštuju
samo u njegovom kraljevstvu.
samo u njegovom kraljevstvu.
00:38
own kingdom. A poet is respected everywhere."
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Pesnika poštuju svuda."
00:44
So I wanted to be a poet when I grew up.
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I tako sam ja želeo da kada
porastem postanem pesnik,
porastem postanem pesnik,
00:47
But I almost didn't go to college
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ali umalo da nisam išao na koledž
00:52
until an aunt offered financial help.
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dok tetka nije ponudila finansijsku pomoć.
00:56
I went to study in Sambalpur,
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Studirao sam u Sambalpuru,
00:58
the largest town in the region,
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najvećem gradu u regionu,
01:02
where, already in college, I saw a
television for the first time.
television for the first time.
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gde sam, već kao student,
prvi put gledao televiziju.
prvi put gledao televiziju.
01:09
I had dreams of going to the United States
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Sanjao sam da studije nastavim
01:12
for higher studies.
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u Sjedinjenim Državama.
01:14
When the opportunity came,
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Kada mi se ukazala prilika,
01:16
I crossed two oceans, with borrowed money
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prešao sam dva okeana,
novcem pozajmljenim
novcem pozajmljenim
01:19
for airfare and only a $20 bill in my pocket.
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za avionsku kartu i samo
20 dolara u džepu.
20 dolara u džepu.
01:25
In the U.S., I worked in a research center,
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U Sjedinjenim Državama sam radio
u istraživačkom centru,
u istraživačkom centru,
01:30
part-time, while taking graduate classes in economics.
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pola radnog vremena, dok sam pohađao
postdiplomske studije iz ekonomije.
postdiplomske studije iz ekonomije.
01:34
And with the little I earned, I would
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I sa ono malo što sam zarađivao, ja bih
01:40
finance myself and then I would send
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podmirivao sopstvene troškove a potom slao
01:42
money home to my brother and my father.
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novac kući bratu i ocu.
01:46
My story is not unique.
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Moja priča nije jedinstvena.
01:50
There are millions of people who migrate each year.
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Milioni ljudi migriraju svake godine.
01:54
With the help of the family, they cross oceans,
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Uz pomoć svojih porodica,
prelaze okeane,
prelaze okeane,
01:58
they cross deserts, they cross
rivers, they cross mountains.
rivers, they cross mountains.
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prelaze pustinje, reke, planine.
02:05
They risk their lives to realize a dream,
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Rizikuju živote kako bi ostvarili san,
02:09
and that dream is as simple as having a
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a taj san je samo da negde imaju
02:12
decent job somewhere so they can send money home
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pristojan posao, tako da bi mogli
da šalju novac kući
da šalju novac kući
02:15
and help the family,
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i pomognu porodici,
02:17
which has helped them before.
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koja je prethodno pomogla njima.
02:21
There are 232 million international
migrants in the world.
migrants in the world.
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Ima 232 miliona međunarodnih
migranata u svetu.
migranata u svetu.
To su ljudi koji ne žive
02:27
These are people who live in a country
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02:28
other than their country of birth.
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u zemlji u kojoj su se rodili.
02:31
If there was a country made up of
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Kada bi postojala zemlja sačinjena
02:32
only international migrants,
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samo od međunarodnih migranata,
02:34
that would be larger, in population,
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ona bi imala stanovništvo brojnije
02:36
than Brazil.
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od Brazila.
02:37
That would be larger, in its size
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Ona bi imala ekonomiju po veličini
02:39
of the economy, than France.
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veću od ekonomije Francuske.
02:43
Some 180 million of them, from poor countries,
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Od njih oko 180 miliona,
koji potiču iz siromašnih zemalja
koji potiču iz siromašnih zemalja
02:47
send money home regularly.
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redovno šalju novac kući.
02:50
Those sums of money are called remittances.
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Te količine novca se zovu doznake.
02:55
Here is a fact that might surprise you:
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Evo jedne činjenice koja
vas može iznenaditi:
vas može iznenaditi:
02:59
413 billion dollars, 413 billion dollars
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413 milijadi dolara, 413 milijardi dolara
03:04
was the amount of remittances sent last year
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je količina doznaka koje su
prošle godine poslali
prošle godine poslali
03:07
by migrants to developing countries.
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migranti u zemlje u razvoju.
Migranti iz zemalja u razvoju,
03:10
Migrants from developing countries,
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novac poslat u zemlje u razvoju:
03:11
money sent to developing countries —
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03:13
413 billion dollars.
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413 milijardi dolara.
Ovo je izuzetan broj jer je
03:16
That's a remarkable number because
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03:18
that is three times the size of
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tri puta veći od ukupne sume
03:19
the total of development aid money.
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finansijske pomoći za razvoj.
03:23
And yet, you and I,
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Ali ipak, vi i ja,
03:27
my colleagues in Washington,
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moje kolege u Vašingtonu,
03:28
we endlessly debate and
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neprestano raspravljamo i
03:30
discuss about development aid,
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diskutujemo o pomoći za razvoj
03:33
while we ignore remittances as small change.
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i ignorišemo doznake kao sitan novac.
03:37
True, people send 200 dollars per month,
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Istina, ljudi mesečno šalju
200 dolara u proseku.
200 dolara u proseku.
03:40
on average. But, repeated month after month,
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Ali, kada to ponavljaju svakog meseca,
03:44
by millions of people,
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milioni ljudi,
03:46
these sums of money add up to rivers
of foreign currency.
of foreign currency.
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te sume novca formiraju
reke stranih valuta.
reke stranih valuta.
03:50
So India, last year, received 72
billion dollars, larger than
billion dollars, larger than
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Tako je Indija prošle godine primila
72 milijarde dolara, što je više
72 milijarde dolara, što je više
03:55
its IT exports.
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od njenog izvoza
informacionih tehnologija.
informacionih tehnologija.
03:58
In Egypt remittances are three times
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U Egiptu su doznake tri puta veće
04:01
the size of revenues from the Suez Canal.
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od prihoda ostvarenog od Sueckog kanala.
04:04
In Tajikistan, remittances are 42 percent of GDP.
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U Tadžikistanu, doznake čine 42 procenata
bruto domaćeg proizvoda.
bruto domaćeg proizvoda.
04:08
And in poorer countries, smaller
countries, fragile countries,
countries, fragile countries,
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A u siromašnijim, manjim zemljama,
krhkijim zemljama,
krhkijim zemljama,
04:11
conflict-afflicted countries, remittances are a lifeline,
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zemljama zahvaćenim sukobima,
doznake su pojas za spasavanje,
doznake su pojas za spasavanje,
04:16
as in Somalia or in Haiti.
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kao u Somaliji ili na Haitiju.
Nije čudo što ovi tokovi imaju snažan
04:20
No wonder these flows have huge
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04:22
impacts on economies and on poor people.
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uticaj na ekonomije i siromašne ljude.
04:26
Remittances, unlike private investment money,
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Doznake se, za razliku od
privatnih investicija,
privatnih investicija,
04:30
they don't flow back at the first
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ne povlače na prvi znak
04:33
sign of trouble in the country.
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problema u zemlji.
04:35
They actually act like an insurance.
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One se zapravo ponašaju kao osiguranje.
04:38
When the family is in trouble,
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Kada je porodica u problemu,
04:40
facing hardship, facing hard times,
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kada se suočava sa teškoćama,
doznake se povećavaju,
one se ponašaju kao osiguranje.
one se ponašaju kao osiguranje.
04:43
remittances increase, they act like an insurance.
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04:45
Migrants send more money then.
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Tada migranti šalju više novca.
04:48
Unlike development aid money,
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Za razliku od pomoći razvoju,
04:49
that must go through official agencies,
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koji mora da prođe kroz zvanične organe,
04:52
through governments, remittances
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kroz vlade, doznake
04:55
directly reach the poor,
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direktno dolaze do siromašnih,
04:56
reach the family,
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do porodica,
04:58
and often with business advice.
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često uz poslovni savet.
05:00
So in Nepal, the share of poor
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Tako je u Nepalu
udeo siromašnog stanovništva
udeo siromašnog stanovništva
05:04
people was 42 percent in 1995,
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1995. godine činio
42 procenata ukupnog stanovništva.
05:06
the share of poor people in the population.
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05:09
By 2005, a decade later, at a
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Do 2005. godine, deceniju kasnije,
05:12
time of political crisis, economic crisis,
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u vreme političke i ekonomske krize,
05:15
the share of poor people went down to 31 percent.
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učešće siromašnih je opalo na 31 procenat.
05:19
That decline in poverty, most of it,
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Ovaj pad siromaštva, u većem delu,
05:23
about half of it, is believed to be
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oko polovine, je kako se veruje,
05:25
because of remittances from India,
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posledica doznaka iz Indije,
05:27
another poor country.
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druge siromašne zemlje.
05:29
In El Salvador, the school dropout
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U El Salvadoru,
stopa napuštanja školovanja
stopa napuštanja školovanja
05:34
rate among children is lower
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je manja među decom
05:37
in families that receive remittances.
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čije porodice primaju doznake.
05:39
In Mexico and Sri Lanka,
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U Meksiku i Šri Lanki,
05:41
the birth weight of children is higher
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porođajna težina je veća kod dece
05:45
among families that receive remittances.
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onih porodica koje dobijaju doznake.
05:50
Remittances are dollars wrapped with care.
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Doznake su brižljivo upakovani dolari.
05:54
Migrants send money home for food,
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Migranti kući šalju novac za hranu,
05:57
for buying necessities, for building houses,
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kupovinu potrepština, zidanje kuća,
05:59
for funding education, for funding
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finansiranje školovanja,
06:01
healthcare for the elderly, for business
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zdravstvene nege starijih,
za poslovne investicije,
za poslovne investicije,
06:04
investments for friends and family.
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prijateljima i porodici.
06:06
Migrants send even more money home
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Migranti šalju kući još više novca
06:09
for special occasions like a surgery
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za specijalne prilike poput operacije
06:12
or a wedding. And migrants also send
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ili venčanja. A migranti još šalju novac,
06:15
money, perhaps far too many times,
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možda prečesto,
06:18
for unexpected funerals that
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za neočekivane sahrane
06:21
they cannot attend.
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kojima ne mogu da prisustvuju.
06:25
Much as these flows do all that good,
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I pored toga što ovi tokovi
čine toliko dobra,
čine toliko dobra,
06:27
there are barriers to these
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postoje prepreke ovim
06:29
flows of remittances, these
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tokovima doznaka, ovim
06:30
400 billion dollars of remittances.
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doznakama vrednim 400 milijardi dolara .
06:33
Foremost among them is
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Najznačajnija među njima je
06:35
the exorbitant cost of sending money home.
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previsoka cena slanja novca kući.
Kompanije za transfer novca formiraju
06:39
Money transfer companies structure
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06:41
their fees to milk the poor.
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svoje provizije kako bi muzli siromašne.
06:45
They will say, "Up to 500 dollars
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Oni kažu: "Ako hoćete da pošaljete
06:48
if you want to send, we will charge you
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do 500 USD naplatićemo vam
06:50
30 dollars fixed."
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fiksnih 30 dolara."
06:52
If you are poor and if you have
only 200 dollars to send,
only 200 dollars to send,
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Ukoliko ste siromašni i možete da
pošaljete samo 200 dolara,
pošaljete samo 200 dolara,
06:55
you have to pay that $30 fee.
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morate da platite proviziju od 30 dolara.
06:58
The global average cost of sending
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Prosečna globalna cena slanja novca
07:00
money is eight percent.
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je osam procenata.
To znači da će, ako šaljete 100 dolara,
07:03
That means you send 100 dollars,
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07:04
the family on the other side receives only
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porodica sa druge strane primiti
07:06
92 dollars.
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samo 92 dolara.
07:08
To send money to Africa,
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Slanje novca u Afriku
07:10
the cost is even higher:
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košta još više:
07:11
12 percent.
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12 procenata.
07:12
To send money within Africa,
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Za slanje novca u okviru Afrike,
07:14
the cost is even higher:
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cena je još viša:
07:16
over 20 percent.
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preko 20 procenata.
07:17
For example, sending money from Benin
to Nigeria.
to Nigeria.
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Na primer, ukoliko šaljete
novac iz Benina u Nigeriju.
novac iz Benina u Nigeriju.
07:21
And then there is the case of Venezuela, where,
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A tu je i slučaj Venecuele,
gde zbog kontrole deviznog kursa
07:25
because of exchange controls,
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07:27
you send 100 dollars and you
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imate sreće ukoliko
07:29
are lucky if the family on the other side
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kada pošaljete 100 dolara
07:31
receives even 10 dollars.
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vaša porodice sa
druge strane primi čak i 10 dolara.
druge strane primi čak i 10 dolara.
07:34
Of course, nobody sends money to Venezuela
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Naravno, u Venecuelu niko ne šalje
07:37
through the official channel.
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novac zvaničnim kanalima.
07:39
It all goes in suitcases.
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Stavlja se u kofere.
07:41
Whereever costs are high,
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Kad god su troškovi visoki,
07:43
money goes underground.
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novac putuje tajnim kanalima.
07:45
And what is worse,
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I što je najgore,
07:47
many developing countries actually
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mnoge zemlje u razvoju
07:50
have a blanket ban on sending money
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u potpunosti brane slanje novca
07:52
out of the country.
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van zemlje.
07:54
Many rich nations also have a
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Mnoge bogate nacije imaju
07:56
blanket ban on sending money
to specific countries.
to specific countries.
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potpunu zabranu slanja
novca u pojedine zemlje.
novca u pojedine zemlje.
Pa, da li nema drugih mogućnosti,
08:01
So, is it that there are no options,
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08:03
no better options, cheaper options, to send money?
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boljih, jeftinijih opcija za slanje novca?
08:06
There are.
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Ima ih.
08:07
M-Pesa in Kenya enables people to send money
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M-Pesa u Keniji omogućava ljudima da šalju
08:10
and receive money at a fixed cost of only
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i primaju novac po fiksnoj ceni od samo
08:13
60 cents per transaction.
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60 centi po transakciji.
08:16
U.S. Fed started a program with Mexico
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Centralna banka SAD-a je
započela program sa Meksikom
započela program sa Meksikom
08:19
to enable money service businesses
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kojim se firmama za transfer novca
08:21
to send money to Mexico
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omogućuje da šalju novac u Meksiko
08:22
for a fixed cost of only 67 cents per transaction.
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za fiksnu cenu od samo
67 centi po transakciji.
67 centi po transakciji.
08:27
And yet, these faster, cheaper, better options
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Ali ipak, ove brže, jeftinije,
bolje opcije
bolje opcije
08:30
can't be applied internationally
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ne mogu da budu primenjene internacionalno
08:33
because of the fear of money laundering,
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zbog straha od pranja novca,
08:36
even though there is little data
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iako ima malo podataka
08:39
to support any connection, any significant
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koji bi podržavali
njihovu povezanost, bilo kakvu
njihovu povezanost, bilo kakvu
08:42
connection between money laundering
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značajnu vezu između pranja novca
08:43
and these small remittance transactions.
171
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5390
i ovih malih transakcija doznakama.
Danas mnoge međunarodne banke
08:49
Many international banks now
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517273
1427
08:50
are wary of hosting bank accounts
173
518700
2889
nerado drže bankarske račune
08:53
of money service businesses, especially
174
521589
3401
firmama koje se bave
novčanim uslugama, naročito
novčanim uslugama, naročito
08:56
those serving Somalia.
175
524990
2660
onima koje posluju sa Somalijom.
08:59
Somalia, a country where the
176
527650
2697
Somalija, zemlja u kojoj je
09:02
per capita income is only 250 dollars per year.
177
530347
7144
prihod po glavi stanovnika
samo 250 USD godišnje.
samo 250 USD godišnje.
09:09
Monthly remittances, on average, to Somalia
178
537491
2416
Prosečne mesečne doznake Somaliji
09:11
is larger than that amount.
179
539907
2312
veće su od te sume.
09:14
Remittances are the lifeblood of Somalia.
180
542219
2634
Doznake su žila kucavica Somalije.
09:16
And yet, this is an example of
181
544853
3721
Ali opet, ovo je primer kako
desna ruka pruža mnogo pomoći,
09:20
the right hand giving a lot of aid,
182
548574
1871
09:22
while the left hand is cutting the lifeblood
183
550445
4018
dok leva seče žilu kucavicu
09:26
to that economy, through regulations.
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554463
5601
ovoj ekonomiji, kroz propise.
09:32
Then there is the case of poor people
from villages, like me.
from villages, like me.
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4908
Tu je i slučaj siromašnih ljudi
iz sela, poput mene.
iz sela, poput mene.
U selima je jedino mesto
09:36
In the villages, the only place where you can
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564972
2016
09:38
get money is through the post office.
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566988
2732
na kome možete podići novac pošta.
09:41
Most of the governments in the world
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569720
1993
Većina vlada u svetu
09:43
have allowed their post offices to have
189
571713
3016
je dozvolila poštama posedovanje
09:46
exclusive partnerships with money transfer companies.
190
574729
3236
isključivog partnerstva sa
kompanijama za transfer novca.
kompanijama za transfer novca.
09:49
So, if I have to send money to my
191
577965
2822
Tako da, ukoliko želim da pošaljem novac
09:52
father in the village, I must send money
192
580787
2683
ocu u selo, moram da ga pošaljem
09:55
through that particular money transfer company,
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583470
2303
preko te određene
kompanije za transfer novca,
kompanije za transfer novca,
09:57
even if the cost is high.
194
585773
1240
čak iako imaju visoku cenu.
09:59
I cannot go to a cheaper option.
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587013
4312
Ne mogu ići na jeftiniju opciju.
10:03
This has to go.
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591325
2009
To mora da se promeni.
10:05
So, what can international organizations and
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593334
2251
Dakle, šta internacionalne organizacije i
10:07
social entrepreneurs do to reduce the cost
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595585
2017
socijalni preduzetnici mogu da smanje cenu
10:09
of sending money home?
199
597602
1629
slanja novca kući?
10:11
First, relax regulations on small remittances
under 1,000 dollars.
under 1,000 dollars.
200
599231
6308
Prvo, ublažiti propise za
male doznake ispod 1000 USD.
male doznake ispod 1000 USD.
Vlade treba da prepoznaju da
10:17
Governments should recognize that
201
605539
2422
10:19
small remittances are not money laundering.
202
607961
4247
male doznake nisu pranje novca.
10:24
Second, governments should abolish exclusive partnerships
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612208
4439
Drugo, vlade treba da ukinu
isključivo partnerstvo
isključivo partnerstvo
10:28
between their post office and the money
transfer company.
transfer company.
204
616647
2994
izmeđe pošta i
kompanija za transfer novca.
kompanija za transfer novca.
10:31
For that matter, between the post office
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619641
1589
Štaviše, i između pošte i
10:33
and any national banking system that
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621230
2027
bilo kog nacionalnog bankarskog sistema
10:35
has a large network that serves the poor.
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623257
3080
koji ima široku mrežu
koja opslužuje siromašne.
koja opslužuje siromašne.
10:38
In fact, they should promote competition,
208
626337
3284
Zapravo, one treba
da podstiču konkurenciju,
da podstiču konkurenciju,
10:41
open up the partnership so that
209
629621
3029
da otvore partnerstvo tako
10:44
we will bring down costs like we did,
210
632650
3149
da spustimo cene, kao što smo,
10:47
like they did, in the telecommunications industry.
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635799
3476
kao što su oni učinili
u telekomunikacionoj industriji.
u telekomunikacionoj industriji.
10:51
You have seen what has happened there.
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639275
2997
Videli ste šta se tamo dogodilo.
10:54
Third, large nonprofit philanthropic organizations
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642272
4803
Treće, velike neprofitne
dobrotvorne organizacije
dobrotvorne organizacije
treba da sačine platformu za doznake
10:59
should create a remittance platform
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647075
2210
na neprofitnim osnovama.
11:01
on a nonprofit basis.
215
649285
1583
Oni bi trebalo da kreiraju neprofitnu
11:02
They should create a nonprofit
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650868
1072
11:03
remittance platform to serve the money transfer
217
651940
2200
platformu za doznake
koja bi služila kompanijama
koja bi služila kompanijama
11:06
companies so that they can send money at a low cost,
218
654140
3729
za transfer novca, tako da mogu
da šalju novac za nisku cenu,
da šalju novac za nisku cenu,
11:09
while complying with all the complex
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657869
2151
poslujući u skladu sa svim složenim
11:12
regulations all over the world.
220
660020
4712
propisima širom sveta.
Zemlje u razvoju treba da
11:16
The development community should
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664732
1402
11:18
set a goal of reducing remittance costs
222
666134
2277
sebi za cilj postave
smanjenje troškova doznaka
smanjenje troškova doznaka
11:20
to one percent from the current eight percent.
223
668411
3253
na jedan procenat sa
sadašnjih osam procenata.
sadašnjih osam procenata.
11:23
If we reduce costs to one percent,
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671664
2260
Ukoliko smanjimo troškove
na jedan procenat,
na jedan procenat,
11:25
that would release a saving of
30 billion dollars per year.
30 billion dollars per year.
225
673924
4269
to bi donelo uštedu od
30 milijardi dolara godišnje.
30 milijardi dolara godišnje.
11:30
Thirty billion dollars, that's
larger than the entire
larger than the entire
226
678193
4401
Trideset milijardi dolara,
to je više od celokupnog bilateralnog
to je više od celokupnog bilateralnog
11:34
bilateral aid budget going to Africa per year.
227
682594
3149
budžeta za pomoć koja
ide Africi godišnje.
ide Africi godišnje.
11:37
That is larger than, or almost similar to,
228
685743
3016
To je više, ili gotovo jednako
11:40
the total aid budget of the United States government,
229
688759
3169
ukupnom budžetu za pomoć vlade SAD-a,
11:43
the largest donor on the planet.
230
691928
2856
najvećeg donatora na planeti.
11:46
Actually, the savings would be larger
231
694784
1625
Zapravo, uštede bi bile veće
11:48
than that 30 billion because remittance channels
232
696409
2123
od 30 milijardi jer se kanali
kojima se kreću doznake
kojima se kreću doznake
11:50
are also used for aid, trade and investment purposes.
233
698532
5407
koriste i za pomoć,
trgovinu i investicije.
trgovinu i investicije.
11:55
Another major impediment to the
234
703939
2471
Druga velika prepreka
11:58
flow of remittances reaching the family
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706410
2254
kretanju doznaka ka familijama
12:00
is the large and exorbitant
236
708664
2565
je znatan i neumeren
12:03
and illegal cost of recruitment,
237
711229
2978
i ilegalan trošak regrutovanja,
12:06
fees that migrants pay, migrant workers
238
714207
2938
provizije koju migranti radnici
12:09
pay to laborers who found them the job.
239
717145
3264
plaćaju radnicima koji
su im pronašli posao.
su im pronašli posao.
12:12
I was in Dubai a few years ago.
240
720409
3606
Pre nekoliko godina sam bio u Dubaiju.
12:16
I visited a camp for workers.
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724015
2275
Posetio sam radnički kamp.
12:18
It was 8 in the evening, dark, hot, humid.
242
726290
5313
Bilo je osam sati uveče,
mračno, vruće, puno vlage.
mračno, vruće, puno vlage.
Radnici su se vraćali nakon
12:23
Workers were coming back from
243
731603
1812
12:25
their grueling day of work,
244
733415
2471
iscrpljujućeg radnog dana,
12:27
and I struck a conversation
245
735886
1784
i zapodenuo sam razgovor
12:29
with a Bangladeshi construction worker.
246
737670
2860
sa građevinskim radnikom iz Bangladeša.
12:32
He was preoccupied that he is sending
247
740530
2909
Bio je zabrinut što je kući
12:35
money home, he has been
248
743439
1517
slao novac, do tada već
12:36
sending money home for a few months now,
249
744956
2910
tokom nekoliko meseci,
a novac je u najvećem delu išao
12:39
and the money is mostly going
250
747866
1503
12:41
to the recruitment agent, to the labor agent
251
749369
2652
agentu za zapošljavanje
12:44
who found him that job.
252
752021
1643
koji mu je pronašao taj posao.
12:45
And in my mind, I could picture
253
753664
3744
I mogao sam sebi da predstavim
12:49
the wife waiting for
254
757408
1181
njegovu ženu koja čeka
12:50
the monthly remittance.
255
758589
1726
mesečnu doznaku.
12:52
The remittance arrives.
256
760315
1765
Doznaka stiže.
12:54
She takes the money and hands
257
762080
1729
Ona je prima i predaje
12:55
it over to the recruitment agent,
258
763809
3570
agentu za zapošljavanje,
12:59
while the children are looking on.
259
767379
2996
dok deca to posmatraju.
13:02
This has to stop.
260
770375
3330
Ovo mora da se prekine.
13:05
It is not only construction
workers from Bangladesh,
workers from Bangladesh,
261
773705
4816
Ovo se ne odnosi samo
na građevinske radnike iz Bangledaša,
na građevinske radnike iz Bangledaša,
13:10
it is all the workers. There are millions of migrant
262
778521
1706
odnosi se na sve radnike.
Postoje milioni migranata
Postoje milioni migranata
13:12
workers who suffer from this problem.
263
780227
2951
radnika koji ispaštaju zbog ovog problema.
13:15
A construction worker from Bangladesh,
264
783178
1677
Građevinski radnik iz Bangladeša,
13:16
on an average, pays about 4,000
dollars in recruitment fees
dollars in recruitment fees
265
784855
3795
u proseku, plaća oko 4000 dolara
proviziju za zapošljavanje
proviziju za zapošljavanje
13:20
for a job that gives him only 2,000
dollars per year in income.
dollars per year in income.
266
788650
5379
za posao koji mu donosi godišnji prihod
od samo 2000 dolara.
od samo 2000 dolara.
13:26
That means that for the two years or three years
267
794029
2730
To znači da će tokom dve
ili tri godine života,
ili tri godine života,
13:28
of his life, he is basically sending money
268
796759
3493
on u osnovi slati novac
kako bi platio naknadu za zapošljavanje.
13:32
to pay for the recruitment fees.
269
800252
1284
13:33
The family doesn't get to see any of it.
270
801536
3513
Njegova porodica ne dobija
ništa od tog novca.
ništa od tog novca.
13:37
It is not only Dubai, it is the dark
271
805049
3771
Ovo se ne događa samo u Dubaiju,
to je mračna strana
svakog velikog grada na svetu.
svakog velikog grada na svetu.
13:40
underbelly of every major city in the world.
272
808820
2574
13:43
It is not only Bangladeshi construction workers,
273
811394
2498
Ne radi se samo o građevinskim
radnicima iz Bangladeša,
radnicima iz Bangladeša,
13:45
it is workers from all over the world.
274
813892
2155
u pitanju su radnici iz celog sveta.
13:48
It is not only men.
275
816047
1938
Oni nisu samo muškarci.
13:49
Women are especially vulnerable to
276
817985
1885
Žene su naročito podložne
13:51
recruitment malpractices.
277
819870
3538
zloupotrebi tokom regrutovanja.
13:55
One of the most exciting and newest
278
823408
4594
Jedna od najuzbudljivijih i najnovijih
14:00
thing happening in the area of remittances
279
828002
2418
stvari koje se zbivaju u sferi doznaka
14:02
is how to mobilize, through innovation,
280
830420
3041
je kako pokrenuti, kroz inovaciju,
14:05
diaspora saving and diaspora giving.
281
833461
3191
štednju i davanje dijaspore.
14:08
Migrants send money home,
282
836652
1883
Migranti kući šalju novac,
14:10
but they also save a large amount of
283
838535
1633
ali oni i štede velike količine
14:12
money where they live.
284
840168
2445
novca tamo gde žive.
14:14
Annually, migrant savings are estimated
285
842613
2635
Štednja migranata je procenjena na
14:17
to be 500 billion dollars.
286
845248
4101
500 milijardi dolara godišnje.
14:21
Most of that money is parked in
287
849349
2228
Većina tog novca je smeštena u
14:23
bank deposits that give you zero percent interest rate.
288
851577
3725
depozite banaka koje vam daju
nula procenata kamatne stope.
nula procenata kamatne stope.
14:27
If a country were to come
and offer a three percent
and offer a three percent
289
855302
3092
Ukoliko bi došle države
i ponudile kamatnu stopu od
i ponudile kamatnu stopu od
14:30
or four percent interest rate, and then say
290
858394
2511
tri ili četiri procenta, i rekle
14:32
that the money would be used for building schools,
291
860905
2804
da će taj novac biti iskorišćen
za izgradnju škola,
za izgradnju škola,
14:35
roads, airports, train systems
292
863709
3135
puteva, aerodroma, železnice
14:38
in the country of origin, a lot
293
866844
1812
u njihovoj zemlji porekla,
14:40
of migrants would be interested in
294
868656
1937
mnogi migranti bi bili zainteresovani
14:42
parting with their money because
295
870593
2390
da daju novac, jer
14:44
it's not only financial gains that
296
872983
1795
nije samo finansijska dobit ta koja
14:46
give them an opportunity
297
874778
1289
im daje mogućnost
14:48
to stay engaged with their country's development.
298
876067
5472
da budu uključeni u razvoj svoje zemlje.
Kanali doznaka mogu da budu iskorišćeni
14:53
Remittance channels can be used
299
881539
1941
14:55
to sell these bonds to migrants
300
883480
4571
i za prodaju ovih menica migrantima
15:00
because when they come
301
888051
1351
jer kada oni svakoga meseca
15:01
on a monthly basis to send remittances,
302
889402
1583
dođu da pošalju doznaku,
15:02
that's when you can actually sell
it to them.
it to them.
303
890985
2581
tada im je zaista možete prodati.
15:05
You can also do the same
304
893566
973
Isto možete da uradite
15:06
for mobilizing diaspora giving.
305
894539
2781
da pokrenete davanja dijaspore.
15:09
I would love to invest in a
306
897320
2838
Ja bih voleo da investiram
15:12
bullet train system in India
307
900158
2380
u sistem brzih vozova u Indiji
15:14
and I would love to contribute to efforts
308
902538
2902
i voleo bih da doprinesem naporima
15:17
to fight malaria in my village.
309
905440
3916
u borbi sa malarijom u mom selu.
15:21
Remittances are a great way of
310
909356
3989
Doznake su odličan način
15:25
sharing prosperity between places
311
913345
3771
na koji se dobrobit deli između mesta,
15:29
in a targeted way that benefits
312
917116
2296
na ciljani način od kojeg imaju koristi
15:31
those who need them most.
313
919412
2936
oni kojima je najpotrebnija.
15:34
Remittances empower people.
314
922348
3158
Doznake opunomoćuju ljude.
15:37
We must do all we can to make remittances
315
925506
3108
Moramo da učinimo sve
u svojoj moći da doznake
u svojoj moći da doznake
i regrutovanje
15:40
and recruitment
316
928614
985
15:41
safer and cheaper.
317
929599
2152
učinimo sigurnijim i jeftinijim.
15:43
And it can be done.
318
931751
3111
A to se može učiniti.
15:46
As for myself, I have been
319
934862
2100
Što se mene tiče, ja sam
15:48
away from India for two decades now.
320
936962
4020
van Indije već dve decenije.
Moja supruga je Venecuelanka.
15:52
My wife is a Venezuelan.
321
940982
2033
15:55
My children are Americans.
322
943015
3898
Moja deca su Amerikanci.
15:58
Increasingly, I feel like a global citizen.
323
946913
3947
Sve više se osećam kao građanin sveta.
16:02
And yet, I am growing nostalgic
324
950860
2330
Ipak, sve sam više nostalgičan
16:05
about my country of birth.
325
953190
2952
prema zemlji iz koje potičem.
16:08
I want to be in India and in the U.S. at the same time.
326
956142
5196
Želeo bih da budem u Indiji
i SAD-u u isto vreme.
i SAD-u u isto vreme.
16:13
My parents are not there anymore.
327
961338
2223
Moji roditelji više nisu tamo.
16:15
My brothers and sisters have moved on.
328
963561
3502
Moja braća i sestre su napredovali.
16:19
There is no real urgency for me to send money home.
329
967063
2534
Nema prave potrebe da kući šaljem novac.
16:21
And yet, from time to time,
330
969597
2622
Ali ipak, s vremena na vreme,
16:24
I send money home to friends,
331
972219
2851
šaljem novac kući prijateljima,
16:27
to relatives, to the village,
332
975070
2841
rođacima, selu,
16:29
to be there, to stay engaged —
333
977911
2236
kako bih bio tamo, kako bih
ostao angažovan,
ostao angažovan,
16:32
that's part of my identity.
334
980147
2048
to je deo mog identiteta.
16:34
And, I'm still striving to be a poet
335
982195
3240
I još uvek težim da budem pesnik
16:37
for the hardworking migrants
336
985435
2368
marljivim migrantima
16:39
and their struggle to break free
337
987803
1537
i njihovoj borbi da se oslobode
16:41
of the cycle of poverty.
338
989340
1288
kruga siromaštva.
16:42
Thank you.
339
990628
1774
Hvala vam.
16:44
(Applause)
340
992402
6444
(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dilip Ratha - Remittances expertEconomist Dilip Ratha was the first to analyze the global significance of remittances -- money sent from foreign workers to their families back home.
Why you should listen
At over US$400 billion per year, and growing, remittances -- money sent home by migrants -- are three times bigger than the total of international aid budgets, and represent some of the largest financial inflows to poor countries. Economist Dilip Ratha was the first to point out the global and national significance of remittances and their social and economic impact.
He is the manager of the Migration and Remittances team at the World Bank and the head of the Global knowledge partnership on migration and development (KNOMAD). He also co-coordinates the G8/G20 Global Remittances Working Group, and is involved in a number of other organizations focusing on remittances. Besides migration, he has done pioneering work on innovative financing including diaspora bonds and South-South foreign direct investment.
Dilip Ratha | Speaker | TED.com