TEDGlobalLondon
Frances Larson: Why public beheadings get millions of views
弗朗西斯 拉森: 為什麼公開斬首能吸引上百萬瀏覽量？
Filmed:
Readability: 4.9
1,187,917 views
在一段令人不安卻耐人尋味的歷史研究中，弗朗西斯 拉森探索了人性和公開處決之間奇怪的關係……尤其是斬首。她展示了公開處決如何總會吸引大群圍觀人群，起先是在公共廣場，現在是在 Youtube 上。是什麼把處決變得如此恐怖卻又如此”吸引人“呢？
Frances Larson - Anthropologist
Frances Larson explores the dark and varied obsessions that our culture has had with decapitated heads and skulls throughout history. Full bio
Frances Larson explores the dark and varied obsessions that our culture has had with decapitated heads and skulls throughout history. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
For the last year,
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去年，
每個人都看過這個節目。
00:14
everyone's been watching the same show,
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我不是在說 《冰與火之歌》
00:16
and I'm not talking
about "Game of Thrones,"
about "Game of Thrones,"
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而是一個恐怖的真人秀。
00:19
but a horrifying, real-life drama
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人們捨不得關掉這個節目，
因為它太吸引人。
因為它太吸引人。
00:22
that's proved too fascinating to turn off.
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這個節目是由殺人犯製作，
00:25
It's a show produced by murderers
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並且透過網路散播到世界。
00:28
and shared around the world
via the Internet.
via the Internet.
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他們的名字變得很熟悉：
00:32
Their names have become familiar:
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00:34
James Foley, Steven Sotloff,
David Haines, Alan Henning, Peter Kassig,
David Haines, Alan Henning, Peter Kassig,
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James Foley, Steven Sotloff,
David Haines, Alan Henning, Peter Kassig
David Haines, Alan Henning, Peter Kassig
Haruna Yukawa, Kenji Goto Jogo
00:41
Haruna Yukawa, Kenji Goto Jogo.
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00:45
Their beheadings by the Islamic State
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他們被伊斯蘭國
非常殘暴的斬首。
00:47
were barbaric,
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00:49
but if we think they were archaic,
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但如果我們認為他們非常遠古，
來自一個很遠且不為人知的時代，
00:53
from a remote, obscure age,
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00:56
then we're wrong.
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那麼我們就錯了。
00:57
They were uniquely modern,
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他們是僅屬於現代世界的產物，
因為殺人兇手清楚知道他們的行為
01:00
because the murderers acted knowing well
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01:03
that millions of people
would tune in to watch.
would tune in to watch.
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會被幾百萬人收聽、收看。
各大新聞頭條稱他們為野蠻人
01:07
The headlines called them
savages and barbarians,
savages and barbarians,
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因為一個男人
01:11
because the image of one man
overpowering another,
overpowering another,
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用刀刺穿另一人喉嚨的畫面，
01:14
killing him with a knife to the throat,
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符合我們對原始人行為的看法。
01:16
conforms to our idea
of ancient, primitive practices,
of ancient, primitive practices,
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01:21
the polar opposite
of our urban, civilized ways.
of our urban, civilized ways.
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和我們這些都市文明人的行為
非常的不同。
非常的不同。
我們不做這樣的事。
01:26
We don't do things like that.
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但那很諷刺
01:29
But that's the irony.
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我們認為斬首與我們無關
01:31
We think a beheading
has nothing to do with us,
has nothing to do with us,
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01:34
even as we click on the screen to watch.
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甚至當我們打開銀幕收看節目時
也這樣認為
也這樣認為
但是這真的跟我們有關
01:38
But it is to do with us.
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伊斯蘭國的斬首行為
01:41
The Islamic State beheadings
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01:44
are not ancient or remote.
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並不是古老或是遙遠的
01:47
They're a global, 21st century event,
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他是21世紀的全球事件
01:50
a 21st century event that takes place
in our living rooms, at our desks,
in our living rooms, at our desks,
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一個發生在我們客廳、桌上
01:55
on our computer screens.
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還有電腦螢幕上的21世紀事件
01:57
They're entirely dependent
on the power of technology to connect us.
on the power of technology to connect us.
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他們完全仰賴科技的力量
與我們聯繫
與我們聯繫
而不論我們是否喜歡
02:02
And whether we like it or not,
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每一個看到的人都是這場秀的一部份
02:04
everyone who watches
is a part of the show.
is a part of the show.
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而很多人看了
02:09
And lots of people watch.
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我們不知道確切到底有多少人
02:13
We don't know exactly how many.
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02:15
Obviously, it's difficult to calculate.
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顯然，這很難計算
但是英國做的民意調查顯示
如在2014年八月
如在2014年八月
02:17
But a poll taken in the UK,
for example, in August 2014,
for example, in August 2014,
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估計出約120萬人
02:23
estimated that 1.2 million people
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02:29
had watched the beheading of James Foley
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在影片播出的幾天內
觀看了James Foley的斬首影片
02:32
in the few days after it was released.
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才一開始的短短幾天
02:36
And that's just the first few days,
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02:39
and just Britain.
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甚至只侷限在英國 就有驚人的人數
02:41
A similar poll taken in the United States
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2014年11月
美國實施了一個類似的民調
02:44
in November 2014
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02:46
found that nine percent of those surveyed
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他們發現約9%的受訪者
02:49
had watched beheading videos,
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已經看過斬首的影片
02:52
and a further 23 percent
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而且23%已經看過的人
02:54
had watched the videos but had stopped
just before the death was shown.
just before the death was shown.
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在James死亡以前就停止觀看
9%的人可能是少數能夠看完的人
03:00
Nine percent may be a small minority
of all the people who could watch,
of all the people who could watch,
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但這仍然是很多的人數
03:05
but it's still a very large crowd.
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03:08
And of course that crowd
is growing all the time,
is growing all the time,
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當然那群人的人數總是在增加
03:11
because every week, every month,
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因為每個星期 每個月
越來越多人會持續下載並觀看
03:13
more people will keep downloading
and keep watching.
and keep watching.
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如果我們回到11年前
03:18
If we go back 11 years,
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03:20
before sites like YouTube
and Facebook were born,
and Facebook were born,
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回到像Youtube還有Facebook
這些網站出現以前
這些網站出現以前
03:24
it was a similar story.
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這是一個類似的故事
03:25
When innocent civilians like Daniel Pearl,
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當無辜的百姓像Daniel Pearl,
Nick Berg, Paul Johnson 被斬首的時候
03:29
Nick Berg, Paul Johnson, were beheaded,
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03:33
those videos were shown
during the Iraq War.
during the Iraq War.
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那些影片在伊拉克戰爭的時候
被放在網路上
被放在網路上
03:36
Nick Berg's beheading
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Nick Berg 斬首
03:38
quickly became one of the most
searched for items on the Internet.
searched for items on the Internet.
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馬上成為網路搜尋的熱門項目
一天以內, 他就成為
各大搜尋引擎的排行榜第一名
各大搜尋引擎的排行榜第一名
03:44
Within a day, it was the top search term
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03:47
across search engines
like Google, Lycos, Yahoo.
like Google, Lycos, Yahoo.
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包括Google, Lycos, Yahoo
在Nick Berg被斬首的一周後
03:52
In the week after Nick Berg's beheading,
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03:55
these were the top 10 search terms
in the United States.
in the United States.
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這些仍然是美國熱門搜尋的前10名
Berg的斬首影片
為持續一週最熱門的關鍵字
為持續一週最熱門的關鍵字
04:00
The Berg beheading video remained
the most popular search term for a week,
the most popular search term for a week,
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而整個五月它都是第二熱門的關鍵字
04:05
and it was the second most popular
search term for the whole month of May,
search term for the whole month of May,
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只有《美國偶像》這個節目超越它
04:10
runner-up only to "American Idol."
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蓋達組織掛鉤的網站
首先出現Nick Berg的斬首影片
首先出現Nick Berg的斬首影片
04:14
The al-Qaeda-linked website
that first showed Nick Berg's beheading
that first showed Nick Berg's beheading
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04:19
had to close down within a couple of days
due to overwhelming traffic to the site.
due to overwhelming traffic to the site.
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而由於大量瀏覽人數,
它在幾天內不得已關站
它在幾天內不得已關站
04:25
One Dutch website owner said
that his daily viewing figures
that his daily viewing figures
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一個荷蘭的網站所有人說,
每當伊拉克地區的
斬首影片一播出
斬首影片一播出
04:29
rose from 300,000 to 750,000
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他的每日瀏覽人次
就由30萬攀升至75萬
就由30萬攀升至75萬
04:34
every time a beheading in Iraq was shown.
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他告訴記者, 18個月以後
04:38
He told reporters 18 months later
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04:41
that it had been downloaded
many millions of times,
many millions of times,
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這支影片已經被下載超過百萬次
04:45
and that's just one website.
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而且只計算一個網站上的下載次數
04:47
A similar pattern was seen again and again
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類似的模式不斷的出現
04:50
when videos of beheadings
were released during the Iraq War.
were released during the Iraq War.
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當斬首的影片在伊拉克戰爭中被釋出
社群網站已經使得
這些影像比以前更容易取得
這些影像比以前更容易取得
04:56
Social media sites have made these images
more accessible than ever before,
more accessible than ever before,
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但是如果我們在歷史中採取另外一步
05:01
but if we take
another step back in history,
another step back in history,
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05:05
we'll see that it was the camera
that first created a new kind of crowd
that first created a new kind of crowd
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我們將會看到是相機,
創造了第一個斬首的歷史鏡頭
創造了第一個斬首的歷史鏡頭
05:10
in our history of beheadings
as public spectacle.
as public spectacle.
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而這也會是一項公共奇景
當相機一出現在現場
05:14
As soon as the camera
appeared on the scene,
appeared on the scene,
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05:17
a full lifetime ago on June 17, 1939,
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1939年6月17的情況就會完整被呈現
它具有立即且明確的效果
05:21
it had an immediate
and unequivocal effect.
and unequivocal effect.
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05:25
That day, the first film of a public
beheading was created in France.
beheading was created in France.
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那天, 第一部公開的斬首影片
在法國拍攝
在法國拍攝
這是在凡爾賽聖皮埃爾監獄外
05:31
It was the execution, the guillotining,
of a German serial killer, Eugen Weidmann,
of a German serial killer, Eugen Weidmann,
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執行德國連環殺手,
Eugen Weidmann死刑的景象
Eugen Weidmann死刑的景象
05:37
outside the prison
Saint-Pierre in Versailles.
Saint-Pierre in Versailles.
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Weidmann應該要在破曉時分被處決
05:42
Weidmann was due to be executed
at the crack of dawn,
at the crack of dawn,
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05:45
as was customary at the time,
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因為這是處決的習慣性時間
05:47
but his executioner was new to the job,
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但是他的行刑者是新人
他低估了準備的時間
05:50
and he'd underestimated
how long it would take him to prepare.
how long it would take him to prepare.
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所以Weidmann在早上4:30才被處決
05:53
So Weidmann was executed
at 4:30 in the morning,
at 4:30 in the morning,
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05:58
by which time on a June morning,
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那是六月的早上
06:00
there was enough light
to take photographs,
to take photographs,
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所以有足夠的光線可以拍照
而一位人群中的觀眾拍下這個事件
06:03
and a spectator in the crowd
filmed the event,
filmed the event,
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06:08
unbeknownst to the authorities.
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但當局並不知道
06:11
Several still photographs
were taken as well,
were taken as well,
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另外好幾張照片也在當時被拍攝
而你到今天也仍然可以在網路上
觀賞那些影片
觀賞那些影片
06:15
and you can still watch
the film online today
the film online today
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06:19
and look at the photographs.
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還有看那些照片
在Weidmann被處決那天的圍觀群眾
06:22
The crowd on the day
of Weidmann's execution
of Weidmann's execution
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被媒體稱為"不受控制"還有"令人作噁"
06:26
was called "unruly"
and "disgusting" by the press,
and "disgusting" by the press,
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但是那跟現在可以重複
一次又一次的觀看影片,
一次又一次的觀看影片,
06:30
but that was nothing compared
to the untold thousands of people
to the untold thousands of people
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並定格看每一個細節的
06:34
who could now study the action
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人數相比
06:37
over and over again,
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06:38
freeze-framed in every detail.
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根本不算什麼
相機使得這些場景,
比以前更加容易取得,
比以前更加容易取得,
06:43
The camera may have made these scenes
more accessible than ever before,
more accessible than ever before,
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06:48
but it's not just about the camera.
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但這不僅僅關乎相機
06:50
If we take a bigger leap back in history,
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如果我們
跨一大步回到歷史之中,
跨一大步回到歷史之中,
我們將會看到,
06:53
we'll see that for as long
as there have been
as there have been
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只要有過公開處決或斬首,
06:55
public judicial executions and beheadings,
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就會有群眾看到他們,
06:58
there have been the crowds to see them.
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07:01
In London, as late as
the early 19th century,
the early 19th century,
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在倫敦, 最晚至19世紀初期,
07:05
there might be four or five thousand
people to see a standard hanging.
people to see a standard hanging.
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可能已經有4千或5千人,
看到一個標準的絞刑,
看到一個標準的絞刑,
可能有4千或5千人,
看到一個有名的犯人被殺,
看到一個有名的犯人被殺,
07:09
There could be 40,000 or 50,000
to see a famous criminal killed.
to see a famous criminal killed.
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而在當時英國並不常見的斬首,
07:15
And a beheading, which was
a rare event in England at the time,
a rare event in England at the time,
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07:19
attracted even more.
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更是吸引更多人圍觀
07:21
In May 1820,
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在1820年5月,
5個被稱為Cato Street conspirator的男人
07:24
five men known as
the Cato Street Conspirators
the Cato Street Conspirators
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在倫敦被處決
07:28
were executed in London for plotting
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因為他們計劃刺殺英國政府的成員
07:31
to assassinate members
of the British government.
of the British government.
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他們被吊死然後斬首
07:34
They were hung and then decapitated.
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07:38
It was a gruesome scene.
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這是可怕的一幕
07:40
Each man's head was hacked off in turn
and held up to the crowd.
and held up to the crowd.
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每個男人的頭都分別被砍掉,
並向眾人展示
並向眾人展示
而超出Wembley體育館
可以負荷量的
可以負荷量的
07:44
And 100,000 people,
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07:46
that's 10,000 more than can fit
into Wembley Stadium,
into Wembley Stadium,
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10萬名民眾,
都到現場觀看
07:50
had turned out to watch.
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07:52
The streets were packed.
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街上擠滿了人
07:54
People had rented out
windows and rooftops.
windows and rooftops.
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人們將窗戶還有屋頂出租給他人觀看
07:58
People had climbed onto carts
and wagons in the street.
and wagons in the street.
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人們甚至爬上在街上的車以及貨車
08:01
People climbed lamp posts.
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人們爬上路燈杆
08:04
People had been known to have died
in the crush on popular execution days.
in the crush on popular execution days.
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有很多人,
在那些熱門的處決當天被踩死
在那些熱門的處決當天被踩死
證據顯示,
08:10
Evidence suggests
that throughout our history
that throughout our history
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在我們公眾處決
及斬首的歷史當中,
及斬首的歷史當中,
08:13
of public beheadings
and public executions,
and public executions,
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大多數對前來觀看的人,
08:16
the vast majority of the people
who come to see
who come to see
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08:20
are either enthusiastic
or, at best, unmoved.
or, at best, unmoved.
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不是很熱衷,就是對此不為所動
08:25
Disgust has been comparatively rare,
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對此反感的人相對少
08:29
and even when people
are disgusted and are horrified,
are disgusted and are horrified,
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即使人們對這些事感到噁心
以及害怕,
以及害怕,
也無法阻止他們出門觀看
08:33
it doesn't always stop them
from coming out all the same to watch.
from coming out all the same to watch.
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或許人們看完斬首,
08:38
Perhaps the most striking example
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08:41
of the human ability to watch
a beheading and remain unmoved
a beheading and remain unmoved
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卻不為所動，甚至感到失望，
這異於尋常的現象發生
08:47
and even be disappointed
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是在1792年法國引進
08:49
was the introduction in France
in 1792 of the guillotine,
in 1792 of the guillotine,
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這引人注目的斬首機器---斷頭台之後
08:55
that famous decapitation machine.
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對我們這些活在21世紀的人來說
08:58
To us in the 21st century,
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斷頭台可能看似是一個過時
且怪物般的機器
且怪物般的機器
09:00
the guillotine may seem
like a monstrous contraption,
like a monstrous contraption,
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但是對第一群看到他的群眾來說,
這真的非常令人失望
這真的非常令人失望
09:04
but to the first crowds who saw it,
it was actually a disappointment.
it was actually a disappointment.
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他們已經習慣看
在行刑台上漫長且折磨人的處決
在行刑台上漫長且折磨人的處決
09:10
They were used to seeing long, drawn-out,
torturous executions on the scaffold,
torturous executions on the scaffold,
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09:17
where people were mutilated
and burned and pulled apart slowly.
and burned and pulled apart slowly.
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在行刑台上,
犯人被肢解、燒燬、緩慢地被拉開
犯人被肢解、燒燬、緩慢地被拉開
對他們來說,
09:22
To them, watching
the guillotine in action,
the guillotine in action,
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斷頭台的速度太快,
根本沒什麼東西可以看
根本沒什麼東西可以看
09:25
it was so quick, there was nothing to see.
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刀掉下來, 頭掉進一個籃子裡,
09:29
The blade fell, the head fell
into a basket, out of sight immediately,
into a basket, out of sight immediately,
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之後立即消失在人們視線中,
09:34
and they called out,
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然後人們開始要求,
"還我絞刑台, 還我木質絞刑台"
"還我絞刑台, 還我木質絞刑台"
09:36
"Give me back my gallows,
give me back my wooden gallows."
give me back my wooden gallows."
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歐洲及美國痛苦的公眾處決的結束
09:41
The end of torturous public
judicial executions in Europe and America
judicial executions in Europe and America
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09:46
was partly to do with being
more humane towards the criminal,
more humane towards the criminal,
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是為了對犯人更加人道
09:50
but it was also partly because the crowd
obstinately refused to behave
obstinately refused to behave
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但同時也是因為人們堅決拒絕
做他們應做的事情
09:55
in the way that they should.
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處決日經常更像一個嘉年華會
09:57
All too often, execution day
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09:59
was more like a carnival
than a solemn ceremony.
than a solemn ceremony.
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而非嚴肅的儀式
在今天的歐洲以及美國,
公眾執法是無法想像的
公眾執法是無法想像的
10:04
Today, a public judicial execution
in Europe or America is unthinkable,
in Europe or America is unthinkable,
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但是, 仍有其他可能發生的情況,
我們應該謹慎思考
我們應該謹慎思考
10:09
but there are other scenarios
that should make us cautious
that should make us cautious
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10:12
about thinking
that things are different now
that things are different now
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因為事情跟以前不一樣,
10:14
and we don't behave like that anymore.
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而我們也不像以前那樣表現了
舉自殺誘導為例,
10:17
Take, for example,
the incidents of suicide baiting.
the incidents of suicide baiting.
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這就是,
10:22
This is when a crowd gathers
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當人群為了觀看一個人
10:24
to watch a person who has climbed
to the top of a public building
to the top of a public building
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爬到公共建築物頂並企圖自殺而聚集時
10:28
in order to kill themselves,
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10:30
and people in the crowd shout and jeer,
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”等什麼! 跳下來!“
群眾會這麼嘲笑著大喊
10:33
"Get on with it! Go on and jump!"
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10:36
This is a well-recognized phenomenon.
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這是一個非常常見的現象
10:40
One paper in 1981 found that in 10
out of 21 threatened suicide attempts,
out of 21 threatened suicide attempts,
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一篇1981年的報告發現,
21人中有10人揚言自殺時
21人中有10人揚言自殺時
人群中會出現自殺誘導以及嘲諷的情況
10:46
there was incidents of suicide baiting
and jeering from a crowd.
and jeering from a crowd.
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10:51
And there have been incidents
reported in the press this year.
reported in the press this year.
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而今年報紙上刊登了一個事件
這是一個今年3月發生在
Telford和Shropshire,
Telford和Shropshire,
10:56
This was a very widely reported incident
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10:59
in Telford and Shropshire
in March this year.
in March this year.
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被廣為報導的事件
11:02
And when it happens today,
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而今天當它發生的時候
人們透過他們的手機拍照、錄影
11:04
people take photographs
and they take videos on their phones
and they take videos on their phones
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11:07
and they post those videos online.
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並上傳那些影片到網路上
11:12
When it comes to brutal murderers
who post their beheading videos,
who post their beheading videos,
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而當我們提及那些將斬首影片
發佈到網路上,殘忍的殺人犯
發佈到網路上,殘忍的殺人犯
11:15
the Internet has created
a new kind of crowd.
a new kind of crowd.
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網路上就產生了一群新的群眾
11:19
Today, the action takes place
in a distant time and place,
in a distant time and place,
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今天, 那些行為因為發生在
離我們很遠的時間和地方
離我們很遠的時間和地方
11:24
which gives the viewer a sense
of detachment from what's happening,
of detachment from what's happening,
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所以觀眾對於正在發生的事,
有一種超脫感、分離感
11:27
a sense of separation.
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11:29
It's nothing to do with me.
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那些事與我們無關
它已經發生了
11:30
It's already happened.
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那些影片提供我們
這些事與我們史無前例的密切感
這些事與我們史無前例的密切感
11:33
We are also offered
an unprecedented sense of intimacy.
an unprecedented sense of intimacy.
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11:36
Today, we are all offered front row seats.
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今天, 那些影片提供我們
近距離觀看斬首事件的機會
近距離觀看斬首事件的機會
11:39
We can all watch in private,
in our own time and space,
in our own time and space,
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我們可以不受侵擾的,
在我們想要的時間地點看這影片
在我們想要的時間地點看這影片
11:43
and no one need ever know
that we've clicked on the screen to watch.
that we've clicked on the screen to watch.
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沒有人需要知道
我們已經按下按鍵並看了影片
我們已經按下按鍵並看了影片
11:48
This sense of separation --
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1976
這與其他人、這個事件
11:50
from other people,
from the event itself --
from the event itself --
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之間的脫離感
11:53
seems to be key to understanding
our ability to watch,
our ability to watch,
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3576
看似成為了解我們俱有能夠
觀看那些影片能力的鑰匙
觀看那些影片能力的鑰匙
11:57
and there are several ways
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網路透過很多管道
11:58
in which the Internet
creates a sense of detachment
creates a sense of detachment
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創造了脫離感
而這似乎已經腐蝕了
個人的道德責任
個人的道德責任
12:01
that seems to erode
individual moral responsibility.
individual moral responsibility.
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我們的線上活動
往往對比出真實世界
往往對比出真實世界
12:06
Our activities online
are often contrasted with real life,
are often contrasted with real life,
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12:10
as though the things we do online
are somehow less real.
are somehow less real.
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儘管我們在網路上做的事
不那麼真實
不那麼真實
當我們在網路上互動的時候,
12:14
We feel less accountable for our actions
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我們似乎可以對我們的行為
負少一點的責任
負少一點的責任
12:17
when we interact online.
202
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3336
12:20
There's a sense of anonymity,
a sense of invisibility,
a sense of invisibility,
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因為在網路上的一切
都是匿名且看不見的
都是匿名且看不見的
12:24
so we feel less accountable
for our behavior.
for our behavior.
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所以我們對我們在網路上的行為
總是覺得不需負責
總是覺得不需負責
網路也使得我們更輕易
且不經意的發現東西
且不經意的發現東西
12:28
The Internet also makes it far easier
to stumble upon things inadvertently,
to stumble upon things inadvertently,
205
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4616
12:33
things that we would usually avoid
in everyday life.
in everyday life.
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而這些東西
往往是我們日常生活中想避免的
往往是我們日常生活中想避免的
現在一部影片可以在
你知道內容前就自動開始播放
你知道內容前就自動開始播放
12:37
Today, a video can start playing
before you even know what you're watching.
before you even know what you're watching.
207
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12:41
Or you may be tempted to look at material
that you wouldn't look at in everyday life
that you wouldn't look at in everyday life
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或許,你也可能被誘惑而觀看
那些你平常不會看的資料
那些你平常不會看的資料
12:46
or you wouldn't look at if you
were with other people at the time.
were with other people at the time.
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或是有其他人跟你在一起時
你不會看的東西
你不會看的東西
而當那些行為是事先被錄製
12:50
And when the action is pre-recorded
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12:53
and takes place
in a distant time and space,
in a distant time and space,
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且發生在距離我們
很遠的時間及地點時
很遠的時間及地點時
12:57
watching seems like a passive activity.
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而看影片好像是被動的行為
現在沒有任何我可以做的事
13:01
There's nothing I can do about it now.
213
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1810
13:03
It's already happened.
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因為它已經發生了
當一個網路使用者
讓這些事情都變簡單了
讓這些事情都變簡單了
13:05
All these things make it easier
as an Internet user
as an Internet user
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13:08
for us to give in to our sense
of curiosity about death,
of curiosity about death,
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3816
因為它讓我們滿足
對死亡的好奇心
對死亡的好奇心
13:12
to push our personal boundaries,
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將我們推上個人的邊界
以測試並探索我們的震撼感
13:15
to test our sense of shock,
to explore our sense of shock.
to explore our sense of shock.
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但是當我們看影片時
其實一點也不被動
其實一點也不被動
13:21
But we're not passive when we watch.
219
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2336
13:23
On the contrary, we're fulfilling
the murderer's desire to be seen.
the murderer's desire to be seen.
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相反的, 我們充滿了那種
像殺人犯一樣被看見的渴望
像殺人犯一樣被看見的渴望
13:28
When the victim of a decapitation
is bound and defenseless,
is bound and defenseless,
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4456
當受害者註定被斬首
而無法反抗或自我防衛
而無法反抗或自我防衛
13:32
he or she essentially becomes
a pawn in their killer's show.
a pawn in their killer's show.
222
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他本質上就成了
殺人犯這場表演中的棋子
殺人犯這場表演中的棋子
不像在戰役中的戰利品
13:38
Unlike a trophy head
that's taken in battle,
that's taken in battle,
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象徵著藉由幸運及技巧
才獲得的勝利
才獲得的勝利
13:41
that represents the luck and skill
it takes to win a fight,
it takes to win a fight,
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13:47
when a beheading is staged,
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當斬首正在上演
13:49
when it's essentially a piece of theater,
226
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2936
當這本質上
是在戲院上映的一個作品
是在戲院上映的一個作品
13:52
the power comes from the reception
the killer receives as he performs.
the killer receives as he performs.
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那股力量,
來自殺人犯表演時所獲得的能量
來自殺人犯表演時所獲得的能量
13:58
In other words, watching
is very much part of the event.
is very much part of the event.
228
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4736
換句話來說,
觀看其實占這事件中非常大部分
觀看其實占這事件中非常大部分
14:03
The event no longer takes place
in a single location
in a single location
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這個事件不久後
將不像以前一樣只出現在
一個特定的時間地點
一個特定的時間地點
14:07
at a certain point in time as it used to
and as it may still appear to.
and as it may still appear to.
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14:13
Now the event is stretched out
in time and place,
in time and place,
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3936
現在, 這些事件
已經向外延伸
已經向外延伸
14:17
and everyone who watches plays their part.
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2960
而每個觀看的人
就是在飾演自己負責的部分
就是在飾演自己負責的部分
我們應該停止觀看
14:21
We should stop watching,
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但我們知道我們不會
14:24
but we know we won't.
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歷史告訴我們, 我們不會
14:26
History tells us we won't,
235
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而殺人犯也知道
14:28
and the killers know it too.
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14:31
Thank you.
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謝謝
(掌聲)
14:32
(Applause)
238
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4496
14:37
Bruno Giussani: Thank you.
Let me get this back. Thank you.
Let me get this back. Thank you.
239
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2896
謝謝你
讓我把這個拿回來,謝謝
讓我把這個拿回來,謝謝
14:39
Let's move here. While they install
for the next performance,
for the next performance,
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我們來這裡
在他們準備下一場的時候
在他們準備下一場的時候
14:42
I want to ask you the question
that probably many here have,
that probably many here have,
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2856
我想問你個問題
可能這裡很多人也想問
可能這裡很多人也想問
14:45
which is how did you
get interested in this topic?
get interested in this topic?
242
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2600
為什麼和如何
你會對這件事感興趣？
你會對這件事感興趣？
我以前,
14:50
Frances Larson: I used to work at a museum
243
878360
2016
在牛津的Pitt Rivers博物館工作
14:52
called the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford,
244
880400
1936
它以展示南美洲皺縮的頭顱聞名
14:54
which was famous for its display
of shrunken heads from South America.
of shrunken heads from South America.
245
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3856
人們總是說
"噢！那個皺縮頭顱的博物館！"
"噢！那個皺縮頭顱的博物館！"
14:58
People used to say, "Oh, the shrunken head
museum, the shrunken head museum!"
museum, the shrunken head museum!"
246
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3936
從那時候開始
15:02
And at the time,
I was working on the history
I was working on the history
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3616
我開始研究科學家
搜集頭骨的歷史
搜集頭骨的歷史
15:05
of scientific collections of skulls.
248
893840
2016
15:07
I was working on the cranial collections,
249
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2576
我開始研究頭蓋骨的搜集
15:10
and it just struck me as ironic
250
898480
1816
但人們來這裡,
看這段殘暴,原始且野蠻的文化時
看這段殘暴,原始且野蠻的文化時
15:12
that here were people coming to see
this gory, primitive, savage culture
this gory, primitive, savage culture
251
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4776
幾乎只透過幻想和自我創造
而非仔細了解他們正在看的
15:17
that they were almost
fantasizing about and creating
fantasizing about and creating
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3520
這讓我覺得很諷刺
15:21
without really understanding
what they were seeing,
what they were seeing,
253
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2381
15:24
and all the while these vast --
I mean hundreds of thousands
I mean hundreds of thousands
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3571
而所有這些很多的,
我的意思是
我的意思是
在我們博物館中橫越歐美
成千成百的頭骨
成千成百的頭骨
15:27
of skulls in our museums,
all across Europe and the States --
all across Europe and the States --
255
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4136
有點像是維護著我們
對理性科學和啓蒙思想的追逐
對理性科學和啓蒙思想的追逐
15:32
were kind of upholding this Enlightenment
pursuit of scientific rationality.
pursuit of scientific rationality.
256
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5256
15:37
So I wanted to kind of twist it round
and say, "Let's look at us."
and say, "Let's look at us."
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所以, 我想要換個面向
然後說我們來看看我們自己
然後說我們來看看我們自己
15:42
We're looking through the glass case
at these shrunken heads.
at these shrunken heads.
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我們正透過玻璃櫥窗
看這些皺縮頭骨
看這些皺縮頭骨
讓我們藉由這些事情, 一窺
我們的歷史以及文化的迷人之處
我們的歷史以及文化的迷人之處
15:45
Let's look at our own history and our own
cultural fascination with these things.
cultural fascination with these things.
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謝謝您的分享
15:49
BG: Thank you for sharing that.
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謝謝
15:51
FL: Thank you.
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(掌聲)
15:53
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Frances Larson - AnthropologistFrances Larson explores the dark and varied obsessions that our culture has had with decapitated heads and skulls throughout history.
Why you should listen
Oxford anthropologist Frances Larson wrote Severed: A History of Heads Lost and Heads Found. The book, which she describes as a survey of our “traditions of decapitation,” was published in 2014, just before beheadings sadly started populating the front pages of the news once more. She previously wrote an acclaimed biography of Sir Henry Wellcome.
More profile about the speakerFrances Larson | Speaker | TED.com