ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Foley - Professor
Jonathan Foley studies complex environmental systems and their affects on society. His computer models have shown the deep impact agriculture is having on our planet.

Why you should listen

Dr. Jonathan Foley focusses on the complex relationship between global environmental systems and human civilization, using computer models to analyze changes in land use, ecosystems and resources around the world. After 15 years at the University of Wisconsin, Foley is now a professor and McKnight Presidential Chair in the Department of Ecology and director of the Institute on the Environment at the University of Minnesota.

More profile about the speaker
Jonathan Foley | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxTC

Jonathan Foley: The other inconvenient truth

Jonathan Foley :另一个棘手的事实

Filmed:
881,631 views

粮食的迫切需求意味着农业已成为导致气候变迁、生物多样性丧失及环境破坏的最大因素。在 TEDxTC中,Jonathan Foley阐述为何我们亟需着手进行 "Terraculture"-即全球耕作。(摄于TEDxTC)
- Professor
Jonathan Foley studies complex environmental systems and their affects on society. His computer models have shown the deep impact agriculture is having on our planet. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
Tonight今晚, I want to have a conversation会话 about
0
1000
1995
今晚,我想谈一个
00:14
this incredible难以置信 global全球 issue问题
1
2995
1934
令人震惊的全球议题
00:16
that's at the intersection路口 of land土地 use, food餐饮 and environment环境,
2
4929
4537
即土地利用、粮食和环境的关系
00:21
something we can all relate涉及 to,
3
9466
1321
某些和每个人都息息相关的事物
00:22
and what I've been calling调用 the other inconvenient不方便 truth真相.
4
10787
2730
我称之为“另一个棘手的事实”
00:25
But first, I want to take you on a little journey旅程.
5
13517
3277
但首先我想
带领大家进行一趟简短的旅程
00:28
Let's first visit访问 our planet行星, but at night,
6
16794
2796
先参观一下我们的星球,不过是在夜间
00:31
and from space空间.
7
19590
1536
从外太空观看
00:33
This is what our planet行星 looks容貌 like from outer space空间
8
21126
2951
这是从外太空观察地球夜间的景象
00:36
at nighttime夜间, if you were to take a satellite卫星 and travel旅行
9
24077
2138
如果你搭乘人造卫星
00:38
around the planet行星. And the thing you would notice注意 first,
10
26215
2854
绕行地球,你首先注意到的是
00:41
of course课程, is how dominant优势 the human人的 presence存在
11
29069
3317
当然,人类这种生物
00:44
on our planet行星 is.
12
32386
2064
主宰地球的程度
00:46
We see cities城市, we see oil fields领域,
13
34450
2735
我们看见城市、油田
00:49
you can even make out fishing钓鱼 fleets车队 in the sea,
14
37185
3197
你甚至能辨识出海上的渔船队
00:52
that we are dominating主导 much of our planet行星,
15
40382
2564
我们主宰大部分地球
00:54
and mostly大多 through通过 the use of energy能源
16
42946
1773
主要藉由能源的运用
00:56
that we see here at night.
17
44719
1734
如我们夜间所见的景象
00:58
But let's go back and drop下降 it a little deeper更深
18
46453
2174
但我们回头稍做深入研究
01:00
and look during the daytime白天.
19
48627
2042
观察白昼的情形
01:02
What we see during the day is our landscapes景观.
20
50669
3690
我们于白昼所见的是地表景观
01:06
This is part部分 of the Amazon亚马逊 Basin盆地, a place地点 called Rond朗多ôniaNIA
21
54359
3553
这是亚马逊盆地中一个叫朗多尼亚的地方
01:09
in the south-center南方中心 part部分 of the Brazilian巴西人 Amazon亚马逊.
22
57912
3590
位于巴西亚马逊盆地中南部
01:13
If you look really carefully小心 in the upper right-hand右手 corner,
23
61502
2616
如果你仔细观察右上角
01:16
you're going to see a thin white白色 line线,
24
64118
2526
将会看见一条白色细线
01:18
which哪一个 is a road that was built内置 in the 1970s.
25
66644
3378
那是兴建于1970年代的道路
01:22
If we come back to the same相同 place地点 in 2001,
26
70022
3667
如果我们回顾2001年同地区的景观
01:25
what we're going to find is that these roads道路
27
73689
2257
将发现这些道路
01:27
spurt off more roads道路, and more roads道路 after that,
28
75946
3850
四处延伸,然后延伸出更多道路
01:31
at the end结束 of which哪一个 is a small clearing空地 in the rainforest雨林
29
79796
3141
道路尽头是雨林中的小空地
01:34
where there are going to be a few少数 cows奶牛.
30
82937
2161
豢养着一些牛
01:37
These cows奶牛 are used for beef牛肉. We're going to eat these cows奶牛.
31
85098
3312
这些牛将变成牛肉,进入人类腹中
01:40
And these cows奶牛 are eaten吃过 basically基本上 in South America美国,
32
88410
2631
基本上这些牛肉将运往南美
01:43
in Brazil巴西 and Argentina阿根廷. They're not being存在 shipped up here.
33
91041
2784
供巴西人和阿根廷人食用,不会运往这里
01:45
But this kind of fishbone鱼刺 pattern模式 of deforestation森林砍伐
34
93825
2736
但我们发现
这种森林经砍伐后的鱼骨状图案
01:48
is something we notice注意 a lot of around the tropics热带,
35
96561
2585
遍布热带地区
01:51
especially特别 in this part部分 of the world世界.
36
99146
2228
尤其是这片区域
01:53
If we go a little bit further进一步 south in our little tour游览 of the world世界,
37
101374
3323
如果这趟世界之旅稍微往南前进
01:56
we can go to the Bolivian玻利维亚 edge边缘 of the Amazon亚马逊,
38
104697
2392
可抵达亚马逊盆地与玻利维亚交界处
01:59
here also in 1975, and if you look really carefully小心,
39
107089
4136
这同样是1975年的景观,如果仔细观察
02:03
there's a thin white白色 line线 through通过 that kind of seam接缝,
40
111225
3562
将会看见一条白色细线
穿过一道类似细缝的地方
02:06
and there's a lone孤单 farmer农民 out there
41
114787
1312
一位孤独的农夫
02:08
in the middle中间 of the primeval原始 jungle丛林.
42
116099
2563
伫立在原始丛林中
02:10
Let's come back again a few少数 years年份 later后来, here in 2003,
43
118662
4773
我们再回顾一下
数年后-2003年的景观
02:15
and we'll see that that landscape景观 actually其实 looks容貌
44
123435
2528
我们所见的景观事实上十分类似
02:17
a lot more like Iowa爱荷华州 than it does like a rainforest雨林.
45
125963
2882
爱荷华州,而非雨林
02:20
In fact事实, what you're seeing眼看 here are soybean黄豆 fields领域.
46
128845
3368
事实上你所见的是黄豆田
02:24
These soybeans大豆 are being存在 shipped to Europe欧洲 and to China中国
47
132213
2873
这些黄豆将运往欧洲和中国
02:27
as animal动物 feed饲料, especially特别 after the mad cow disease疾病 scare
48
135086
3746
作为动物的饲料,尤其是疯牛病爆发后
02:30
about a decade ago, where we don't want to feed饲料 animals动物
49
138832
2541
这是大约十年前的事,我们不想再喂动物
02:33
animal动物 protein蛋白 anymore, because that can transmit发送 disease疾病.
50
141373
3430
动物性蛋白质,因为这将导致疾病传播
02:36
Instead代替, we want to feed饲料 them more vegetable蔬菜 proteins蛋白质.
51
144803
2612
相反地,我们希望以
较多植物性蛋白质喂食动物
02:39
So soybeans大豆 have really exploded爆炸,
52
147415
1792
因此黄豆需求激增
02:41
showing展示 how trade贸易 and globalization全球化 are
53
149207
3625
显示贸易和全球化
02:44
really responsible主管 for the connections连接 to rainforests热带雨林
54
152832
2872
确实与雨林及亚马逊盆地
02:47
and the Amazon亚马逊 -- an incredibly令人难以置信 strange奇怪
55
155704
1937
息息相关-对我们来说十分陌生
02:49
and interconnected互联 world世界 that we have today今天.
56
157641
2716
且与世隔绝的地区
02:52
Well, again and again, what we find as we look
57
160357
2321
好,我们一再发现
02:54
around the world世界 in our little tour游览 of the world世界
58
162678
2136
在环绕世界的旅程中
02:56
is that landscape景观 after landscape景观 after landscape景观
59
164814
3751
无数地表景观
03:00
have been cleared清除 and altered改变 for growing生长 food餐饮
60
168565
2769
遭受破坏,转变成粮食产地
03:03
and other crops作物.
61
171334
2335
及其他作物产地
03:05
So one of the questions问题 we've我们已经 been asking is,
62
173669
2360
因此我们常被问到的问题是
03:08
how much of the world世界 is used to grow增长 food餐饮,
63
176029
2488
世上有多少土地被用于生产粮食?
03:10
and where is it exactly究竟, and how can we change更改 that
64
178517
2396
这些地方位于何处?未来将发生何种改变?
03:12
into the future未来, and what does it mean?
65
180913
2494
这代表什么意义?
03:15
Well, our team球队 has been looking at this on a global全球 scale规模,
66
183407
2968
好,我们的团队观察全球情况
03:18
using运用 satellite卫星 data数据 and ground-based陆基 data数据 kind of to track跟踪
67
186375
2920
利用人造卫星搜集的信息和地表数据
03:21
farming农业 on a global全球 scale规模.
68
189295
2184
追踪全球农地规模
03:23
And this is what we found发现, and it's startling触目惊心.
69
191479
3712
这是我们的发现,令人震惊不已
03:27
This map地图 shows节目 the presence存在 of agriculture农业
70
195191
2791
这张地图显示农业
03:29
on planet行星 Earth地球.
71
197982
2064
分布于地表的情形
03:32
The green绿色 areas are the areas we use to grow增长 crops作物,
72
200046
2960
绿色区域是种植作物的地方
03:35
like wheat小麦 or soybeans大豆 or corn玉米 or rice白饭 or whatever随你.
73
203006
3201
例如小麦、黄豆、玉米或稻米等
03:38
That's 16 million百万 square广场 kilometers'公里 worth价值 of land土地.
74
206207
4264
相当于1600万平方公里土地
03:42
If you put it all together一起 in one place地点,
75
210471
2124
如果将这些土地集中在同一处
03:44
it'd它会 be the size尺寸 of South America美国.
76
212595
2667
大约相当于南美洲面积
03:47
The second第二 area, in brown棕色, is the world's世界 pastures牧场
77
215262
2676
第二片以咖啡色表示的区域是牧地
03:49
and rangelands牧场, where our animals动物 live生活.
78
217938
2217
及放牧区,动物生活于此
03:52
That area's地区的 about 30 million百万 square广场 kilometers公里,
79
220155
2716
这片区域大约3000万平方公里
03:54
or about an Africa's非洲 worth价值 of land土地,
80
222871
2419
或相当于非洲面积
03:57
a huge巨大 amount of land土地, and it's the best最好 land土地, of course课程,
81
225290
2913
十分广大的土地,也是最肥沃的土地
04:00
is what you see. And what's left is, like,
82
228203
2152
如你们所见,其余部份为
04:02
the middle中间 of the Sahara撒哈拉 Desert沙漠, or Siberia西伯利亚,
83
230355
2011
撒哈拉沙漠、西伯利亚
04:04
or the middle中间 of a rain forest森林.
84
232366
1691
或雨林深处
04:06
We're using运用 a planet's地球上的 worth价值 of land土地 already已经.
85
234057
3745
我们已使用了相当于整个地球的土地
04:09
If we look at this carefully小心, we find it's about 40 percent百分
86
237802
2791
如果我们仔细观察,将发现大约40%的
04:12
of the Earth's地球 land土地 surface表面 is devoted忠诚 to agriculture农业,
87
240593
2712
地表贡献于农业
04:15
and it's 60 times larger
88
243305
2569
比令我们
04:17
than all the areas we complain抱怨 about,
89
245874
2575
怨声载道的居住地大60倍
04:20
our suburban郊区的 sprawl蔓生 and our cities城市 where we mostly大多 live生活.
90
248449
3217
包括郊区和大多数人类居住的城市
04:23
Half of humanity人性 lives生活 in cities城市 today今天,
91
251666
2863
目前世上有半数人口居住于城市
04:26
but a 60-times-larger-times-较大 area is used to grow增长 food餐饮.
92
254529
3936
但生产粮食的土地比人类居住地大60倍
04:30
So this is an amazing惊人 kind of result结果,
93
258465
1919
这是十分惊人的事实
04:32
and it really shocked吃惊 us when we looked看着 at that.
94
260384
2177
令观察到这一点的我们震惊不已
04:34
So we're using运用 an enormous巨大 amount of land土地 for agriculture农业,
95
262561
2704
因此我们将十分广大的土地用于农业
04:37
but also we're using运用 a lot of water.
96
265265
2706
但也因此消耗大量水源
04:39
This is a photograph照片 flying飞行 into Arizona亚利桑那,
97
267971
2528
这是亚利桑那州空照图
04:42
and when you look at it, you're like,
98
270499
809
当你目睹这幅景象时,会想
04:43
"What are they growing生长 here?" It turns out
99
271308
1127
“他们在这里种什么?”事实上
04:44
they're growing生长 lettuce生菜 in the middle中间 of the desert沙漠
100
272435
2932
他们在沙漠中种植莴苣
04:47
using运用 water sprayed on top最佳.
101
275367
2388
用喷洒方式供应水源
04:49
Now, the irony讽刺 is, it's probably大概 sold出售
102
277755
1550
讽刺的是,这些产品或许
04:51
in our supermarket超级市场 shelves货架 in the Twin双胞胎 Cities城市.
103
279305
2676
正于双子城超市货架上贩售
04:53
But what's really interesting有趣 is, this water's水的 got to come
104
281981
2312
但令人感趣的是,这些水源必定
04:56
from some place地点, and it comes from here,
105
284293
2544
来自某处-来自此处
04:58
the Colorado科罗拉多州 River in North America美国.
106
286837
2640
北美的科罗拉多河
05:01
Well, the Colorado科罗拉多州 on a typical典型 day in the 1950s,
107
289477
2648
好,这是1950年代科罗拉多河平日景象
05:04
this is just, you know, not a flood洪水, not a drought干旱,
108
292125
2119
如各位所见,没有洪水、没有干旱
05:06
kind of an average平均 day, it looks容貌 something like this.
109
294244
2785
这是它平日的景象,如照片所示
05:09
But if we come back today今天, during a normal正常 condition条件
110
297029
2904
但如果观察目前景观,这是在一般情况下
05:11
to the exact精确 same相同 location位置, this is what's left.
111
299933
3568
同一地点仅剩的水流
05:15
The difference区别 is mainly主要 irrigating灌溉 the desert沙漠 for food餐饮,
112
303501
3002
不同之处主要在于
河水用来灌溉沙漠中的作物
05:18
or maybe golf高尔夫球 courses培训班 in Scottsdale斯科茨代尔, you take your pick.
113
306503
3556
或斯科茨代尔的高尔夫场,随你想象
05:22
Well, this is a lot of water, and again, we're mining矿业 water
114
310059
2920
好,这得消耗大量水源
同样地,我们开采水源
05:24
and using运用 it to grow增长 food餐饮,
115
312979
2407
用于种植作物
05:27
and today今天, if you travel旅行 down further进一步 down the Colorado科罗拉多州,
116
315386
2680
如果现在朝科罗拉多河下游前进
05:30
it dries干了 up completely全然 and no longer flows流动 into the ocean海洋.
117
318066
3280
它已完全干涸,不再流向海洋
05:33
We've我们已经 literally按照字面 consumed消费 an entire整个 river in North America美国
118
321346
3128
我们将北美整条河流消耗殆尽
05:36
for irrigation灌溉.
119
324474
2128
仅为了灌溉作物
05:38
Well, that's not even the worst最差 example in the world世界.
120
326602
1756
好,这并非世上最糟的情况
05:40
This probably大概 is: the Aral咸海 Sea.
121
328358
2820
最糟的情况或许发生在咸海
05:43
Now, a lot you will remember记得 this from your geography地理 classes.
122
331178
2904
在座大多数人
或许记得地理课中曾经学过
05:46
This is in the former前任的 Soviet苏联 Union联盟
123
334082
2059
它位于前苏联
05:48
in between之间 Kazakhstan哈萨克斯坦 and Uzbekistan乌兹别克斯坦,
124
336141
2572
介于哈萨克斯坦与乌兹别克之间
05:50
one of the great inland内陆 seas海域 of the world世界.
125
338713
2448
是世上最大的内陆湖之一
05:53
But there's kind of a paradox悖论 here, because it looks容貌 like
126
341161
2312
但其中有个吊诡处,因为它看起来
05:55
it's surrounded包围 by desert沙漠. Why is this sea here?
127
343473
3522
彷佛被沙漠包围,为何它会出现在此处?
05:58
The reason原因 it's here is because, on the right-hand右手 side,
128
346995
1963
它出现在此处的原因是,在右侧
06:00
you see two little rivers河流 kind of coming未来 down
129
348958
2492
你可以看见两条小河
06:03
through通过 the sand, feeding馈送 this basin盆地 with water.
130
351450
3517
穿越沙漠,供应这片低洼处水源
06:06
Those rivers河流 are draining排水 snowmelt融雪 from mountains
131
354967
2582
河川汇集东部远处山脉的融雪
06:09
far to the east, where snow melts熔体, it travels旅行 down the river
132
357549
2933
积雪融化后流向河川
06:12
through通过 the desert沙漠, and forms形式 the great Aral咸海 Sea.
133
360482
3200
穿越沙漠,形成广大的咸海
06:15
Well, in the 1950s, the Soviets苏联 decided决定 to divert转移 that water
134
363682
4012
好,1950年代,苏联决定将河水改道
06:19
to irrigate灌溉 the desert沙漠 to grow增长 cotton, believe it or not,
135
367694
2353
引入沙漠地带,种植棉花,信不信由你
06:22
in Kazakhstan哈萨克斯坦, to sell cotton to the international国际 markets市场
136
370047
3780
引入哈萨克斯坦,将棉花贩卖到国际市场
06:25
to bring带来 foreign国外 currency货币 into the Soviet苏联 Union联盟.
137
373827
2060
替苏联赚取外汇
06:27
They really needed需要 the money.
138
375887
1926
他们亟需这些收入
06:29
Well, you can imagine想像 what happens发生. You turn off
139
377813
1996
好,你可以想象会发生什么情况
06:31
the water supply供应 to the Aral咸海 Sea, what's going to happen发生?
140
379809
2930
截断咸海的水源会发生什么事?
06:34
Here it is in 1973,
141
382739
2448
这分别是1973年
06:37
1986,
142
385187
2212
1986年
06:39
1999,
143
387399
2804
1999年
06:42
2004,
144
390203
3055
2004年
06:45
and about 11 months个月 ago.
145
393258
4665
和大约11个月前的情形
06:49
It's pretty漂亮 extraordinary非凡.
146
397923
2049
确实十分惊人
06:51
Now a lot of us in the audience听众 here live生活 in the Midwest中西部.
147
399972
3191
现场许多听众住在中西部
06:55
Imagine想像 that was Lake Superior优越.
148
403163
2660
不妨将它想象成苏必利尔湖
06:57
Imagine想像 that was Lake Huron休伦.
149
405823
3274
想象成休伦湖
07:01
It's an extraordinary非凡 change更改.
150
409097
1607
这是十分惊人的改变
07:02
This is not only a change更改 in water and
151
410704
2343
不仅是水量
07:05
where the shoreline海岸线 is, this is a change更改 in the fundamentals基本面
152
413047
2369
或海岸线的改变
而是环境本质上的改变
07:07
of the environment环境 of this region地区.
153
415416
2257
對这片区域來說
07:09
Let's start开始 with this.
154
417673
1284
这么说吧
07:10
The Soviet苏联 Union联盟 didn't really have a Sierra内华达 Club俱乐部.
155
418957
2210
苏联没有塞拉俱乐部(环保团体)
07:13
Let's put it that way.
156
421167
1540
不妨以这个观点来看
07:14
So what you find in the bottom底部 of the Aral咸海 Sea ain't pretty漂亮.
157
422707
3404
因此你发现咸海底部不甚美观
07:18
There's a lot of toxic有毒的 waste浪费, a lot of things
158
426111
1944
存在许多毒性废弃物,许多物品
07:20
that were dumped there that are now becoming变得 airborne空降.
159
428055
2416
弃置于此,现在已逐渐分解到大气中
07:22
One of those small islands岛屿 that was remote远程
160
430471
2132
其中一个离岸甚远
07:24
and impossible不可能 to get to was a site现场
161
432603
1612
难以抵达的小岛
07:26
of Soviet苏联 biological生物 weapons武器 testing测试.
162
434215
2696
曾经是苏联生化武器测试地点
07:28
You can walk步行 there today今天.
163
436911
1354
现在你可以步行到那里
07:30
Weather天气 patterns模式 have changed.
164
438265
1547
气候形态已发生变化
07:31
Nineteen十九 of the unique独特 20 fish species种类 found发现 only
165
439812
3309
咸海独有的20种鱼类中,有19种
07:35
in the Aral咸海 Sea are now wiped off the face面对 of the Earth地球.
166
443121
2950
已在地球上消失踪影
07:38
This is an environmental环境的 disaster灾害 writ令状 large.
167
446071
2880
这是一场环境大浩劫
07:40
But let's bring带来 it home.
168
448951
1495
我们试着深入了解一下
07:42
This is a picture图片 that Al Gore血块 gave me a few少数 years年份 ago
169
450446
2729
这是几年前戈尔
(美国前副总统)给我的一张照片
07:45
that he took when he was in the Soviet苏联 Union联盟
170
453175
1649
他于苏联拍摄的景观
07:46
a long, long time ago,
171
454824
1262
很久很久以前
07:48
showing展示 the fishing钓鱼 fleets车队 of the Aral咸海 Sea.
172
456086
2996
显示搁浅于咸海中的渔船队
07:51
You see the canal运河 they dug?
173
459082
2158
你看见他们挖的水道吗?
07:53
They were so desperate殊死 to try to, kind of, float浮动 the boats into
174
461240
2464
他们费尽心力,试着让船漂浮在
07:55
the remaining其余 pools of water, but they finally最后 had to give up
175
463704
2216
仅剩的湖水中,但他们最后不得不放弃
07:57
because the piers码头 and the moorings系泊 simply只是 couldn't不能
176
465920
2464
因为码头和停泊处的开凿
08:00
keep up with the retreating撤退 shoreline海岸线.
177
468384
2170
无法跟上海岸线倒退的速度
08:02
I don't know about you, but I'm terrified that future未来
178
470554
2011
我不知道你们的想法,但我担心未来
08:04
archaeologists考古学家 will dig this up and write stories故事 about
179
472565
2398
考古学家会挖出
这些东西,将这个时代的情形
08:06
our time in history历史, and wonder奇迹, "What were you thinking思维?"
180
474963
2820
写入历史
疑惑地想,“你们到底在想什么?”
08:09
Well, that's the future未来 we have to look forward前锋 to.
181
477783
3028
好,这就是我们即将面临的未来
08:12
We already已经 use about 50 percent百分 of the Earth's地球 fresh新鲜 water
182
480811
2913
我们已使用了地球上现有的 50% 淡水
08:15
that's sustainable可持续发展, and agriculture农业 alone单独
183
483724
2192
光是农业部分
08:17
is 70 percent百分 of that.
184
485916
2400
就占用了 70%
08:20
So we use a lot of water, a lot of land土地 for agriculture农业.
185
488316
3160
因此我们在农业上消耗许多水源和土地
08:23
We also use a lot of the atmosphere大气层 for agriculture农业.
186
491476
3344
我们也在农业上消耗许多大气
08:26
Usually平时 when we think about the atmosphere大气层,
187
494820
2336
当我们谈到大气时
08:29
we think about climate气候 change更改 and greenhouse温室 gases气体,
188
497156
2648
通常会联想到气候变迁和温室气体
08:31
and mostly大多 around energy能源,
189
499804
2056
大多与能源有关
08:33
but it turns out agriculture农业 is one of the biggest最大 emitters发射器
190
501860
2636
但事实上,农业亦是
08:36
of greenhouse温室 gases气体 too.
191
504496
2052
温室气体最大来源之一
08:38
If you look at carbon dioxide二氧化碳 from
192
506548
2056
如果考虑焚烧热带雨林
08:40
burning燃烧 tropical热带 rainforest雨林,
193
508604
2152
所产生的二氧化碳
08:42
or methane甲烷 coming未来 from cows奶牛 and rice白饭,
194
510756
2560
或牛群和稻米所产生的甲烷
08:45
or nitrous亚硝酸 oxide氧化 from too many许多 fertilizers化肥,
195
513316
2913
或大量肥料所产生的一氧化二氮
08:48
it turns out agriculture农业 is 30 percent百分 of the greenhouse温室
196
516229
2771
事实上,排放至大气层的温室气体
08:51
gases气体 going into the atmosphere大气层 from human人的 activity活动.
197
519000
3016
30% 来自农业,以人类活动来说
08:54
That's more than all our transportation运输.
198
522016
1854
远大于所有交通工具
08:55
It's more than all our electricity电力.
199
523870
1750
远大于所有电力设施
08:57
It's more than all other manufacturing制造业, in fact事实.
200
525620
2625
事实上远大于所有制造业的排放量
09:00
It's the single largest最大 emitter发射器 of greenhouse温室 gases气体
201
528245
3110
这是最大的单一温室气体来源
09:03
of any human人的 activity活动 in the world世界.
202
531355
2320
以所有人类活动来说
09:05
And yet然而, we don't talk about it very much.
203
533675
2626
然而我们很少提及这一点
09:08
So we have this incredible难以置信 presence存在 today今天 of agriculture农业
204
536301
3053
因此我们目前面临的惊人事实是
09:11
dominating主导 our planet行星,
205
539354
2137
农业主宰我们的地球
09:13
whether是否 it's 40 percent百分 of our land土地 surface表面,
206
541491
2358
无论是占用地表 40% 的土地
09:15
70 percent百分 of the water we use,
207
543849
2108
消耗 70% 的水源
09:17
30 percent百分 of our greenhouse温室 gas加油站 emissions排放.
208
545957
2725
产生 30% 的温室气体排放量
09:20
We've我们已经 doubled翻倍 the flows流动 of nitrogen and phosphorus
209
548682
2849
我们使逸散到全球环境中的氮、磷量倍增
09:23
around the world世界 simply只是 by using运用 fertilizers化肥,
210
551531
2463
仅因为肥料的使用
09:25
causing造成 huge巨大 problems问题 of water quality质量 from rivers河流,
211
553994
2771
导致河川、湖泊
09:28
lakes湖泊, and even oceans海洋, and it's also the single biggest最大
212
556765
2717
甚至海洋的水质产生严重问题,这也是导致
09:31
driver司机 of biodiversity生物多样性 loss失利.
213
559482
2675
生物多样性丧失的最大因素
09:34
So without a doubt怀疑, agriculture农业 is
214
562157
2101
因此,毫无疑问地,农业是
09:36
the single most powerful强大 force unleashed如虎添翼 on this planet行星
215
564258
3680
影响地球环境最大的力量
09:39
since以来 the end结束 of the ice age年龄. No question.
216
567938
2619
自从冰河期结束后,毫无疑问
09:42
And it rivals对手 climate气候 change更改 in importance重要性.
217
570557
2980
它的重要性和气候变迁不相上下
09:45
And they're both happening事件 at the same相同 time.
218
573537
2925
两种危机同时发生
09:48
But what's really important重要 here to remember记得 is that
219
576462
2372
但我们必须记住十分重要的一点
09:50
it's not all bad. It's not that agriculture's农业的 a bad thing.
220
578834
3268
农业并非一无是处,它并非坏事
09:54
In fact事实, we completely全然 depend依靠 on it.
221
582102
2180
事实上我们的生存完全仰赖它
09:56
It's not optional可选的. It's not a luxury豪华. It's an absolute绝对 necessity必要性.
222
584282
4440
它并非可有可无之事
并非奢侈品,而是不可或缺的需求
10:00
We have to provide提供 food餐饮 and feed饲料 and, yeah,
223
588722
2144
我们必须生产粮食、饲料
10:02
fiber纤维 and even biofuels生物燃料 to something like seven billion十亿 people
224
590866
3856
纤维、甚至生物燃料
供应世上70亿人口所需
10:06
in the world世界 today今天, and if anything,
225
594722
2736
总之
10:09
we're going to have the demands需要 on agriculture农业
226
597458
2030
未来农业需求
10:11
increase增加 into the future未来. It's not going to go away.
227
599488
2538
将逐渐增加,这个需求不会消失
10:14
It's going to get a lot bigger, mainly主要 because of
228
602026
2231
只会与日俱增,主要原因在于
10:16
growing生长 population人口. We're seven billion十亿 people today今天
229
604257
2993
人口成长,目前地球上有70亿人口
10:19
heading标题 towards at least最小 nine,
230
607250
2200
逐渐朝90亿大关迈进
10:21
probably大概 nine and a half before we're doneDONE.
231
609450
2792
我们离开人世前,或许将成长为95亿人口
10:24
More importantly重要的, changing改变 diets饮食.
232
612242
2377
更重要的是饮食结构的改变
10:26
As the world世界 becomes wealthier富裕 as well as more populous人口稠密,
233
614619
3047
随着世界更加富裕、人口逐渐增加
10:29
we're seeing眼看 increases增加 in dietary膳食 consumption消费 of meat,
234
617666
3067
我们发现饮食中的肉类消耗与日俱增
10:32
which哪一个 take a lot more resources资源 than a vegetarian diet饮食 does.
235
620733
3461
它所消耗的资源远大于蔬菜
10:36
So more people, eating more stuff东东, and richer更丰富 stuff东东,
236
624194
3922
因此人口增加
消耗更多粮食、更多资源
10:40
and of course课程 having an energy能源 crisis危机 at the same相同 time,
237
628116
3201
当然同时导致能源危机的发生
10:43
where we have to replace更换 oil with other energy能源 sources来源
238
631317
3473
我们必须以其它能源取代石油
10:46
that will ultimately最终 have to include包括 some kinds of biofuels生物燃料
239
634790
2571
最终将必须包括某种生物燃料
10:49
and bio-energy生物能源 sources来源.
240
637361
1779
和生质能源
10:51
So you put these together一起. It's really hard to see
241
639140
2753
因此,考虑这一切因素,实在很难想象
10:53
how we're going to get to the rest休息 of the century世纪
242
641893
2352
我们如何撑过这个世纪
10:56
without at least最小 doubling加倍 global全球 agricultural农业的 production生产.
243
644245
4328
如果无法使全球农产量倍增
11:00
Well, how are we going to do this? How are going to
244
648573
1949
好,我们如何达成这个目标?
11:02
double global全球 ag股份公司 production生产 around the world世界?
245
650522
2793
如何使全球农产量倍增?
11:05
Well, we could try to farm农场 more land土地.
246
653315
2688
好,我们可以试着开垦更多土地
11:08
This is an analysis分析 we've我们已经 doneDONE, where on the left is where
247
656003
2799
这是我们所做的分析,左边是
11:10
the crops作物 are today今天, on the right is where they could be
248
658802
3494
目前的农业用地,右边是
11:14
based基于 on soils土壤 and climate气候, assuming假设 climate气候 change更改
249
662296
2948
根据土质和气候估算的
潜在农业用地,假设气候变迁
11:17
doesn't disrupt破坏 too much of this,
250
665244
1841
对此不会产生太大影响
11:19
which哪一个 is not a good assumption假设.
251
667085
1888
这并非适当的假设
11:20
We could farm农场 more land土地, but the problem问题 is
252
668973
2189
我们可以开垦更多土地,但问题是
11:23
the remaining其余 lands土地 are in sensitive敏感 areas.
253
671162
2981
目前所剩的土地位于敏感区域
11:26
They have a lot of biodiversity生物多样性, a lot of carbon,
254
674143
2038
其中存在庞大的生物多样性和大量碳资源
11:28
things we want to protect保护.
255
676181
2434
这是我们想保护的资源
11:30
So we could grow增长 more food餐饮 by expanding扩大 farmland农田,
256
678615
2824
因此我们可藉由扩展农地生产更多粮食
11:33
but we'd星期三 better not,
257
681439
1318
但最好别这么做
11:34
because it's ecologically生态 a very, very dangerous危险 thing to do.
258
682757
3666
因为这对生态来说十分危险
11:38
Instead代替, we maybe want to freeze冻结 the footprint脚印
259
686423
2384
此外,我们或许希望农业碳足迹不再攀升
11:40
of agriculture农业 and farm农场 the lands土地 we have better.
260
688807
3785
以更佳方式利用土地
11:44
This is work that we're doing to try to highlight突出 places地方
261
692592
2400
这张图是我们试着标出某些
11:46
in the world世界 where we could improve提高 yields产量
262
694992
2567
我们可提高农产量的地区
11:49
without harming汉宁波 the environment环境.
263
697559
2266
在不损害环境的前提下
11:51
The green绿色 areas here show显示 where corn玉米 yields产量,
264
699825
2401
绿色部分代表玉米产区
11:54
just showing展示 corn玉米 as an example,
265
702226
2150
显示以玉米来说
11:56
are already已经 really high, probably大概 the maximum最大值 you could
266
704376
2601
目前产量已相当高的地区,或许是目前世上
11:58
find on Earth地球 today今天 for that climate气候 and soil,
267
706977
2878
产量最高的地区,以气候和土质来说
12:01
but the brown棕色 areas and yellow黄色 areas are places地方 where
268
709855
2351
但咖啡色和黄色部份是
12:04
we're only getting得到 maybe 20 or 30 percent百分 of the yield产量
269
712206
2514
仅可获得 20% 或 30%
12:06
you should be able能够 to get.
270
714720
1340
产量的地区
12:08
You see a lot of this in Africa非洲, even Latin拉丁 America美国,
271
716060
2318
你看见大部份位于非洲,甚至拉丁美洲
12:10
but interestingly有趣, Eastern Europe欧洲, where Soviet苏联 Union联盟
272
718378
2860
但令人感兴趣的是东欧,它曾经是苏联
12:13
and Eastern Bloc集团 countries国家 used to be,
273
721238
2241
与东欧共产国家所在地
12:15
is still a mess食堂 agriculturally农业.
274
723479
2224
农业发展仍十分落后
12:17
Now, this would require要求 nutrients营养成分 and water.
275
725703
2633
现在,这片区域需要养份和水源
12:20
It's going to either be organic有机 or conventional常规
276
728336
2133
需藉由有机或传统耕作方式
12:22
or some mix混合 of the two to deliver交付 that.
277
730469
1813
或两者混合来供应这一切
12:24
Plants植物 need water and nutrients营养成分.
278
732282
2165
植物需要水和养份
12:26
But we can do this, and there are opportunities机会 to make this work.
279
734447
3208
但我们能做到这一点,我们有成功的机会
12:29
But we have to do it in a way that is sensitive敏感
280
737655
2280
但我们必须以某种
12:31
to meeting会议 the food餐饮 security安全 needs需求 of the future未来
281
739935
2609
兼顾未来粮食需求
12:34
and the environmental环境的 security安全 needs需求 of the future未来.
282
742544
3263
及未来环境安全的方式进行
12:37
We have to figure数字 out how to make this tradeoff交易 between之间
283
745807
3014
我们必须找出一个权衡之计
12:40
growing生长 food餐饮 and having a healthy健康 environment环境 work better.
284
748821
3709
使粮食生产与环境健康相辅相成
12:44
Right now, it's kind of an all-or-nothing全有或全无 proposition主张.
285
752530
2530
现在我们面临两难的情况
12:47
We can grow增长 food餐饮 in the background背景 --
286
755060
1962
我们可以种植粮食-
12:49
that's a soybean黄豆 field领域
287
757022
1461
如背景中的黄豆田
12:50
and in this flower diagram, it shows节目 we grow增长 a lot of food餐饮,
288
758483
3127
这个花朵型图表显示我们种植许多作物
12:53
but we don't have a lot clean清洁 water, we're not storing存储
289
761610
2518
但缺乏大量洁净水源,我们没有
12:56
a lot of carbon, we don't have a lot of biodiversity生物多样性.
290
764128
2997
庞大的碳资源和生物多样性
12:59
In the foreground前景, we have this prairie草原
291
767125
2008
拥有照片中的大草原
13:01
that's wonderful精彩 from the environmental环境的 side,
292
769133
1558
是件好事,以环境角度来看
13:02
but you can't eat anything. What's there to eat?
293
770691
3204
但你无法藉此填饱肚子,没有可吃的东西
13:05
We need to figure数字 out how to bring带来 both of those together一起
294
773895
2537
我们必须找出两全其美的
13:08
into a new kind of agriculture农业 that brings带来 them all together一起.
295
776432
4110
新型耕作方式,使两者相辅相成
13:12
Now, when I talk about this, people often经常 tell me,
296
780542
2211
现在,当我谈到这一点时,人们总是说
13:14
"Well, isn't blank空白 the answer回答?" -- organic有机 food餐饮,
297
782753
3232
“嗯,不是已有解决之道?” -有机食物
13:17
local本地 food餐饮, GMOs转基因生物, new trade贸易 subsidies补贴, new farm农场 bills票据 --
298
785985
4748
当地食材、基因改造作物
新贸易补贴法案、新农业法案-
13:22
and yeah, we have a lot of good ideas思路 here,
299
790733
2767
确实,我们拥有许多好方法
13:25
but not any one of these is a silver bullet子弹.
300
793500
3073
但没有一个是银弹(解决一切的方案)
13:28
In fact事实, what I think they are is more like silver buckshot巴克肖特.
301
796573
2960
事实上,我更希望解决之道是银猎枪弹
13:31
And I love silver buckshot巴克肖特. You put it together一起
302
799533
2512
我喜爱银猎枪弹, 结合所有方法
13:34
and you've got something really powerful强大,
303
802045
2318
得到十分强大的力量
13:36
but we need to put them together一起.
304
804363
2400
但我们必须将它们彼此结合
13:38
So what we have to do, I think, is invent发明 a new kind
305
806763
2533
因此我认为,我们必须做的是发明一种
13:41
of agriculture农业 that blends共混物 the best最好 ideas思路
306
809296
2684
新型农业,同时满足
13:43
of commercial广告 agriculture农业 and the green绿色 revolution革命
307
811980
3105
商业性农业和绿色革命需求
13:47
with the best最好 ideas思路 of organic有机 farming农业 and local本地 food餐饮
308
815085
3552
使有机农业、当地食材
13:50
and the best最好 ideas思路 of environmental环境的 conservation保护,
309
818637
3408
和环境保护形成最佳结合
13:54
not to have them fighting战斗 each other but to have them
310
822045
1805
使它们不至于彼此冲突,而是使它们
13:55
collaborating合作 together一起 to form形成 a new kind of agriculture农业,
311
823850
3749
相辅相成地形成一种新型农业
13:59
something I call "terracultureterraculture," or farming农业 for a whole整个 planet行星.
312
827599
4718
我称之为“terraculture”,或全球耕作
14:04
Now, having this conversation会话 has been really hard,
313
832317
2984
现在,进行这样的沟通十分困难
14:07
and we've我们已经 been trying very hard to bring带来 these key points
314
835301
2112
我们费尽心力地向大众传播这个重要观点
14:09
to people to reduce减少 the controversy争议,
315
837413
2303
减少争议
14:11
to increase增加 the collaboration合作.
316
839716
1500
促进合作
14:13
I want to show显示 you a short video视频 that does kind of show显示
317
841216
2547
我想展示一段短片,让你们确实了解
14:15
our efforts努力 right now to bring带来 these sides双方 together一起
318
843763
2330
我们目前所做的努力,使大家拥有
14:18
into a single conversation会话. So let me show显示 you that.
319
846093
3726
相同的理念,请看影片
14:21
(Music音乐)
320
849819
3661
(音乐)
14:25
("Institute研究所 on the Environment环境, University大学 of Minnesota明尼苏达: Driven驱动 to Discover发现")
321
853480
3657
明尼苏达大学环境研究所:致力探索
14:29
(Music音乐)
322
857137
1441
(音乐)
14:30
("The world世界 population人口 is growing生长
323
858578
1648
全球人口
14:32
by 75 million百万 people each year.
324
860226
3013
每年增加7500万
14:35
That's almost几乎 the size尺寸 of Germany德国.
325
863239
2433
几乎相当于德国总人口
14:37
Today今天, we're nearing接近 7 billion十亿 people.
326
865672
2943
目前全球人口将近70亿
14:40
At this rate, we'll reach达到 9 billion十亿 people by 2040.
327
868615
2690
以这样的速率增长
2040年全球将拥有90亿人口
14:43
And we all need food餐饮.
328
871305
1768
每个人都需要粮食
14:45
But how?
329
873073
1351
但从何而来?
14:46
How do we feed饲料 a growing生长 world世界 without destroying销毁 the planet行星?
330
874424
2888
我们该如何喂饱
逐渐增长的人口,而不对地球造成破坏?
14:49
We already已经 know climate气候 change更改 is a big problem问题.
331
877312
3245
我们已知气候变迁是个大问题
14:52
But it's not the only problem问题.
332
880557
1250
但它并非唯一的问题
14:53
We need to face面对 'the“在 other inconvenient不方便 truth真相.'
333
881807
2922
我们必须面对“另一个棘手的事实”
14:56
A global全球 crisis危机 in agriculture农业.
334
884729
2548
全球农业危机
14:59
Population人口 growth发展 + meat consumption消费 + dairy乳制品 consumption消费 + energy能源 costs成本 + bioenergy生物能源 production生产 = stress强调 on natural自然 resources资源.
335
887277
6259
人口成长+肉类消耗+乳类消耗+能源消耗
+生质能源生产=自然资源面临的压力
15:05
More than 40% of Earth's地球 land土地 has been cleared清除 for agriculture农业.
336
893536
3449
超过 40% 的地表已开发为农地
15:08
Global全球 croplands农田 cover 16 million百万 km千米².
337
896985
2006
全球农地超过1600万平方公里
15:10
That's almost几乎 the size尺寸 of South America美国.
338
898991
3193
几乎相当于南美洲面积
15:14
Global全球 pastures牧场 cover 30 million百万 km千米².
339
902184
1795
全球牧地超过3000万平方公里
15:15
That's the size尺寸 of Africa非洲.
340
903979
2075
相当于非洲面积
15:18
Agriculture农业 uses使用 60 times more land土地 than urban城市的 and suburban郊区的 areas combined结合.
341
906054
4716
农业占用面积为都市和郊区总和的60倍
15:22
Irrigation灌溉 is the biggest最大 use of water on the planet行星.
342
910770
3712
灌溉消耗的水源为世界之首
15:26
We use 2,800 cubic立方体 kilometers公里 of water on crops作物 every一切 year.
343
914482
4374
每年用于灌溉作物的
水量相当于2800立方公里
15:30
That's enough足够 to fill 7,305 Empire帝国 State Buildings房屋 every一切 day.
344
918856
3782
足以每天装满7305栋帝国大厦
15:34
Today今天, many许多 large rivers河流 have reduced减少 flows流动.
345
922638
2981
目前许多大型河川流量减少
15:37
Some dry up altogether.
346
925619
2024
有些早已干涸
15:39
Look at the Aral咸海 Sea, now turned转身 to desert沙漠.
347
927643
3984
看看咸海,现在已变成沙漠
15:43
Or the Colorado科罗拉多州 River, which哪一个 no longer flows流动 to the ocean海洋.
348
931627
3623
科罗拉多河不再流向大海
15:47
Fertilizers肥料 have more than doubled翻倍 the phosphorus and nitrogen in the environment环境.
349
935250
3883
肥料使环境中的磷和氮倍增
15:51
The consequence后果?
350
939133
1256
结果如何?
15:52
Widespread广泛 water pollution污染
351
940389
1984
造成大范围的水污染
15:54
and massive大规模的 degradation降解 of lakes湖泊 and rivers河流.
352
942373
2162
使湖泊及河川水质严重恶化
15:56
Surprisingly出奇, agriculture农业 is the biggest最大 contributor贡献者 to climate气候 change更改.
353
944535
4374
令人惊讶的是
农业是造成气候变迁的最大因素
16:00
It generates生成 30% of greenhouse温室 gas加油站 emissions排放.
354
948909
2427
30% 的温室气体由农业产生
16:03
That's more than the emissions排放 from all electricity电力 and industry行业,
355
951336
2693
排放量超过所有电力设施和工业
16:06
or from all the world's世界 planes飞机, trains火车 and automobiles汽车.
356
954029
2976
或全球飞机、火车和汽车的排放量
16:09
Most agricultural农业的 emissions排放 come from tropical热带 deforestation森林砍伐,
357
957005
2368
大部份农业排放量来自于热带树林的砍伐
16:11
methane甲烷 from animals动物 and rice白饭 fields领域,
358
959373
1376
动物和稻田产生的甲烷
16:12
and nitrous亚硝酸 oxide氧化 from over-fertilizing过度施肥.
359
960749
1832
过量施肥产生的一氧化二氮
16:14
There is nothing we do that transforms变换 the world世界 more than agriculture农业.
360
962581
3255
农业是改变世界的最大因素
16:17
And there's nothing we do that is more crucial关键 to our survival生存.
361
965836
3531
我们的做法是影响人类生存的关键
16:21
Here's这里的 the dilemma困境...
362
969367
1506
我们面临的困境是…
16:22
As the world世界 grows成长 by several一些 billion十亿 more people,
363
970873
4355
当全球人口增加数十亿时
16:27
We'll need to double, maybe even triple三倍, global全球 food餐饮 production生产.
364
975228
4584
我们需要两倍、甚至三倍的粮食产量
16:31
So where do we go from here?
365
979812
1396
我们将何去何从?
16:33
We need a bigger conversation会话, an international国际 dialogue对话.
366
981208
2803
我们必须进行
更大规模的沟通、全球性的对话
16:36
We need to invest投资 in real真实 solutions解决方案:
367
984011
1808
我们必须采取真正的解决之道:
16:37
incentives奖励 for farmers农民, precision精确 agriculture农业, new crop作物 varieties品种, drip irrigation灌溉,
368
985819
4338
鼓励农民、精致农业
新型作物、滴水灌溉系统
16:42
gray灰色 water recycling回收, better tillage耕作 practices做法, smarter聪明 diets饮食.
369
990157
3661
废水回收利用
更佳的耕作方式、更睿智的饮食型态
16:45
We need everyone大家 at the table.
370
993818
2206
我们需要所有人共同参与
16:48
Advocates倡导者 of commercial广告 agriculture农业,
371
996024
1950
提倡商业性农业
16:49
environmental环境的 conservation保护,
372
997974
1147
环境保护
16:51
and organic有机 farming农业...
373
999121
1461
及有机耕作…
16:52
must必须 work together一起.
374
1000582
2035
必须同时进行
16:54
There is no single solution.
375
1002617
1558
这个困境没有单一解决方案
16:56
We need collaboration合作,
376
1004191
1609
我们必须携手合作
16:57
imagination想像力,
377
1005800
1436
发挥想象力
16:59
determination决心,
378
1007236
778
下定决心
17:00
because failure失败 is not an option选项.
379
1008014
3659
因为我们没有失败的余地
17:03
How do we feed饲料 the world世界 without destroying销毁 it?
380
1011673
3697
如何在不破坏地球的情况下喂饱全世界?
17:07
Yeah, so we face面对 one of the greatest最大 grand盛大 challenges挑战
381
1015370
2866
因此我们正面临人类历史中
17:10
in all of human人的 history历史 today今天:
382
1018236
2110
最大的挑战之一:
17:12
the need to feed饲料 nine billion十亿 people
383
1020346
2674
满足90亿人口的粮食需求
17:15
and do so sustainably可持续 and equitably公平 and justly公正地,
384
1023020
3754
藉由稳定、公平、公正的方式
17:18
at the same相同 time protecting保护 our planet行星
385
1026774
1701
同时保护我们的地球
17:20
for this and future未来 generations.
386
1028475
2813
替这一代及后代子孙
17:23
This is going to be one of the hardest最难 things
387
1031288
1516
这将是人类历史中
17:24
we ever have doneDONE in human人的 history历史,
388
1032804
1871
最困难的挑战之一
17:26
and we absolutely绝对 have to get it right,
389
1034675
3250
我们必须以正确方式进行
17:29
and we have to get it right on our first and only try.
390
1037925
4337
我们必须把握这仅有的机会
17:34
So thanks谢谢 very much. (Applause掌声)
391
1042262
3975
十分感谢(掌声)
Translated by illusion Hung
Reviewed by Psycho Decoder

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Foley - Professor
Jonathan Foley studies complex environmental systems and their affects on society. His computer models have shown the deep impact agriculture is having on our planet.

Why you should listen

Dr. Jonathan Foley focusses on the complex relationship between global environmental systems and human civilization, using computer models to analyze changes in land use, ecosystems and resources around the world. After 15 years at the University of Wisconsin, Foley is now a professor and McKnight Presidential Chair in the Department of Ecology and director of the Institute on the Environment at the University of Minnesota.

More profile about the speaker
Jonathan Foley | Speaker | TED.com

Data provided by TED.

This site was created in May 2015 and the last update was on January 12, 2020. It will no longer be updated.

We are currently creating a new site called "eng.lish.video" and would be grateful if you could access it.

If you have any questions or suggestions, please feel free to write comments in your language on the contact form.

Privacy Policy

Developer's Blog

Buy Me A Coffee