TEDGlobalLondon
Frances Larson: Why public beheadings get millions of views
弗朗西斯 拉森: 为什么公开斩首吸引了百万浏览量？
Filmed:
Readability: 4.9
1,187,917 views
在一段令人不安却耐人寻味的历史研究过程中，弗朗西斯 拉森探寻了人性和公开处决之间奇怪的关系……尤其是斩首。她向我们展示了，公开处决总会吸引大群围观人群，起先是在公共广场内，而现在是在youtube上。是什么把处决变得如此恐怖却又如此引人注目呢？
Frances Larson - Anthropologist
Frances Larson explores the dark and varied obsessions that our culture has had with decapitated heads and skulls throughout history. Full bio
Frances Larson explores the dark and varied obsessions that our culture has had with decapitated heads and skulls throughout history. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
For the last year,
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过去的一年中，
00:14
everyone's been watching the same show,
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大家都在收看同一档节目，
我指的不是《权力的游戏》，
00:16
and I'm not talking
about "Game of Thrones,"
about "Game of Thrones,"
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而是现实生活中的一场闹剧，
00:19
but a horrifying, real-life drama
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它骇人听闻，
却有让人无法抵挡的强大吸引力。
却有让人无法抵挡的强大吸引力。
00:22
that's proved too fascinating to turn off.
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00:25
It's a show produced by murderers
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这是一场由杀人凶手摄制，
而后通过网络在世界范围内传播的表演。
00:28
and shared around the world
via the Internet.
via the Internet.
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00:32
Their names have become familiar:
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受害者的姓名我们都很熟悉了：
James Foley, Steven Sotloff, David Haines,
Alan Hennings, Peter Kassig,
Alan Hennings, Peter Kassig,
00:34
James Foley, Steven Sotloff,
David Haines, Alan Henning, Peter Kassig,
David Haines, Alan Henning, Peter Kassig,
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Haruna Yukawa, Kenji Goto Jogo.
00:41
Haruna Yukawa, Kenji Goto Jogo.
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伊斯兰国对他们的处决
00:45
Their beheadings by the Islamic State
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是野蛮残暴的，
00:47
were barbaric,
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但如果我们以为这些刽子手
00:49
but if we think they were archaic,
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来自某个遥远、陈旧、不为人知的年代，
00:53
from a remote, obscure age,
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那就大错特错了。
00:56
then we're wrong.
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事实上，他们是非常与时俱进的，
00:57
They were uniquely modern,
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因为他们的行为说明其深知
01:00
because the murderers acted knowing well
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无数人将会观看他们的视频。
01:03
that millions of people
would tune in to watch.
would tune in to watch.
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01:07
The headlines called them
savages and barbarians,
savages and barbarians,
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新闻媒体将他们称作“野蛮人”，
因为屏幕上
01:11
because the image of one man
overpowering another,
overpowering another,
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一刀割喉以示征服的画面，
01:14
killing him with a knife to the throat,
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同我们对远古时期，原始行为的
想象相吻合，
想象相吻合，
01:16
conforms to our idea
of ancient, primitive practices,
of ancient, primitive practices,
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而与现代文明和道德伦理完全相悖。
01:21
the polar opposite
of our urban, civilized ways.
of our urban, civilized ways.
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01:26
We don't do things like that.
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我们绝不会做出类似的事情。
01:29
But that's the irony.
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但这恰恰是讽刺之处。
我们以为就算点击观看了视频，
01:31
We think a beheading
has nothing to do with us,
has nothing to do with us,
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一场斩首处决也与自己毫不相干。
01:34
even as we click on the screen to watch.
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01:38
But it is to do with us.
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但事实并非如此。
01:41
The Islamic State beheadings
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这场伊斯兰国的公开斩首
并不是发生在遥远的古代，
01:44
are not ancient or remote.
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这是21世纪全球性的事件，
01:47
They're a global, 21st century event,
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它就在我们的客厅里，桌子上，
01:50
a 21st century event that takes place
in our living rooms, at our desks,
in our living rooms, at our desks,
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我们的电脑屏幕中发生着。
01:55
on our computer screens.
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01:57
They're entirely dependent
on the power of technology to connect us.
on the power of technology to connect us.
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杀人凶手们完全依靠技术手段
与我们产生联系。
与我们产生联系。
02:02
And whether we like it or not,
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无论我们是否情愿，
02:04
everyone who watches
is a part of the show.
is a part of the show.
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每个观众都是这场表演的参与者。
02:09
And lots of people watch.
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而观众的人数相当可观。
02:13
We don't know exactly how many.
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我们没有确切的数据。
02:15
Obviously, it's difficult to calculate.
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显然这实在难以统计。
但通过2014年8月在伦敦的一项调查，
02:17
But a poll taken in the UK,
for example, in August 2014,
for example, in August 2014,
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02:23
estimated that 1.2 million people
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可以粗略估算出
在对James Foley的处决视频
在对James Foley的处决视频
02:29
had watched the beheading of James Foley
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发布之后的短短几天内，
已有约120万人观看。
02:32
in the few days after it was released.
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02:36
And that's just the first few days,
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这还只是刚开始的几天内，
而且仅仅在英国。
02:39
and just Britain.
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02:41
A similar poll taken in the United States
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2014年11月
美国一项类似的调查表明，
02:44
in November 2014
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02:46
found that nine percent of those surveyed
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9%的受访者
观看了斩首视频，
02:49
had watched beheading videos,
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02:52
and a further 23 percent
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此外还有23%的人
点开了视频，
但在受害者遇难前一刻退出了观看。
但在受害者遇难前一刻退出了观看。
02:54
had watched the videos but had stopped
just before the death was shown.
just before the death was shown.
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03:00
Nine percent may be a small minority
of all the people who could watch,
of all the people who could watch,
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在所有可能观看的人中，
9%也许只是个很小的部分，
9%也许只是个很小的部分，
但这个数字代表的
仍是十分庞大的人群。
仍是十分庞大的人群。
03:05
but it's still a very large crowd.
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并且人数还在不断增长，
03:08
And of course that crowd
is growing all the time,
is growing all the time,
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因为每周、每月，
03:11
because every week, every month,
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都会有更多的人下载、观看。
03:13
more people will keep downloading
and keep watching.
and keep watching.
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03:18
If we go back 11 years,
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其实在11年前，
在YouTube、Facebook这样的网站
还没出现的时候，
还没出现的时候，
03:20
before sites like YouTube
and Facebook were born,
and Facebook were born,
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就发生过类似的事情。
03:24
it was a similar story.
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像Daniel Pearl，Nick Berg, Paul Johnson
03:25
When innocent civilians like Daniel Pearl,
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这样的无辜平民被斩首时，
03:29
Nick Berg, Paul Johnson, were beheaded,
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相关视频在伊拉克战争期间
被发布了出来。
被发布了出来。
03:33
those videos were shown
during the Iraq War.
during the Iraq War.
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对Nick Berg的斩首视频
03:36
Nick Berg's beheading
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迅速成为了互联网上
搜索次数最多的条目之一。
搜索次数最多的条目之一。
03:38
quickly became one of the most
searched for items on the Internet.
searched for items on the Internet.
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03:44
Within a day, it was the top search term
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一天之内，就在Google, Lycos, Yahoo
这样的搜索引擎上登顶热搜榜。
03:47
across search engines
like Google, Lycos, Yahoo.
like Google, Lycos, Yahoo.
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这些是Nick Berg被斩首后的一周内，
03:52
In the week after Nick Berg's beheading,
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在美国排名前十的搜索项。
03:55
these were the top 10 search terms
in the United States.
in the United States.
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04:00
The Berg beheading video remained
the most popular search term for a week,
the most popular search term for a week,
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Berg的斩首录像占据了搜索榜榜首
整整一周，
整整一周，
还在整个五月份的
搜索统计中排在第二。
搜索统计中排在第二。
04:05
and it was the second most popular
search term for the whole month of May,
search term for the whole month of May,
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04:10
runner-up only to "American Idol."
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仅次于“美国偶像”。
04:14
The al-Qaeda-linked website
that first showed Nick Berg's beheading
that first showed Nick Berg's beheading
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最初发布Nick Berg斩首录像的
基地组织相关网站，
基地组织相关网站，
04:19
had to close down within a couple of days
due to overwhelming traffic to the site.
due to overwhelming traffic to the site.
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甚至还因难以负荷巨大的访问量
不得不关闭了两天。
不得不关闭了两天。
04:25
One Dutch website owner said
that his daily viewing figures
that his daily viewing figures
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一位荷兰的网站所有人表示，
他的网站日访问量从30万
增加到了75万人次，
增加到了75万人次，
04:29
rose from 300,000 to 750,000
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每一次点击都意味着在伊拉克的处刑
又被播放了一次。
又被播放了一次。
04:34
every time a beheading in Iraq was shown.
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04:38
He told reporters 18 months later
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一年半后，他告诉记者
该视频已被下载了数百万次，
04:41
that it had been downloaded
many millions of times,
many millions of times,
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这还只是一家网站的数据。
04:45
and that's just one website.
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04:47
A similar pattern was seen again and again
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伊拉克战争期间
其他的斩首录像公布之后，
其他的斩首录像公布之后，
发生的事情如出一辙。
04:50
when videos of beheadings
were released during the Iraq War.
were released during the Iraq War.
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04:56
Social media sites have made these images
more accessible than ever before,
more accessible than ever before,
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社交媒体给这些影像的传播
带来了前所未有的便利，
带来了前所未有的便利，
可是倘若我们回顾更早的历史就会发现，
05:01
but if we take
another step back in history,
another step back in history,
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05:05
we'll see that it was the camera
that first created a new kind of crowd
that first created a new kind of crowd
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在那段公开处刑被当做聚众狂欢的时期，
最先创造出一种新型“围观人群”的，
是照相机。
是照相机。
05:10
in our history of beheadings
as public spectacle.
as public spectacle.
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1939年6月17日，
05:14
As soon as the camera
appeared on the scene,
appeared on the scene,
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相机一登上历史舞台，
05:17
a full lifetime ago on June 17, 1939,
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就立刻产生了显著的影响。
05:21
it had an immediate
and unequivocal effect.
and unequivocal effect.
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那一天，
第一支公开斩首的影像在法国诞生。
第一支公开斩首的影像在法国诞生。
05:25
That day, the first film of a public
beheading was created in France.
beheading was created in France.
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05:31
It was the execution, the guillotining,
of a German serial killer, Eugen Weidmann,
of a German serial killer, Eugen Weidmann,
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其内容是对德国籍连环杀手
Eugen Weidmann
Eugen Weidmann
在凡尔赛圣皮埃尔监狱外的
断头台上执行的处决。
断头台上执行的处决。
05:37
outside the prison
Saint-Pierre in Versailles.
Saint-Pierre in Versailles.
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05:42
Weidmann was due to be executed
at the crack of dawn,
at the crack of dawn,
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按当时的习惯，
Weidmann本应在凌晨被处死，
05:45
as was customary at the time,
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05:47
but his executioner was new to the job,
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但当天的行刑者是位新手，
他低估了自己
做好准备所需的时间。
做好准备所需的时间。
05:50
and he'd underestimated
how long it would take him to prepare.
how long it would take him to prepare.
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因此Weidmann在早晨4:30才被处决，
05:53
So Weidmann was executed
at 4:30 in the morning,
at 4:30 in the morning,
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在六月的这个时间，
05:58
by which time on a June morning,
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已经有足够的日光来拍摄相片了。
06:00
there was enough light
to take photographs,
to take photographs,
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06:03
and a spectator in the crowd
filmed the event,
filmed the event,
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人群中一名观众瞒着当局，
对这一事件进行了摄像。
06:08
unbeknownst to the authorities.
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同时还拍了几张照片，
06:11
Several still photographs
were taken as well,
were taken as well,
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时至今日，
你仍然可以在网上找到这段影像，
你仍然可以在网上找到这段影像，
06:15
and you can still watch
the film online today
the film online today
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浏览这些照片。
06:19
and look at the photographs.
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06:22
The crowd on the day
of Weidmann's execution
of Weidmann's execution
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当天围观Weidmann处决的群众
06:26
was called "unruly"
and "disgusting" by the press,
and "disgusting" by the press,
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被媒体称作是
“难以控制的”和“令人作呕的”，
“难以控制的”和“令人作呕的”，
但这与如今能够一遍又一遍
研究这出情节，
研究这出情节，
06:30
but that was nothing compared
to the untold thousands of people
to the untold thousands of people
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能够在每个细节处定格画面的
06:34
who could now study the action
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成百上千不知名的
06:37
over and over again,
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人们相比，简直不值一提。
06:38
freeze-framed in every detail.
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06:43
The camera may have made these scenes
more accessible than ever before,
more accessible than ever before,
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照相机或许能让公众更方便地
获得这些影像，
获得这些影像，
但这并不是唯一的影响因素。
06:48
but it's not just about the camera.
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再向前追溯一段更久远的历史，
06:50
If we take a bigger leap back in history,
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我们会发现
06:53
we'll see that for as long
as there have been
as there have been
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哪里有公开司法处刑和斩首，
06:55
public judicial executions and beheadings,
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哪里就有围观群众。
06:58
there have been the crowds to see them.
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07:01
In London, as late as
the early 19th century,
the early 19th century,
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在19世纪早期的伦敦，
一次绞刑的观众约有四五千人。
07:05
there might be four or five thousand
people to see a standard hanging.
people to see a standard hanging.
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倘若被处死的罪犯臭名昭著，
那么人数有可能增加到四五万。
那么人数有可能增加到四五万。
07:09
There could be 40,000 or 50,000
to see a famous criminal killed.
to see a famous criminal killed.
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07:15
And a beheading, which was
a rare event in England at the time,
a rare event in England at the time,
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而在那时的英国，十分罕见的斩首
则具有更大的吸引力。
07:19
attracted even more.
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07:21
In May 1820,
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1820年5月，
07:24
five men known as
the Cato Street Conspirators
the Cato Street Conspirators
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五位“卡托街的阴谋家”
因密谋刺杀不列颠政府成员
07:28
were executed in London for plotting
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在伦敦被处决。
07:31
to assassinate members
of the British government.
of the British government.
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07:34
They were hung and then decapitated.
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他们先被绞死而后又被砍头。
场面惨不忍睹。
07:38
It was a gruesome scene.
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五个罪犯的脑袋被轮流砍下
而后展示给围观者。
而后展示给围观者。
07:40
Each man's head was hacked off in turn
and held up to the crowd.
and held up to the crowd.
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有整整10万人
07:44
And 100,000 people,
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前来观看，
比整个温布利球场可容纳的观众
比整个温布利球场可容纳的观众
07:46
that's 10,000 more than can fit
into Wembley Stadium,
into Wembley Stadium,
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07:50
had turned out to watch.
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还要多1万人。
一时间万人空巷。
07:52
The streets were packed.
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有人向外出租
（看得见行刑台的）窗户和屋顶。
（看得见行刑台的）窗户和屋顶。
07:54
People had rented out
windows and rooftops.
windows and rooftops.
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有人爬上路边的马车。
07:58
People had climbed onto carts
and wagons in the street.
and wagons in the street.
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有人攀上街边的路灯。
08:01
People climbed lamp posts.
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还有的人
据说在行刑日拥挤的人群中丧生。
据说在行刑日拥挤的人群中丧生。
08:04
People had been known to have died
in the crush on popular execution days.
in the crush on popular execution days.
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08:10
Evidence suggests
that throughout our history
that throughout our history
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证据表明纵观公开行刑
08:13
of public beheadings
and public executions,
and public executions,
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与公开斩首的历史，
绝大多数前来观看受刑的人
08:16
the vast majority of the people
who come to see
who come to see
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就算不是特别狂热，
也至少是持麻木的态度。
也至少是持麻木的态度。
08:20
are either enthusiastic
or, at best, unmoved.
or, at best, unmoved.
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08:25
Disgust has been comparatively rare,
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极少有人觉得恶心、厌恶，
就算真的感到恶心和恐惧，
08:29
and even when people
are disgusted and are horrified,
are disgusted and are horrified,
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通常也并不妨碍他们加入围观人群。
08:33
it doesn't always stop them
from coming out all the same to watch.
from coming out all the same to watch.
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08:38
Perhaps the most striking example
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有关人们看到砍头，
却能保持无动于衷，
甚至感到还够不过瘾的
甚至感到还够不过瘾的
08:41
of the human ability to watch
a beheading and remain unmoved
a beheading and remain unmoved
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最典型的事件，
08:47
and even be disappointed
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恐怕是在1792年的法国，
那架著名的斩首机器，
那架著名的斩首机器，
08:49
was the introduction in France
in 1792 of the guillotine,
in 1792 of the guillotine,
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“断头台”的面世。
08:55
that famous decapitation machine.
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对于21世纪的我们，
08:58
To us in the 21st century,
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断头台可能算得上是
骇人听闻的诡异装置，
骇人听闻的诡异装置，
09:00
the guillotine may seem
like a monstrous contraption,
like a monstrous contraption,
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但它却令它的第一批观众大失所望。
09:04
but to the first crowds who saw it,
it was actually a disappointment.
it was actually a disappointment.
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09:10
They were used to seeing long, drawn-out,
torturous executions on the scaffold,
torturous executions on the scaffold,
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他们已经习惯于观看行刑台上
持续长时间的折磨，
持续长时间的折磨，
看着人们被砍断手脚、
活活烧死、慢慢撕裂。
活活烧死、慢慢撕裂。
09:17
where people were mutilated
and burned and pulled apart slowly.
and burned and pulled apart slowly.
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对他们而言，断头台上的演出
09:22
To them, watching
the guillotine in action,
the guillotine in action,
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结束得太快了，没什么好看的。
09:25
it was so quick, there was nothing to see.
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刀身下落，头颅掉进一只篮子
就立刻不见了踪影，
就立刻不见了踪影，
09:29
The blade fell, the head fell
into a basket, out of sight immediately,
into a basket, out of sight immediately,
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于是他们喊道，
09:34
and they called out,
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“还我们绞刑架！把木绞架抬回来！”
09:36
"Give me back my gallows,
give me back my wooden gallows."
give me back my wooden gallows."
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09:41
The end of torturous public
judicial executions in Europe and America
judicial executions in Europe and America
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欧美范围内残酷的
公开司法处刑的终结，
公开司法处刑的终结，
一部分是出于对罪犯的人道主义关怀，
09:46
was partly to do with being
more humane towards the criminal,
more humane towards the criminal,
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但同时也是因为围观人群的行为举止
09:50
but it was also partly because the crowd
obstinately refused to behave
obstinately refused to behave
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着实太有悖常理和人性。
09:55
in the way that they should.
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一而再，再而三的，
09:57
All too often, execution day
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行刑日与其说是严肃的仪式，
不如说变成了狂欢节。
不如说变成了狂欢节。
09:59
was more like a carnival
than a solemn ceremony.
than a solemn ceremony.
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10:04
Today, a public judicial execution
in Europe or America is unthinkable,
in Europe or America is unthinkable,
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今天，无论在欧洲还是美国，
一场公开处决已是不可想象的了，
一场公开处决已是不可想象的了，
10:09
but there are other scenarios
that should make us cautious
that should make us cautious
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但我们仍然无法简单地认为
一切都不同了，
10:12
about thinking
that things are different now
that things are different now
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这样的惨剧不会再重演了。
10:14
and we don't behave like that anymore.
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10:17
Take, for example,
the incidents of suicide baiting.
the incidents of suicide baiting.
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我们不妨说说“诱导自杀”。
这指的是人们聚集起来
10:22
This is when a crowd gathers
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围观那些爬上高层公共建筑顶楼
10:24
to watch a person who has climbed
to the top of a public building
to the top of a public building
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企图自杀的人，
10:28
in order to kill themselves,
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而人群中时常冒出
10:30
and people in the crowd shout and jeer,
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“快点儿啊！”“跳下去啊！”
之类的叫嚷和嘲讽。
之类的叫嚷和嘲讽。
10:33
"Get on with it! Go on and jump!"
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10:36
This is a well-recognized phenomenon.
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这种现象早就屡见不鲜了。
1981年的一篇论文指出，
每21起受到威胁的自杀行为中，
每21起受到威胁的自杀行为中，
10:40
One paper in 1981 found that in 10
out of 21 threatened suicide attempts,
out of 21 threatened suicide attempts,
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就有10起出现了人群中的讥笑，
也就是所谓的诱导自杀。
也就是所谓的诱导自杀。
10:46
there was incidents of suicide baiting
and jeering from a crowd.
and jeering from a crowd.
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今年的报纸中也出现过相关报道。
10:51
And there have been incidents
reported in the press this year.
reported in the press this year.
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这是今年3月在特尔福德和什罗普郡
10:56
This was a very widely reported incident
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被广泛报道的事件。
10:59
in Telford and Shropshire
in March this year.
in March this year.
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这种情况发生在当今，
11:02
And when it happens today,
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人们通常会掏出手机拍照、摄像，
11:04
people take photographs
and they take videos on their phones
and they take videos on their phones
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再把影像上传到网络。
11:07
and they post those videos online.
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11:12
When it comes to brutal murderers
who post their beheading videos,
who post their beheading videos,
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类似的，当残暴的刽子手在网上传播
录制好的斩首视频，
录制好的斩首视频，
互联网又创造了一批新的围观人群。
11:15
the Internet has created
a new kind of crowd.
a new kind of crowd.
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正因为这些事情发生在
触不可及的时间和地点，
触不可及的时间和地点，
11:19
Today, the action takes place
in a distant time and place,
in a distant time and place,
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从而让观众产生了与之毫不相干的心理，
11:24
which gives the viewer a sense
of detachment from what's happening,
of detachment from what's happening,
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一种疏离感。
11:27
a sense of separation.
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“这和我没有关系”。
11:29
It's nothing to do with me.
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“这一切已经发生了”。
11:30
It's already happened.
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11:33
We are also offered
an unprecedented sense of intimacy.
an unprecedented sense of intimacy.
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同时我们还获得了前所未有的亲密感。
我们仿佛身处贵宾席。
11:36
Today, we are all offered front row seats.
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能够在空闲时间、私人空间里独自观看，
11:39
We can all watch in private,
in our own time and space,
in our own time and space,
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并且没人知道我们到底浏览过什么。
11:43
and no one need ever know
that we've clicked on the screen to watch.
that we've clicked on the screen to watch.
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这种疏离感——
11:48
This sense of separation --
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不论是与他人还是与事件本身——
11:50
from other people,
from the event itself --
from the event itself --
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似乎成了理解我们为何能够观看
这些残暴行径的关键，
这些残暴行径的关键，
11:53
seems to be key to understanding
our ability to watch,
our ability to watch,
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而互联网通过
11:57
and there are several ways
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产生疏离感而逐渐侵蚀
11:58
in which the Internet
creates a sense of detachment
creates a sense of detachment
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个人道德责任感的例子还有不少。
12:01
that seems to erode
individual moral responsibility.
individual moral responsibility.
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12:06
Our activities online
are often contrasted with real life,
are often contrasted with real life,
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我们在网上的行为举止
往往与现实生活反差巨大，
往往与现实生活反差巨大，
似乎互联网上的行为并不那么真实。
12:10
as though the things we do online
are somehow less real.
are somehow less real.
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12:14
We feel less accountable for our actions
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在网上，我们会觉得不必
对自己的行为负责。
12:17
when we interact online.
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由于网络匿名带来的隐形感，
12:20
There's a sense of anonymity,
a sense of invisibility,
a sense of invisibility,
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我们感到并不需要
为自己的言行负太多责任。
为自己的言行负太多责任。
12:24
so we feel less accountable
for our behavior.
for our behavior.
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12:28
The Internet also makes it far easier
to stumble upon things inadvertently,
to stumble upon things inadvertently,
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在网上也更容易发现一些
真实生活中我们会尽力避免的东西。
12:33
things that we would usually avoid
in everyday life.
in everyday life.
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现在，有些视频甚至在你还没意识到
在看什么的时候，就会开始播放。
在看什么的时候，就会开始播放。
12:37
Today, a video can start playing
before you even know what you're watching.
before you even know what you're watching.
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又或者我们会浏览平时不会去关注，
12:41
Or you may be tempted to look at material
that you wouldn't look at in everyday life
that you wouldn't look at in everyday life
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以及有旁人时不会去观看的内容。
12:46
or you wouldn't look at if you
were with other people at the time.
were with other people at the time.
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12:50
And when the action is pre-recorded
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于是，当整件事已经事先被拍摄，
并发生在遥远的时空距离之外，
12:53
and takes place
in a distant time and space,
in a distant time and space,
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观看貌似成为了一种被动行为。
12:57
watching seems like a passive activity.
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“我现在对此无能为力”。
13:01
There's nothing I can do about it now.
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“这一切已经发生了”。
13:03
It's already happened.
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13:05
All these things make it easier
as an Internet user
as an Internet user
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所有这些都让作为
互联网用户的我们更轻易地
互联网用户的我们更轻易地
屈从于自己对死亡的好奇，
13:08
for us to give in to our sense
of curiosity about death,
of curiosity about death,
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拉低自己的个人道德底线，
13:12
to push our personal boundaries,
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去考验、去探究自己对冲击感的承受力。
13:15
to test our sense of shock,
to explore our sense of shock.
to explore our sense of shock.
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13:21
But we're not passive when we watch.
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然而事实上我们并非被动的观众。
恰恰相反，
正是我们在满足杀人犯的表现欲。
正是我们在满足杀人犯的表现欲。
13:23
On the contrary, we're fulfilling
the murderer's desire to be seen.
the murderer's desire to be seen.
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斩首中受害者被绑住无力反抗的时候，
13:28
When the victim of a decapitation
is bound and defenseless,
is bound and defenseless,
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他或她本质上
已经变成了刽子手的表演道具。
已经变成了刽子手的表演道具。
13:32
he or she essentially becomes
a pawn in their killer's show.
a pawn in their killer's show.
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13:38
Unlike a trophy head
that's taken in battle,
that's taken in battle,
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传统战争中作为战利品砍下的头颅，
13:41
that represents the luck and skill
it takes to win a fight,
it takes to win a fight,
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象征着胜者蒙受的上天眷顾
和超凡的战斗技能，
和超凡的战斗技能，
13:47
when a beheading is staged,
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与此不同的是，
当斩首作为表演被呈上舞台，
当斩首作为表演被呈上舞台，
当它已然成为一出戏剧，
13:49
when it's essentially a piece of theater,
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这些罪犯的表演得到的反响，
正是操控力的来源。
正是操控力的来源。
13:52
the power comes from the reception
the killer receives as he performs.
the killer receives as he performs.
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13:58
In other words, watching
is very much part of the event.
is very much part of the event.
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换言之，观看行为实际上是
这一事件中相当关键的部分。
这一事件中相当关键的部分。
这件事不再如同以往
或是它今后仍将呈现出的那样，
或是它今后仍将呈现出的那样，
14:03
The event no longer takes place
in a single location
in a single location
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14:07
at a certain point in time as it used to
and as it may still appear to.
and as it may still appear to.
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仅仅发生在特定的时间与地点。
14:13
Now the event is stretched out
in time and place,
in time and place,
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如今它在时空中得到了延伸，
使得每一位观众都变成参与者。
14:17
and everyone who watches plays their part.
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14:21
We should stop watching,
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我们真的应该拒绝观看。
14:24
but we know we won't.
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但我们知道自己做不到。
14:26
History tells us we won't,
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历史说我们做不到，
刽子手们也对此一清二楚。
14:28
and the killers know it too.
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14:31
Thank you.
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谢谢。
（掌声）
14:32
(Applause)
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布鲁诺 吉桑尼(BG)：
谢谢。我来拿着这个吧。谢谢。
谢谢。我来拿着这个吧。谢谢。
14:37
Bruno Giussani: Thank you.
Let me get this back. Thank you.
Let me get this back. Thank you.
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我们往前站一些。
趁着工作人员准备下一场演讲，
趁着工作人员准备下一场演讲，
14:39
Let's move here. While they install
for the next performance,
for the next performance,
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我想问一个可能在座很多人
都会好奇的问题，
都会好奇的问题，
14:42
I want to ask you the question
that probably many here have,
that probably many here have,
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为什么你会对这个话题感兴趣呢？
14:45
which is how did you
get interested in this topic?
get interested in this topic?
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14:50
Frances Larson: I used to work at a museum
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弗朗西斯 拉森 (FL):
我以前在一家博物馆工作，
我以前在一家博物馆工作，
14:52
called the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford,
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牛津的皮特河博物馆，
那里来自南美的头颅标本非常有名。
14:54
which was famous for its display
of shrunken heads from South America.
of shrunken heads from South America.
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人们总说，
“噢，头颅博物馆，头颅博物馆！”
“噢，头颅博物馆，头颅博物馆！”
14:58
People used to say, "Oh, the shrunken head
museum, the shrunken head museum!"
museum, the shrunken head museum!"
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那时候我恰好在研究用于
15:02
And at the time,
I was working on the history
I was working on the history
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科学方面的头骨收藏史。
15:05
of scientific collections of skulls.
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正当我研究这些颅骨藏品时，
15:07
I was working on the cranial collections,
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我突然意识到一件讽刺的事，
15:10
and it just struck me as ironic
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人们到这儿来是想感受
他们可能在脑中构想过的
他们可能在脑中构想过的
15:12
that here were people coming to see
this gory, primitive, savage culture
this gory, primitive, savage culture
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血腥、残忍的原始文明，
15:17
that they were almost
fantasizing about and creating
fantasizing about and creating
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15:21
without really understanding
what they were seeing,
what they were seeing,
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却从未真正理解他们眼前的展品，
而一直以来我们博物馆里那些
15:24
and all the while these vast --
I mean hundreds of thousands
I mean hundreds of thousands
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遍及欧美大陆的数以万计的头骨藏品——
15:27
of skulls in our museums,
all across Europe and the States --
all across Europe and the States --
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从某种程度上说，
成为了推进思想启蒙运动的科学基础。
成为了推进思想启蒙运动的科学基础。
15:32
were kind of upholding this Enlightenment
pursuit of scientific rationality.
pursuit of scientific rationality.
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15:37
So I wanted to kind of twist it round
and say, "Let's look at us."
and say, "Let's look at us."
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所以我希望能够调转人们的目光，
来“看看我们自己”。
来“看看我们自己”。
我们和这些头颅标本一样，
都在透过玻璃罩子观察对方。
都在透过玻璃罩子观察对方。
15:42
We're looking through the glass case
at these shrunken heads.
at these shrunken heads.
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让我们开始省视自己的历史文化，
以及对这些事物的想象吧。
以及对这些事物的想象吧。
15:45
Let's look at our own history and our own
cultural fascination with these things.
cultural fascination with these things.
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BG：感谢你的演讲。
15:49
BG: Thank you for sharing that.
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FL：谢谢！
15:51
FL: Thank you.
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（掌声）
15:53
(Applause)
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Translated by Sabrina Song
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Frances Larson - AnthropologistFrances Larson explores the dark and varied obsessions that our culture has had with decapitated heads and skulls throughout history.
Why you should listen
Oxford anthropologist Frances Larson wrote Severed: A History of Heads Lost and Heads Found. The book, which she describes as a survey of our “traditions of decapitation,” was published in 2014, just before beheadings sadly started populating the front pages of the news once more. She previously wrote an acclaimed biography of Sir Henry Wellcome.
More profile about the speakerFrances Larson | Speaker | TED.com